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CONKLIN-EDISON 
MANUAL 


‘ 



WORTH ITS WEIGHT IN GOLD 

CONKLIN’S 

HANDY MANUAL 

of Useful Information 

Combined with 

EDISON’S ENCYCLOPEDIA 

AND 

ATLAS OF THE WORLD 


The World’s Knowledge in a Nutshell 


Edited by 

JAMES A. BEATON, M. A. 

Author of Practical Compound of Electricity 

and 

ALFRED B. CHAMBERS, Ph.D. 


REVISED AND ENLARGED 


CHICAGO: 

LAIRD & LEE, Inc., Publishers 








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Copyright, 1907, by Wm. H. Lee 
Copyright. 1911, by Wm. H. Lee 
Copyright, 1921, by Laird & Lee, Ina 


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USEFUL INFORMATION 


The Bibles of the World. 

The chief sacred books of the world are the 
Scriptures of the Christians, the Tripitake of the 
Southern Buddhists, the Five Kings of the 
Chinese, the three Vedas of the Hindoos, the 
Koran of the Mohammedans, and the Zendavesta 
of the Parsees. 

The Koran is the most recent, having been 
written in the seventh century after Christ. It 
contains many excerpts from the Old and New 
Testaments and the Talmud. 

The Tripitake contains sublime morals and 
pure aspirations. The author lived and died in 
the sixth century before Christ. 

The Five Kings contain wise sayings on the 
duties of life. The word “king” in the Chinese 
language means web of cloth. From this it is 
presumed that they were originally written on 
five rolls of cloth. They were written by a num¬ 
ber of wise men some time not earlier than the 
eleventh century before Christ. 

The Vedas cannot be proven to antedate the 
twelfth century before the Christian era. 

The Zendavesta is regarded among scholars as 
being the greatest and most learned of all sacred 
writings, excepting the Christian Bible. It was 
written by Zoroaster in the twelfth century be¬ 
fore Christ. 

Moses wrote the Pentateuch at least 1,500 
years before Christ; therefore, that portion of 
the Christian Bible is at least 300 years older 
than any other sacred writings. 

The Edda, a semi-sacred work of the Scandi¬ 
navians, was first given to the world in the 14th 
century. 

There are estimated to be about 564,510,000 
people living under Christian laws; 138,031,000 
Buddhists; 221,825,000 Mohammedans; 300,830,- 
000 Confucians and Taoists (China) ; 12,000,000 
Jews, and 210,540,000 under the Vedas of the 
Hindus. 


7 



8 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

THE BIGGEST THINGS. 

INTERESTING FACTS USEFUL WHEN YOU GET INTO 
AN ARGUMENT. 

The largest theater in the world is the Opera- 
house in Paris. It covers nearly three acres of 
ground; its cubic mass is 4,287,000 feet; it cost 
about 100,000,000 francs. The largest suspension 
bridge is the one between New York City and 
Brooklyn; the length of the main span is 1,595 
feet 6 inches; the entire length of the bridge is 
5,980 feet. The loftiest active volcano is Popo- 
catapetl—“smoking mountain”—thirty-five miles 
southwest of Puebla, Mexico; it is 17,748 feet 
above the sea level, and has a crater three miles 
in circumference, and 1,000 feet deep. 

The greatest fortress, from a strategical point 
of view, is the famous stronghold of Gibraltar. It 
occupies a rocky peninsula jutting out into the 
sea, about three miles long and three-quarters 
of a mile wide. One central rock rises to a 
height of 1,435 feet above the sea level. Its 
northern face is almost perpendicular, while its 
east side is full of tremendous precipices. On the 
south it terminates in what is called Europa 
Point. The west side is less steep than the east, 
and between its base and the sea is the narrow, 
almost level span on which the town of Gibral¬ 
tar is built. The fortress is considered impreg¬ 
nable to military assault. 

The biggest cavern is the Mammoth Cave, in 
Edmonson County, Kentucky. It is near Green 
River, about six miles from Cave City, and 
twenty-eight from Bowling Green. The cave con¬ 
sists of a succession of irregular chambers, some 
of which are large, situated on different levels. 
Some of these are traversed by the navigable 
branches of the subterranean Echo River. Blind 
fish are found in its waters. 

The longest tunnel in the world is that of the 
Simplon, between Switzerland and Italy. It is 
12 miles and 458 yards\long. The St. Gothard 
tunnel is 9 miles and 564 yards long. Both tun¬ 
nels have double railway tracks and are seven 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL S 

yards high and nine yards wide. The Simplon 
tunnel was begun in August, 1898, and com¬ 
pleted in February, 1905. The total cost was 
$13,500,000. 

The biggest trees in the world are the mam¬ 
moth trees of California. One of a grove in 
Tulare County, according to measurements made 
by members of the State Geological Survey, was 
shown to be 276 feet in height, 108 feet in cir¬ 
cumference at base, and 76 feet at a point 12 feet 
above ground. Some of the trees are 376 feet 
high, and 34 feet in diameter. Some of the 
largest that have been felled indicate an age of 
from 2,000 to 2,500 years. 

The largest desert is that of Sahara, a vast 
region of Northern Africa, extending from the 
Atlantic Ocean on the west to the valley of the 
Nile on the east. The length from east to west 
is about 3,000 miles, its average breadth about 
900 miles, its area about 2,000,000 square miles. 
Rain falls in torrents in the Sahara at intervals 
of five, ten and twenty years. In summer the 
heat during the day is excessive, but the nights 
are often cold. 

Queen Victoria had the largest bound book 
ever made. It is eighteen inches thick and 
weighs sixty-three pounds. It contains the ju¬ 
bilee addresses of congratulations. 

The largest coal breaker in the world is in 
operation at Edwardsville colliery, Luzerne 
County, Pennsylvania. It prepares for market 
4,000 mine cars of coal every ten hours. 

A single sheet of paper 6 feet wide and 7% 
miles in length has been made at the Watertown 
(N. Y.) paper works. It weighed 2,207 pounds, 
and was made and rolled without a break. 

The greatest elevation ever attained by bal¬ 
loonists was 37,000 feet—about seven miles. The 
aeronauts were James Glaisher, F. R. S., and 
Mr. -Coxwell. The ascent was made Sept. 5, 
1862, at Wolverhampton, England. A record 
of nearly 33,000 feet was claimed by the French 
balloon Icare in 1919. Prof. Berson, of Berlin, 
made an official record of 28,750 feet in 1894. 


10 CONKLlN-EDlSON MANUAL 

In 1920 Maj. R. W. Schroeder reached a height of 
36,020 feet in an airplane. The dirigible balloon 
altitude record was made by the Clement Bayard 
III (French) in 1912. Carrying 6 passengers, 
it reached a height of 9,514 feet. 

The longest single span of wire in the world 
is used for a telegraph in India. It is stretched 
over the River Kistuah, between Bezorah and 
Sectauagrum. It is over 6,000 feet long, and is 
stretched from the top of one mountain to the 
top of another, each mountain being nearly 
2,000 feet high. 

The following is the seating capacity of the 
eight largest churches in the world: St. Peter’s, 
Rome, 54,000 persons; Milan Cathedral, 37,000; 
St. Paul, London, 25,000; St. Sophia, Constan¬ 
tinople, 23,000; Notre Dame, Paris, 21,000; Flor¬ 
ence Cathedral, 20,000; Pisa Cathedral, 13,000; 
St. Mark’s, Venice, 7,000; First Church of Christ, 
Scientist, Boston, Mass, (the Mother Church), 
5,000; St. Patrick’s Cathedral, New York, 2,500, 
with standing room for 8,000. 

The two largest castings in the world are in 
Japan, one at Nara and the other at Kama¬ 
kura. Both are statues. The one at Nara is 
53 feet and 9 inches from the base to the crown 
of the head. It was first cast in the eighth 
century, but was afterward destroyed and recast 
in the year 1223. The Kamakura statue is 47 
feet high. 

The Sydney (Australia) lighthouse is provided 
with the largest electric light in the world. It 
has a power of 180,000 candles and may be seen 
from ships fifty miles at sea. The next largest 
is in the Palais d’lndustrie and has a power of 
150,000 candles. San Jose, Cal., has the most 
powerful electric light in the United States, one 
of 24,000 candle power. 

The stone pavement in front of the residence 
of the late William H. Vanderbilt, in New«York 
City, is made up of the largest slabs of flagging 
stone ever put in a single pavement. The stones 
were taken from quarries in Pike County, Penn¬ 
sylvania, west of Port Jervis, N. Y., and from 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


11 


the Bigelow quarries in Ulster County, New York. 
The large slab immediately in front of the res¬ 
idence is the largest slab of its kind ever trans¬ 
ported from any quarry and cost the millionaire 
$9,200. The entire cost of the pavement was 
$47,000. 

The largest bell in the world is the great bell of 
Moscow, at the foot of the Kremlin. Its circum¬ 
ference at the bottom is nearly 68 feet, and its 
height more than 21 feet. In its stoutest part it 
is 23 inches thick; and its weight has been com¬ 
puted to be 443,772 lbs. It has never been hung, 
and was probably cast on the spot where it now 
stands. A piece of the bell is broken off. The 
fracture is supposed to have been occasioned by 
water having been thrown upon it when heated 
by the building erected over it being on fire. 


Disastrous Floods of World History 


Place 

Date 

Dead 

Dort, Holland. 


17, 1421 

100,000 

Holland (dikes). 


... .1530 

400,000 

Catalonia . 


....1617 

50,000 

Zeeland and Hamburg. 


....1717 

1,300 

Navarre. 


....1787 

2,000 

Lorca, Spain (reservoir)April 

14, 1802 

1,000 

Dantzic . 


9, 1829 

1,200 

New Orleans. 


12, 1849 

1,600 

Sheffield, Eng. 

.March 12, 1864 

250 

Mill River Valley, 




Northamton, Mass. .. 

.May 

16, 1874 

144 

Pittsburgh, Pa. 

.July 

26, 1874 

220 

Szegedin, Hungary. 

.March 12, 1889 

1,177 

Marcia, Spain. 

.Oct. 

16, 1879 

1,000 

Johnstown, Pa. 


31, 1889 

2,280 

Mississippi river, St.LouisMay 

25, 1892 

250 

Oil City, Pa. 


5, 1892 

350 

Mississippi river, St.LouisApril 

13, 1893 

250 

Brazos river, Tex. 

.July 

5, 1899 

200 

Galveston, Tex. 


8, 1900 

6,000 

Oakford Park, Pa. 

.July 

6, 1903 

50 

Tokio, Japan. 


13, 1910 

1,112 

Austin, Pa. 


30, 1911 

50 

Ohio and Indiana. 


22, 1913 

506 

Texas . 


1913 

200 























12 CONKLIN- EDISON MANUAL 

Items Concerning Ocean Travel 

Mail Steamships. —The Cunard Line has car¬ 
ried the ocean mails since 1840. The earlier 
steamers of this line, for several years, were all 
side-wheelers. 

A Knot. —In sailor phrase a knot is a nautical 
mile, and includes 6,080 feet. By United States 
surveyors’ measure a mile includes 5,280 feet. 

First Ocean Propeller. —The method of mov¬ 
ing vessels by screw propulsion, was invented by 
Ericsson, in 1836, and was practically applied on 
the Great Britain, which made the trip from 
Liverpool to New York in 14 days, 21 hours, in 
1845. 

First Steamer Crossing Ocean. —The Savan¬ 
nah, 380 tons, launched at Corlear’s Hook, New 
York, in 1818, was the first vessel using steam 
to cross the ocean, the journey from Savannah to 
Liverpool being made in 1819 in 25 days, using 
steam 18 days. 

Fog. —The passenger should not grumble at fog. 
It should be understood that this dense mist is 
the method pursued by Nature in taking up mois¬ 
ture from the ocean into the atmosphere to be 
wafted into clouds thousands of miles inland, to 
fall upon the earth in refreshing rain. 

Crossing Ocean—Time in 1838.—The Great 
Western, 750 tons, the largest steamer at that 
time, made the journey from Bristol, England, to 
New York in 15 days, April, 1838; brought over 
7 passengers; carried back 66 passengers, and 
made return trip in 14 days. Coal consumed on 
westward trip, 655 tons; consumed on return trip, 
392 tons. 

The Great Eastern. —Designed by Brunei, was 
begun at Millwall, London, in 1854, and was 
launched in 1858; was 680 feet long, 83 feet 
broad, draught of 25 feet; had screw engines of 
4,000 horse-power, and paddle engines of 2,600 
horse-power. Served in the laying of the Atlantic 
cable, but was unfitted for ocean use in competi¬ 
tion with the more rapid sailing vessels, which 
made their journeys at less expense. Was sold 
in 1887 for $40,000, and was broken up. 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 13 

FACTS ABOUT THE HUMAN BODY 

The weight of the male infant at birth is 7 lbs. 
avoirdupois; that of the female is not quite 6% 
lbs. The maximum weight (140% lbs.) of the 
male is attained at the age of 40; that of the 
female (nearly 124 lbs.) is not attained until 50; 
from which ages they decline afterwards; the 
male to 127% lbs., the female to 115 lbs., nearly 
a stone. The full-grown adult is 20 times as 
heavy as a new-born infant. In the first year 
he triples his weight, afterwards the growth pro¬ 
ceeds in geometrical progression, so that if 50 
infants in their first year weigh 1,000 lbs., they 
will in the second weigh 1,210 lbs.; in the third 
1,331; in the fourth 1,464 lbs.; the term remain¬ 
ing very constant up to the ages of 11-12 in 
females, and 12-13 in males, where it must be 
nearly doubled; afterwards it may be continued, 
and will be found nearly correct up to the age of 
18 or 19, when the growth proceeds very slowly. 
At an equality of age the male is generally heav¬ 
ier than the female. Towards the age of 12 years 
only an individual of each sex has the same 
weight. The male attains the maximum weight 
at about the age of 40, and he begins to lose it 
very sensibly towards 60. At 80 he loses about 
13.2328 lbs., and the stature is diminished 2.756 
inches. Females attain their maximum weight 
at about 50. The mean weight of a mature man 
is 140 lbs., and of an average woman 94 lbs. 
In old age they lose about 12 or 14 lbs. Men 
weigh most at 40, women at 50, and begin to lose 
weight at 60. The mean weight of both sexes in 
old age is that which they had at 19. 

When the male and female have assumed their 
complete development they weigh almost exactly 
20 times as much as at birth, while the stature is 
about 3% times greater. 

Children lose weight during the first three days 
after birth; at the age of a week they sensibly 
increase; after one year they triple their weight; 
then they require six years to double their weight, 
and 13 to quadruple it. 

It has been computed that nearly two years’ 


14 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

sickness is experienced by every person before 
he is 70 years old, and therefore that 10 days 
per annum is the average sickness of human 
life. Till 40 is but half, and after 50 it rapidly 
increases. The mixed and fanciful diet of man 
is considered the cause of numerous diseases 
from which animals are exempt. Many diseases 
have abated with changes of diet, and others are 
virulent in particular countries, arising from 
peculiarities. , 

Human Longevity .—Of 100,000 male and fe¬ 
male children, in the first month they are re¬ 
duced to 90,396, or nearly a tenth. In the second, 
to 87,936. In the third to 86,175. In the fourth, 
to 84,720. In the fifth, to 83,571. In the sixth, 
to 82,526, and by the end of the first year to 
77,528, the deaths being 2 to 9. The next four 
years reduces the 77,528 to 62,448, indicating 
37,552 deaths before the completion of the fifth 
year. 

At 25 years the 100,000 are half, or 49,995; at 
52, one-third. At 58%, a fourth, or 25,000; at 
67, a fifth; at 76, a tenth; at 81, a twentieth, or 
5,000; and ten attain 100. Children die in large 
proportions because their diseases cannot be ex¬ 
plained, and because the organs are not habitu¬ 
ated to the functions of life. The mean of life 
varies in different countries from 40 to 45. A 
generation from father to son is about 30 years; 
of men in general 5/6ths die before 70, and 
15/16ths before 80. After 80 it is rather endur¬ 
ance than enjoyment. The nerves are blunted, 
the senses fail, the muscles are rigid, the softer 
tubes become hard, the memory fails, the brain 
ossifies, the affections are buried, and hope ceases. 
The 16th die at 80, except a 133d, at 90. The 
remainder die from inability to live, at or before 
100 . 

About the age of 36 the lean man usually be¬ 
comes fatter and the fat man leaner. Again, be¬ 
tween the years 43 and 50 his appetite fails, his 
complexion fades, and his tongue is apt to be 
furred on the least exertion of body or mind. 
At this period his muscles become flabby, his 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 15 

joints weak; his spirits droop, and his sleep is 
imperfect and unrefreshing. After suffering 
from these complaints a year, or perhaps two, he 
starts afresh with renewed vigor, and goes on to 
61 or 62, when a similar change takes place, but 
with aggravated symptoms. When these grand 
periods have been successively passed, the grav¬ 
ity of incumbent years is more strongly marked 
and he begins to boast of his age. 

In Russia, much more than in any other coun¬ 
try, instances of longevity are numerous, if true. 
In the report of the Holy Synod, in 1827, during 
the year 1825, and only among the Greek re¬ 
ligion, 848 men had reached upwards of 100 
years of age; 32 had passed their 120th year, 4 
from 130 to 135. Out of 606,818 men who died 
in 1826, 2,765 were above 90; 1,432 above 95; 
and 848 above 100 years of age. Among this 
last number 88 were above 115; 24 more than 
120; 7 above 125; and one 130. Riley asserts 
that Arabs in the Desert live 200 years. 

On the average, men have their first-born 
at 30 and women at 28. The greatest number 
of deliveries take place between 25 and 35. The 
greatest number of deliveries take place in win¬ 
ter months, and in February, and the smallest 
in July, i. e., to February, as 4 to 5 in towns and 
3 to 4 in the country. The night births are to 
the day as 5 to 4. 

Human Strength .—In Schulze’s experiments on 
human strength, he found that men of five feet, 
weighing 126 lbs., could lift vertically 156 lbs. 
8 inches; 217 lbs. 1.2 inches. Others, 6.1 feet, 
weighing 183 lbs., 156 lbs. 13 inches, and 217 lbs. 
6 inches; others 6 feet 3 inches, weighing 158 lbs., 
156 lbs. 16 inches, and 217 lbs. 9 inches. By a 
great variety of experiments he determined the 
mean human strength at 30 lbs., with a velocity 
of 2.5 feet per second; or it is eaual to the rais¬ 
ing half a hogshead 10 feet in a minute. 

A good authority reckoned 1 horse equal to 5 
men. Porters carry from 150 to 250 pounds. 
A man draws horizontally 70 to 80 lbs., and 
thrusts at the height of his chest 28 or 30 lbs. 


.16 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

In hot climates men cannot perform half the 
continued labor. A man’s mean labor is suf¬ 
ficient to raise 10 lbs. 10 feet in a second, for 10 
hours per day, or 100 lbs. 1 foot in a second, or 
36,000 feet in 10 hours; that is, 100 lbs. per 
day would be 36,000 feet in a day, which he calls 
a dynamic unit. The force of a man in turn¬ 
ing a v/inch is taken at 116 lbs.; or as much as 
would raise 256 lbs. 3,281 feet in a day; his force 
in pumping, is as 190, or equal to 410 lbs. in 3,281 
feet; in ringing, 259, or 572 lbs. in 3,281 feet; 
and in rowing 273, or 608 lbs. in 3,281 feet. In 
working a pump, a winch, a bell, and rowing, 
the effects are as 100, 167, 227 and 248. A man 
with an auger exerts a force of 100 lbs., with a 
screwdriver of 84 lbs., with a windlass 60 lbs., 
a hand-plane 50 lbs., a hand-saw 36 lbs. 


National Parks in the United States 


Name. Location. Created. Acres. 


Yellowstone .. 

.Montana-Wyo. 

.March 1, 

1872 

2,142,720 

Hot Spgs. Res. .Arkansas .... 


16, 

1880 

912 

Zoological .. .. 

.Dist. Columbia.March 2, 

1889 

170 

Chickamauga- 






Chattanooga 

. Georgia-Tenn.. 

.Aug. 

10, 

1890 

6,195 

Antietam . .. . 

. Maryland . . . . 


20, 

1890 

43 

Rock Creek. .. 

.Dist. Columbia.Sept. 

27, 

1890 

1,606 

Gen. Grant... 

.California . . . . 

.Oct. 

1, 

1890 

2,560 

Sequoia. 

.California . . . . 


1. 

1890 

160,000 

Yosemite . .. . 

.California . . . . 


1, 

1890 

967,680 

Casa Grande 






Ruin . 

. Arizona . 


22, 

1892 

480 

Shiloh . 

.Tennessee. 


27, 

1894 

3,000 

Gettysburg ... 

.Pennsylvania . 

.Feb. 

11, 

1895 

877 

Vicksburg ... 

• Mississippi ... 

.Feb. 

21, 

1899 

1,233 

Mt. Rainier... 

• Washington .. 

.May 

22, 

1899 

207,360 

Crater Lake... 

• Oregon. 


22, 

1902 

159,360 

Wind Cave.. .. 

. So. Dakota.. .. 


9, 

1903 


Abraham Lin- 





coin Homest’dKentucky . .. . 

.July 

17, 

1916 

137 

GPa«ier . 

• Montana. 


11, 

1910 

981,681 

Guilford Court 






House . 

.No. Carolina. . 

.March 2, 

1917 

125 

Hawaii . 

.Hawaii. 


1, 

1916 

74,935 

Lassen Volcano.California . .. . 


9, 

1916 

82,880 

Mesa Verde. .. 

.Colorado. 


29, 

1906 

42,376 

Mt. McKinley. 

. Alaska. 

.Feb. 

26, 

1917 

2,200 

Platt . 

. Oklahoma . . . 

.June 

29, 

1906 

848 

Rocky Mtn. . . 

.Colorado. 


26, 

1915 

230,000 

Sully’s Hill_ 

.No. Dakota... 

.June 

4, 

1904 

960 

































CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 17 

Rules for Spelling 

Words ending in e drop that letter before the 
termination able, as in move, movable; unless 
ending in ce or ge, when it is retained, as in 
change, changeable, etc. 

Words of one syllable, ending in a consonant, 
with a single vowel before it, double the con¬ 
sonants in derivatives; as, ship, shipping, etc. 
But if ending in a consonant with a double 
vowel before it, they do not double the con¬ 
sonant in derivatives; as troop, trooper, etc. 

Words of more than one syllable, ending in a 
consonant preceded by a single vowel, and ac¬ 
cented on the last syllable, double that conso¬ 
nant in derivatives; as commit, committed; but 
except chagrin, chagrined. 

All words of one syllable ending in l, with a 
single vowel before it, have double ll at the close; 
as mill, sell. 

All words of one syllable ending in l, with a 
double vowel before it, have only one l at the 
close; as mail, sail. 

The words foretell, distill, instill and fulfill, 
retain the double ll of their primitives. Deriva¬ 
tives of dull, skill, will and full also retain the 
ll when the accent falls on these words; as dull¬ 
ness, skillful, willful, fullness. 

Words of more than one syllable ending in l 
have only one l at the close; as delightful, faith¬ 
ful; unless the accent falls on the last syllable; 
as befall, etc. 

Words ending in l, double the letter in the 
termination ly. 

Participles ending in ing, from verbs ending in 
e, lose the final e; as have, having; make, making, 
etc.; but verbs ending in ee retain both; as see, 
seeing. The word dye, to color, however, must 
retain the e before ing. 

Adverbs ending in ly, and nouns ending in 
ment, retain the e final of the primitives; as 
brave, bravely; refine, refinement; except words 
ending in dge; as acknowledge, acknowledgment. 

l^ouns ending in y, preceded by a vowel, form 


18 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


their plural by adding- s; as money, moneys; but 
if v is preceded by a consonant, it is changed 
to ies in the plural; as bounty, bounties. 

Compound words whose primitives end in y 
change the y into i; as beauty, beautiful. 


The Use of Capitals 

1. Every entire sentence should begin with 
a capital. 

2. Proper names, and adjectives derived from 
these, should begin with a capital. 

3. All appellations of the Deity should begin 
with a capital. 

4. Official and honorary titles begin with a 
capital. 

5. Every line of poetry should begin with a 
capital. 

6. Titles of books and the heads of their chap¬ 
ters and divisions are printed in capitals. 

7. The pronoun I and the exclamation O are 
always capitals. 

8. The days of the week and the months of 
the year begin with capitals. 

9. Every quotation should begin with a cap¬ 
ital letter. 

10. Names of religious denominations begin 
with capitals. 

11. In preparing accounts, each item should 
begin with a capital. 

12. Any word of very special importance may 
begin with a capital. 


The Correct Tiling; In Correspondence 

To fold and direct a letter neatly, and to put 
on a stamp evenly, and in the right-hand corner. 

To put on as many stamps as the weight of 
the letter or parcel demands. 

To enclose a stamp when writing to a stranger 
on your own business. 

To use postal cards for business communica¬ 
tions only. 

To write legibly and straight. 




CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


19 


To spell correctly. 

To write numbers, dates, and proper names 
with special care and distinctness. 

To date a letter at the beginning, on the right- 
hand side, but a note at the end on the left-hand. 

To give one's full address when writing to a 
person who does not know it, and from whom 
an answer is desired. 

To sign a letter with the full name, or with the 
last name and initials. 

To write “Rev. and Mrs. J. T. Sawyer,” or “Dr. 
and Mrs. Paul Jones.” 

The correct complimentary closing is: “Yours 
truly/* “Respectfully/* “Very truly yours/* or 
“Very respectfully /* according to the compliment¬ 
ary address used. The correct complimentary ad¬ 
dress being “Dear Sir** to a stranger, or “My Dear 
Sir** to one with whom several communications 
ha ve been exchanged. 

To use typewriter only for business or official 
correspondence, all social correspondence being 
written with pen and ink. 

To put street address or p. o. box, when known, 
in lower left-hand corner of envelope, especially 
if letter goes to a large city. 

To write in lower left-hand corner of envelope 
containing letter of introduction, the words: “In¬ 
troducing Mr. Tom Jones.** To address letters in 
care of another person with the words “c/o James 
Smith** or “In care of James Smith/* in lower 
left-hand corner of envelope. 

To be as brief as possible and yet make per¬ 
fectly plain the matters written about. 

Never to send money in a letter unless regis¬ 
tered; send P. O. or Express Money Orders, New 
York or Chicago Drafts, and state in letter what 
form of payment is made and the amount. 

To answer all correspondence promptly. 

The correct size of letter paper for business use 
is about 8%xll inches; folded once, top to bot¬ 
tom, gives 5% inches, so that the envelope should 
be 5% or 6 inches. Letter should then be folded 
twice the other way, so it is about 3x5% Inches. 


20 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


The Solar System 


Mean 

Distance Orbit 

from Sun. Sidereal Velocity Mean 
Millions of Period. Miles per Diam. Mass. 

Name. Miles. Days. Second. Miles.Earth=l 

Sun. 866,400 331100 

Mercury _ 36.0 87.969 23to35 3,030 0.125 

Venus . 67.2 224.701 21.9 7,700 0.78 

Earth . 92.8 365.256 18.5 7,918 1.00 

Mars . 141.5 686.95 15.0 4,230 0.107 

Jupiter . 483.3 4332.58 8.1 86,500 316.0 

Saturn . 886.0 10759.22 6.0 71,000 94.9 

Uranus .1781.0 30686.82 4.2 31,900 14.7 

Neptune ....2791.6 60181.11 3.4 34,800 17.1 


Our Moon 

The moon completes her circuit around the 
earth in 27 days, 7 hours, 43.2 minutes, but in 
consequence of her motion in common with the 
earth around the sun, the mean time from new 
moon to new moon is 29 days, 12. hours, 44.05 
minutes, which is called the moon’s synodical 
period. Her mean distance from the earth is 238,- 
850 miles. Her maximum distance, however, may 
reach 252,830 miles, and the least distance to 
which she can approach the earth is 221,520 
miles. Her diameter is 2,162 miles. 

The moon’s surface contains about 14,685,000 
square miles, or nearly four times the area of 
Europe. Her volume is 1-49 and her mass 1-81 
that of the earth, and hence her density is about 
3-5 that of the earth, or about 3 2-5 that of 
water. At the lunar surface gravity is only 
3-20 of what it is at the earth, and therefore a 
body which weighs 20 pounds here would weigh 
only 3 pounds there. 

The attractive force of the moon acting on 
the water of our oceans is mainly instrumental 
in raising them into protuberances or tides. In 
consequence of the resistance which the move¬ 
ment of the water encounters from continents 
and islands the tidal wave can never arrive 
at any place until about one hour after the 
moon has crossed the meridian of the place. 

The moon has no atmosphere and no water. 
In remote ages the lunar surface was the the- 











CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


21 


atre of Violent volcanic action, being elevated 
into cones and ridges exceeding 20,000 feet high. 
The lunar volcanoes are now extinct. A pro¬ 
found silence reigns over the desolate and rug¬ 
ged surface. 


Annual Income on Investments 


Par Value 

Being 

$ 100 , 

Bearing 

Interest at 


Five 

Six 

Seven 

Eight 

Ten 

Price Paid. 

Per 

Per 

Per 

Per 

Per 


cent. 

cent. 

cent. 

cent. 

cent. 

$50 

10.00 

12.00 

14.00 

16.00 

20.00 

55 

9.09 

10.00 

12.72 

14.55 

18.18 

60 

8.33 

10.00 

11.66 

13.33 

16.65 

65 

7.69 

9.23 

10.76 

12.30 

15.38 

70 

7.14 

8.57 

10.00 

11.42 

14.28 

75 

6.66 

8.00 

9.33 

10.66 

13.25 

80 

6.25 

7.50 

8.75 

10.00 

12.50 

82 % 

6.06 

7.27 

8.48 

9.69 

11.12 

85 

5.88 

7.05 

8.23 

9.41 

11.76 

87 % 

5.71 

6.85 

8.00 

9.14 

11.42 

90 

5.55 

6.66 

7.77 

8.88 

11.11 

92 % 

5.40 

6.48 

7.56 

8.64 

10.80 

95 

5.26 

6.31 

7.36 

8.42 

10.52 

96 

5.20 

6.25 

7.29 

8.33 

10.41 

97 

5.15 

6.18 

7.21 

8.25 

10.30 

97 % 

5.12 

6.15 

7.17 

8.20 

10.25 

98 

5.10 

6.12 

7.14 

8.16 

10.20 

99 

5.05 

6.06 

7.07 

8.08 

10.10 

100 

5.00 

6.00 

7.00 

8.00 

10.00 

101 

4.95 

5.94 

6.93 

7.92 

9.90 

102 

4.90 

5.88 

6.86 

7.84 

9.80 

103 

4.85 

5.82 

6.79 

7.76 

9.70 

104 

4.80 

5.76 

6.73 

7.69 

9.61 

105 

4.76 

5.71 

6.66 

7.61 

9.32 

110 

4.54 

5.45 

6.36 

7.27 

9.09 

115 

4.34 

5.21 

6.08 

6.95 

8.69 

120 

4.16 

5.00 

5.83 

6.66 

8.33 

125 

4.00 

4.90 

5.60 

6.40 

8.00 

130 

3.84 

4.61 

5.38 

6.15 

7.69 

135 

3.70 

4.44 

5.18 

5.92 

7.40 

140 

3.57 

4.28 

5.00 

5.71 

7.24 

145 

3.44 

4.13 

4.82 

5.51 

6.89 

150 

3.33 

4.00 

4.66 

5.33 

6.66 

160 

3.20 

3.75 

4.40 

5.00 

6.40 



22 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

Useful Suggestions in Cnses of Accident to 
Mechanics 

BY A. H. ROBINSON, M.D. 

Bleeding —If blood spurts from wound, an ar¬ 
tery is divided; bind limb tightly above wound 
with India-rubber tubing, strap, handkerchief, or 
scarf, or bend the limb forcibly at next joint above 
wound; or press' flat hand or stone where blood 
is flowing. If blood flows freely but does not 
spurt, a vein is divided; then apply same meas¬ 
ures as in case of wounded artery, but below the 
wound. If scalp wounded, make a pad of cloth 
or waste, and bandage very tightly over wound 
with folded pocket handkerchief. 

Burns and Scalds— Apply lint, cotton wool, 
or waste, soaked in oil, or oil and lime water, and 
bind the same with handkerchief. If necessary 
to remove clothes, cut them off by running knife 
or scissors along seams. 

Broken Leg —Pull on leg steadily and firmly 
until it is of same length as sound one. Roll up 
a coat or empty sack into form of a cushion; 
carefully place leg upon it; then bind the two 
together with scarfs or handkerchiefs. Do not 
lift patient from the ground until stretcher is 
close at hand. Take great pains by careful lift¬ 
ing to prevent broken bone coming through skin. 

Broken Thigh— Take hold of ankle and, by 
steady traction, pull limb to same length as 
sound one; another person must then tie knees 
together, and afterward the ankles. Both limbs 
should then be laid over a sack of straw, or 
folded coat, so as to bend the knees. Patient 
should on no account be moved until stretcher 
or cart is close at hand. 

Broken Arm —Pull arm to length of sound one. 
Apply two splints, one outside, the other inside, 
binding them firmly on with pocket handker¬ 
chiefs. The best splints are made by folding 
newspapers to necessary length, binding them 
above and below seat of fracture; anything hard 
and light, of suitable size, would act equally 
well, for instance, wood, pasteboard, twigs, leather 
etc. 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 23 

Broken Ribs —Cause intense pain when patient 
breathes; bind roller towel firmly around chest, 
fastening with pins, or sewing. 

Broken Collarbone —Bend arm over front of 
chest; place it in a sling; bind it in that posi¬ 
tion by scarf going round chest, outside sling. 

Dog Bites—T ie a handkerchief or a cord 
tightly round limb above wound; suck the wound. 

Flesh Wounds —Uncover wound; wash it with 
clean water; wring out a clean handkerchief 
or some lint in cold water and lay it over the 
wound. Then bind in position with handker¬ 
chief. 

Fainting —From heat, exhaustion, or loss of 
blood. Keep head low; undo clothing about 
neck; plenty of fresh air; dash cold water on 
face and chest; smelling salts, carefully used; a 
little brandy, when sensibility has returned, ex¬ 
cepting in cases of sunstroke, and where means 
have not been taken to prevent further bleeding. 

Insensibility— From blows or wounds on head. 
Send at once for doctor or take patient to hos¬ 
pital, keeping him on his back, with head raised; 
undo clothing round neck; do not give brandy. 

Insensibility —From being buried in falls of 
earth or breathing foul gas; proceed as in drown¬ 
ing. 

Fits —1. If snoring and face flushed, undo 
clothing round neck, keep head raised, and dash 
cold water on top of head; hot water bottles to 
feet. Send for doctor. Do not give brandy. 

2. If foaming at mouth and convulsed, undo 
clothing, apply smelling salts, and prevent pa¬ 
tient hurting himself until conscious again. 

Drowning —Send for doctor, blankets, and dry 
clothing. Take wet clothes from upper part of 
body. Lay patient on his back, with his head on 
a folded coat for cushion. Draw tongue out ol 
mouth and hold it there. A second person kneels 
at patient’s head and takes hold of both his arms 
just below the elbows. He then draws them up¬ 
ward over the patient’s head and holds them in 
that position until he counts two; this draws air 
into the lungs. He then lowers arms to sides 


24 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


again and presses them firmly inwards, holding 
them there until he has again counted two; this 
forces air out of the lungs. Go on doing this 
until doctor arrives, or until patient breathes 
naturally. As soon as he does so, rub the limbs 
in an upward direction with the dry hands, or, 
better still, with hot flannels. Put patient to bed 
between blankets, surrounded with hot water 
bottles. May give him wine or brandy when 
quite sensible. 

Rupture —or “break of the body.”—Try and 
push it back with flat hand; keep man on his 
back. Cold wet cloths laid over rupture will, 
perhaps, aid its return. 


Greatest Battles, Ancient and Modern 

(Exclusive of World War) 

The Battle of Actium, B. C. 31, in which the 
combined fleets of Antony and Cleopatra were 
defeated by Octavius, and imperialism established 
in the person of Octavius. 

The Battle of Arbela, B. C. 331, in which the 
Persians, under Darius, were defeated by the 
Macedonians and Greeks under Alexander the 
Great. 

The Battle of Marathon, B. C. 490, in which the 
Athenians, under Miltiades, defeated the Persians, 
under Datis. 

The Battle of Syracuse, B. C. 413, in which the 
Athenians were defeated by the Syracusans and 
their allies. 

The Battle of Metaurus, B. C. 207, in which 
the Carthaginians, under Hasdrubal, were de¬ 
feated by the Romans, under the Consuls, Caius, 
Claudius, Nero and Marcus Livius. 

The Battle of Philippi, B. C. 42, in which Brutus 
and Cassius were defeated by Octavius and An¬ 
tony. The fate of the Republic was decided. 

The Battle of Chalons, A. D. 451, in which the 
Huns, under Attila, called the “Scourge of God,” 
were defeated by the confederate armies of Ro¬ 
mans and Visigoths. 

The Battle of Tours, A. D. 732, in which the 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 25 

Saracens were defeated by Charles Martel. Chris¬ 
tendom was rescued from Islam. 

Battle of Hastings, A. D. 1066, in which Har¬ 
old, commanding the English army, was defeated 
by William the Conqueror of Normandy. 

The Battle of Lutzen, 1632, which decided the 
religious liberties of Germany. Gustavus Adol¬ 
phus was killed. 

The Battle of Blenheim, A. D. 1704, in which 
the French and Bavarians, under Marshal Tal- 
lard, were defeated by the English and their al¬ 
lies, under Marlborough. 

The Battle of Pultowa, A. D. 1709, in which 
Charles XII. of Sweden was defeated by the 
Russians, under Peter the Great. 

On the 21st of October, 1805, the Great Naval 
Battle of Trafalgar was fought. The English de¬ 
feated the French and destroyed the hopes of 
Napoleon as to a successful invasion of England. 

The Battle of Waterloo, 1815, in which the 
French, under Napoleon, were defeated by the 
allied armies of England, under the Duke of Wel¬ 
lington, and of Prussia, under Prince Blucher. 

The Battle of Gettysburg, July, 1863. The de¬ 
ciding battle of the American Civil War. The 
Confederates under Gen. Lee were defeated by the 
Union forces under Gen. Meade. 

The battles around Metz, August 14, 16, 18, 
1870. Bazaine, with 200,000 men, thrown into 
the fortress by the Germans. 

The Battle of Sedan, Sept. 2, 1870. Napoleon 
III., with 80,000 men, surrendered to the allied 
Germans. 

The naval battle in Manila Bay, May 1, 1898. 
The American squadron, under Dewey, annihi¬ 
lated the Spanish fleet under Montejo. 

The battle of Mukden lasted from Feb. 24 to 
March 12, 1905. About 450,000 Japanese under 
Oyama defeated 410,000 Russians under Kuro- 
patkin. The Russians lost 100,000 men, the Jap¬ 
anese 60,000. 

The Russian fleet under Rojestvensky was an¬ 
nihilated by the Japanese fleet under Togo on 
May 27 and 28, 1905, in the Korean Strait. 


26 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


Postal Distances and Time of Transit 


NEW YORK TO FOREIGN CITIES. 

Via Miles 

Adelaide.San Francisco ... .12,845 

Alexandria.London .6,150 

Algiers.London . 5,030 

Amsterdam.London .3,985 

Athens.London . 5,655 

Bangkok, Siam... .London.13,125 

Barcelona.London . 4,790 

Batavia, Java.London .12,800 

Berlin.. London . 4,385 

Beirut, Syria.London . 6,475 

Bombay.London . 9,765 

Buenos Ayres. 8,045 

Calcutta....London .11,120 

Callao, Peru.Panama . 4,145 

Cape Town.London.11,245 

Christiania..London . 4,650 

Colon.Panama . 2,281 

Constantinople... .London . 5,810 

Copenhagen.London . 4,575 

Glasgow. 2,790 

Hamburg. 4,820 

Havana. 1,366 

Havre. 3,940 

Hongkong.San Francisco_10,590 

Honolulu.San Francisco .... 5,645 

LaGuayra. 2,258 

Liverpool. 3,036 

London.Queenstown.3,740 

Madrid.London . 4,925 

Manila.San Francisco ... .10,530 


City. 


R. R. 


Mexico 

Nassau. 

Natal..London 

Panama. 

Paris. 

Petrograd.London 

Quebec. 

Queenstown. 

Rio De Janeiro. ... 

Rome.London 


. 3,750 
. 1,105 
.12,062 
. 2,355 
. 4,020 
. 5,370 
. 555 

. 3,250 
. 6,204 
. 5,030 


Days 

28 

12 

10 

8 

11 

41 

10 

34 

8 

15 

22 

24 

24 
22 

25 
10 

6 

11 

10 

8 

9 

3 
8 

27 

12 

10 

7 

7 
9 

31 

5 

4 

30 

6 

8 
9 
2 
7 

17 

9 







































































CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 27 


San Juan. 


.... 1,730 

6 

Singapore. 


... .12,240 

42 

Southampton.., 


.... 3,680 

8 

Stockholm. 


.... 4,975 

10 

Sydney. 


....11,570 

26 

Trieste. 


.... 4,910 

10 

Valparaiso. 


.... 5,910 

22 

Venice. 


.... 4,780 

9 

Vienna. 


.... 4,740 

9 

Yokohama. 


.... 7,348 

20 

Zanzibar. 


.... 9,825 

30 


Greatest Altitude in Each State 


FROM THE RECORDS OF THE UNITED STATES 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 


State or 
Territory. 

Alaska. 

California. 

Colorado. 

Washington- 

Wyoming. 

Utah. 

New Mexico.... 

Nevada. 

Arizona. 

Idaho. 

Montana. 

Oregon. 

Texas. 

South Dakota.. . 
North Carolina.. 

Tennessee. 

New Hampshire 

Virginia. 

New York. 

Maine. 

Nebraska. 

Georgia. 

Oklahoma. 

West Virginia.. 

Vermont. 

Kentucky. 

Kansas. 


Height 


Name of Place Feet 

Mt. McKinley.20,464 

Mt. Whitney.14,502 

.Massive Mt.14,424 

Mt. Rainier.14,363 

.Fremont Peak.13,790 

.Gilbert Peak.13,687 

.Truchas Peak.13,275 

.Wheeler Peak.13,058 

.San Francisco Mt...l2,794 

Hyndman Peak.12,078 

Mt. Douglas.11,300 

.Mt. Hood .11,225 

Chinati Peak.7,730 

Harney Peak.7,216 

Mt. Mitchell. 6,711 

Clingman Dome.6,619 

Mt. Washington.6,279 

Mt. Rogers.5,719 

.Mt. Marcy. 5,344 

Katahdin Mt.5,200 

Hogback Mt.5,084 

.Sitting Bull Mt.5,046 

* 

Spruce Mt.4,860 

.Mt. Mansfield.4,364 

.Big Black Mt.4,100 

Kanarado .3,906 










































































28 CONKLIN 

-EDISON MANUAL 


South Carolina. 

. Rich Mt. 

. 3,569 

Massachusetts.- 

. Mt. Greylock. 

. 3,535 

Maryland. 

.Great Backbone Mt. . 

. 3,400 

Pennsylvania. 

.Blue Knob. 

. 3,136 

North Dakota. 

.Summit. 

. 2,830 

Arkansas. 

.Magazine Mt. 

. 2,800 

Indian Territory.... 

.Sugarloaf Mt. 

. 2,600 

Alabama. 

.Cheawha Mt. 

. 2,407 

Minnesota. 

. Mesabi Range. 

. 2,400 

Connecticut. 

. .Bear Mt. 

. 2,355 

Michigan. 

. Porcupine Mt. 

. 2,023 

Wisconsin. 

.Rib Hill . 

. 1,940 

New Jersey. 

. .High Knob. 

. 1,799 

Missouri. 

.Cedar Gap. 

. 1,683 

Iowa. 

.Cazenovia. 

. 1,670 

Ohio. 

. Ontario . 

. 1,373 

Indiana. 

. .Carlos City. 

. 1,208 

Illinois. 

. .Wadham. 

. 1,023 

Rhode Island. 

.Durfee Hill. 

. 805 

Mississippi. 

. Forrest ... . .; 

. 593 

Dist. of Columbia . .. 

.Tenley.. 

. 400 

Louisiana. 

. Arcadia. 

. 368 

Delaware. 

.South wood. 

. 327 

Florida. 

.Mossyhead. 

. 274 


Note—The heights given are the highest known. 
In several cases there may be higher ones, but 
their heights have not been ascertained. *In Bea¬ 
ver County are points over 5,000 ft. high. 


The Panama Canal 

First exploration of route, 1527. Advocated by 
Humboldt, 1803. Panama railroad built, 1850- 
1855. DeLesseps Canal Company formed 1879, 
began work Feb. 24, 1881, failed Dec. 11, 1888. 
New French Canal Co. formed Oct. 1894. Hay- 
Pauncefote treaty ratified by Senate Dec. 16, 1901, 
by Great Britain Jan. 9, 1902. The French Co. 
offered canal property to the United States for 
$40,000,000, Jan. 9, 1902; accepted Feb. 16, 1903. 
Bill authorizing construction of canal approved 
June 28, 1902. Canal treaty with Colombia rati¬ 
fied by Senate March 17, 1903, rejected by Colom¬ 
bia Aug. 12, 1903. Revolution in Panama Nov. 3, 
1903. Canal treaty with Panama ratified by Sen- 
















































CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


29 


ate Feb. 23, 1904. Canal property transferred to 
U. S. in Paris April 22, 1904. Bill for government 
of canal zone approved April 25, 1904. Perma¬ 
nent organization of canal administration in effect 
April 1, 1914; Col. George W. Goethals first gov¬ 
ernor; existence of isthmian canal commission 
ended. First freight barges went through canal 
from ocean to ocean May 14, 1914. First steam¬ 
ship passed through canal Aug. 13, 1914. Canal 
opened for general traffic Aug. 15, 1914. Length 
from deep water to deep water, 50.5 miles—on 
Isthmus itself 40.5. Width of channel (bottom), 
300 to 1,000 feet. Depth, 41 to 45 feet. Locks 
(pairs), 12. Concrete used, 5,000,000 cubic yards. 
Passage through canal 10-12 hours. Cost, about 
$375,000,000. Americans began work May 4, 
1904. 


The States and the Union 


THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES. 


States. 

1 Delaware 

2 Pennsylv’a 

3 New Jersey 

4 Georgia 

5 Conn. 

6 Mass. 

7 Maryland 


Ratified the 
Constitution. 
1787, Dec. 7 
1787, Dec. 12 

1787, Dec. 18 

1788, Jan. 2 
1788, Jan. 9 
1788, Feb. 6 
1788, Apr. 28 


States. Ratified the 
Constitution. 

8 S. Carolina 1788, May 23 

9 New Ham. 1788, June 21 

10 Virginia 1788, June 25 

11 New York 1788, July 26 

12 N. Carolina 1789, Nov. 21 

13 R. Island 1790, May 29 


STATES ADMITTED TO THE UNION. 


States. 

1 Vermont 

2 Kentucky 

3 Tennessee 

4 Ohio 

5 Louisiana 

6 Indiana 

7 Mississippi 

8 Illinois 

9 Alabama 

10 Maine 

11 Missouri 

12 Arkansas 

13 Michigan 

14 Florida 

15 Texas 

16 Iowa 

17 Wisconsin 

18 California 


Admitted. 

1791, Mar. 4 

1792, June 1 
1796, June 1 
1802, Nov. 29 
1812, Apr. 30 

1816, Dec. 11 

1817, Dec. 10 

1818, Dec. 3 

1819, Dec. 14 

1820, Mar. 15 

1821, Aug. 10 

1836, June 15 

1837, Jan. 26 
1845, Mar. 3 

1845, Dec. 29 

1846, Dec. 28 
1848, May 29 
1850, Sept. 9 


States. Admitted. 

19 Minnesota 1858, May 11 

20 Oregon 1859, Feb. 14 

21 Kansas 1861, Jan. 29 

22 W. Virginia 1863, June 19 


23 Nevada 

24 Nebraska 

25 Colorado 

26 N. Dakota 

27 S. Dakota 

28 Montana 

29 Washing’n 

30 Idaho 

31 Wyoming 

32 Utah 

33 Oklahoma 

34 N. Mexico 

35 Arizona 


1864, Oct. 31 
1867, Mar. 1 
1876, Aug. 1 
1889, Nov. 3 
1889, Nov. 3 
1889, Nov. 8 

1889, Nov. 11 

1890, July 3 
1890, July 8 
1896, Jan. 4 
1907, Nov. 16 
1910, June 20 
1910, June 20 



30 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


The United States Copyright Law 

Approved March 1909. 

An act to amend and consolidate the acts re¬ 
specting - copyright, in force, provides that any 
person entitled thereto, upon complying with the 
provisions of the law, shall have the exclusive 
right (a) to print, reprint, publish, copy and 
vend the copyrighted work; (b) to translate the 
copyrighted work or make any other version of 
it if it be a literary work; to dramatize it if it 
be a nondramatic work; to convert it into a 
novel or other nondramatic work if it be a 
drama; to arrange or adapt it if it be a 
musical work; to finish it if it be a model 
or design, for a work of art; (c) to deliver or 
authorize the delivery of the copyrighted work 
if it be a free lecture, sermon, address or sim¬ 
ilar production; ( d ) to perform the copyrighted 
work publicly if it be a drama, or, if it be a 
dramatic work and not reproduced in copies 
for sale, to vend the manuscript or any record 
thereof; to make or to procure the making of 
any transcription or record thereof by which it 
may in any manner be exhibited, performed or 
produced, and to exhibit, perform or produce it 
in any manner whatsoever; (e) to perform the 
copyrighted work publicly for profit if it be a 
musical composition and for the purpose of pub¬ 
lic performance for profit and to make any ar¬ 
rangement or setting of it in any system of nota¬ 
tion or any form of record in which the thought 
of an author may be read or reproduced. 

So far as they secure copyright controlling the 
parts of instruments serving to reproduce me¬ 
chanically the musical work the law includes 
only compositions published after the act went 
into effect; it does not include the works of a 
foreign author or composer unless the country 
of which he is a citizen or subject grants similar 
rights to American citizens. Whenever the owner 
of a musical copyright has used or permitted the 
use of the copyrighted work upon the part of in¬ 
struments serving to reproduce mechanically the 
musical work, any other person may make a sim- 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 31 

ilar use of the work upon the payment to the 
owner of a royalty of 2 cents on each such part 
manufactured. The reproduction or rendition of 
a musical composition by or upon coin-operated 
machines shall not be deemed a public perform¬ 
ance for profit unless a fee is charged for admis¬ 
sion to the place where the reproduction occurs. 

The works for which copyright may be secured 
include ail the writings of an author. 

The application for registration shall specify to 
which of the following classes the work in which 
copyright is claimed belongs: 

(a) Books, including composite and cyclope¬ 
dic works, directories, gazetteers and other com¬ 
pilations. 

(b) Periodicals, including newspapers. 

(c) Lectures, sermons, addresses, prepared for 
oral delivery. 

(d) Dramatic or dramatic-musical composi¬ 
tions. 

(e) Musical compositions. 

(/) Maps. 

(g) Works of art; models or designs for 
works of art. 

( h ) Reproductions of a work of art. 

(i) Drawings or plastic works of a scientific 
or technical character. 

(j) Photographs. 

( k ) Prints and pictorial illustrations. 

(l) Motion picture photoplays. 

(m) Motion pictures other than photo plays. 

These specifications do not, however, limit the 

subject matter of copyright as defined in the law 
nor does any error in classification invalidate the 
copyright protection secured. 

Copyright extends to the work of a foreign 
author or proprietor only in case he is domi¬ 
ciled in the United States at the time of the first 
publication of his work or if the country of which 
he is a citizen grants similar copyright protec¬ 
tion to citizens of the United States. 

Any person entitled thereto by the law may 
secure copyright for his work by publication 
thereof with the notice of copyright required by 
the act, and such notice shall be affixed to each 


32 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

copy published or offered for sale in the United 
States. Such person may obtain registration of 
his claim to copyright by complying with the pro¬ 
visions of the act, including the deposit of copies, 
whereupon the registrar of copyrights shall issue 
to him a certificate as provided for in the law. 
Copyright may also be had of the works of an 
author of which copies are not reproduced for 
sale by the deposit with claim of copyright of one 
complete copy, if it be a lecture or similar pro¬ 
duction, or a dramatic or musical composition; 
of a title and description, with one print taken 
from each scene or act, if the work be a motion 
picture photoplay; of a photographic print if 
it be a photograph; of a title and description, 
with not less than two prints taken from differ¬ 
ent sections of a complete motion picture, if the 
work be a motion picture other than a photo¬ 
play; or of a photograph or other identifying 
reproduction thereof if it be a work of art, a 
plastic work or drawing. 

After copyright has been secured there must 
be deposited in the copyright office in Washing¬ 
ton, D. C., two complete copies of the best edi¬ 
tion thereof, which copies, if the work be a, book 
or periodical, shall have been produced in accor¬ 
dance with the manufacturing provisions of the 
act, or if such work be a contribution to a peri¬ 
odical for which contribution special registration 
is requested one copy of the issue or issues con¬ 
taining such contribution. Failure to deposit the 
copies within a given time after notice from the 
registrar of copyrights makes the proprietor of 
the copyright liable to a fine of $100 and twice 
the retail price of the work and the copyright 
becomes void. 

The text of all books and periodicals specified 
in paragraphs (a) and (Z>) above, except the 
original text of a book of foreign origin in a 
language other than English, must, in order to 
secure protection, be printed from type set within 
the limits of the United States either by hand, 
machinery or other process, and the printing of 
the text and the binding of the books must also 


. CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 33 

be done within the United States. An affidavit of 
such manufacture is required. 

In the case of each entry the person recorded 
as the claimant of the copyright shall be entitled 
to a certificate of registration under seal of the 
copyright office. 

The registrar of copyrights shall receive and 
the person to whom the services designated are 
rendered shall pay the following fees: For the 
registration of any work subject to copyright, $1, 
which sum is to include a certificate of registra¬ 
tion under seal: Provided, that in the case of 
photographs the fee shall be 50 cents where a 
certificate is not demanded. For every additional 
certificate of registration made, 50c. For re¬ 
cording and certifying any instrument of writing 
for the assignment of copyright or license, or for 
any copy of such certificate or license, duly cer¬ 
tified, if not over 300 words in length, $1; if 
more than 300 and less than 1,000, $2; if more 
than 1,000 words in length, $1 additional for each 
1,000 words or fraction thereof of over 300 words. 
For recording the notice of user or acquiescence 
specified in the act, 25 cents for each notice of 
not over fifty words and an additional 25 cents 
for each additional 100 words. For comparing 
any copy of an assignment with the record of 
such document in the copyright office and certi¬ 
fying the same under seal, $1. For recording the 
extension or renewal of copyright, 50 cents. For 
recording the transfer of proprietorship of copy¬ 
righted articles, 10 cents for each title of a book 
or other article in addition to the fee for recording 
the instrument of assignment. For any requested 
search of copyright office records, indexes or de¬ 
posits, 50 cents for each full hour consumed in 
making such search. Only one registration at one 
fee shall be required in the case of several vol¬ 
umes of the same book deposited at the same 
time. 

For copyright blanks and additional informa¬ 
tion as to copyright regulations address the Reg¬ 
istrar of Copyrights, Library of Congress, Wash¬ 
ington, D. C. 


34 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

Secession and Readmisslon of Confederate States 

Seceded Readmitted 

South Carolina. . Dec. 20, 1860.June 11, 1868 

Mississippi.Jan. 9, 1861.Feb. 3, 1870 

Alabama. Jan. 11, 1861.June 11, 1868 

Florida.Jan. 11, 1861. June 11, 1868 

Georgia.Jan. 19, 1861. April 20, 1870 

Louisiana. Jan. 26, 1861.June 11, 1868 

Texas. Feb. 1, 1861.Mar. 15, 1870 

Virginia.April 16, 1861 .Jan. 15, 1870 

Arkansas.May 6, 1861.June 20, 1868 

North Carolina. . May 21, 1861. June 11, 1868 

Tennessee.June 24, 1861.July .. 1866 


Invisible Ink 

A recipe for making ink whose writing is only 
visible under the effect of heat. Several invisible 
inks are made, but the most curious known is 
that made from cobalt. It may be made to dis¬ 
appear and appear at pleasure. This property is 
peculiar to inks obtained from cobalt, for all the 
other kinds are at first invisible until some sub¬ 
stance has been applied to make them appear; 
but when once they have appeared they remain. 
To prepare this ink, take zaffre and dissolve it in 
nitro-muriatic acid till the acid extracts from it 
the metallic part of the cobalt, which communi¬ 
cates to the zaffre a blue color; then dilute the 
solution, which is very acrid, with common water; 
if you write with this liquid on paper, the charac¬ 
ters will be invisible; but when exposed to suffi¬ 
cient degree of heat they will become green. 
When the paper has cooled they will disappear. 
Observe, if the paper be too much heated they 
will not disappear at all. 


The Language of Precious Stones 

Drnmond, innocence; ruby, beauty and ele¬ 
gance; emerald, success in love; opal, hope; ame¬ 
thyst, sincerity; topaz, fidelity; garnet, constancy 
and fidelity; turquois, prosperity; cornelian, con¬ 
tented mind; sardonyx, conjugal felicity; agate, 
health and long life; bloodstone, courage. 


















CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 35 

The Egyptian Pyramids 

The great pyramid of Gizeh is the largest struc¬ 
ture of any kind erected by the hand of man. 
Its original dimensions at the base were 764 feet 
square, and its perpendicular height in the high¬ 
est point is 488 feet; it covers four acres, one 
rood and twenty-two perches of ground, and has 
been estimated by an eminent English architect 
to have cost not less than £30,000,000, which in 
United States currency would be about $145,200, 
000. Internal evidences proved that the great 
pyramid was begun about the year 2170 B. C., 
about the time of the birth of Abraham. It is 
estimated that about 5,000,000 tons of hewn 
stones was used in its construction and the 
evidence points to the fact that these stones were 
brought a distance of about 700 miles from quar¬ 
ries in Arabia. 

THE OLDEST OF ALL THE OBELISKS 
is the beautiful one of rosy granite which stands 
alone among the green fields upon the banks of 
the Nile, not far from Cairo. It is the grave¬ 
stone of a great ancient city which has vanished 
and left only this relic behind. The city was 
the Bethshemesh of the Scriptures, the famous 
On, which is memorable to all Bible readers as 
the residence of the priest of Potipherah, whose 
daughter, Assenath, Joseph married. The Greeks 
called it Heliopolis, the city of the sun, because 
there the worship of the sun had its chief center 
and its more sacred ’shrines. 


The Sphinx 

The word sphinx is from the Greek and means 
the strangler, and was applied to a fabled crea¬ 
ture of the Egyptians which had the body of a 
lion, the head of a man or an animal, and two 
wings attached to its sides. In the Egyptian hi¬ 
eroglyphics the sphinx symbolized wisdom and 
power united. It has been supposed that the fact 
that the overflow of the Nile occurred when the 
sun was in the constellations Leo and Virgo gave 
the idea of the combination of form in the sphinx 
but this idea seems quite unfounded. In Egypt 



36 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

the reigning - monarch was usually represented in 
the form of a sphinx. The most remarkable 
sphinx is that near the pyramids at Gizeh. It is 
sculptured from the rock, masonry having been 
added in several places to complete the form. It 
is 172y 2 feet long by 53 feet high, but only the 
head of this remarkable sculpture can now be 
seen, the rest of the form having been concealed 
by the heaped-up sands of the desert. Numbers 
of smaller sphinxes have been found in Egypt 
and also in the sculptures of Assyria, Babylonia 
and Phoenicia. 


History of Cleopatra’s Needles 

The two obelisks known as Cleopatra’s Needles 
were set up at the entrance of the Temple of 
the Sun, in Heliopolis, Egypt, by Thothmes III, 
about 1831 B. C. We have no means of knowing 
when they were built, or by whom, except from 
the inscriptions on them, which indicate the 
above time. The material of which they were 
cut is granite, brought from Syene, near the first 
cataract of the Nile. Two centuries after their 
erection Rameses II had the stones nearly cov¬ 
ered with carvings setting out his own greatness 
and achievements. Twenty-three years before 
Christ, Augustus Caesar moved the obelisks from 
Heliopolis to Alexandria and set them up in the 
Caesarium, a palace which now stands, a mere 
mass of ruins, near the station of the railroad 
to Cairo. In 1819 one of these obelisks was pre¬ 
sented by the Egyptian Government to England, 
but,.as no one knew how to move them, it was 
not taken to London until 1878. Subsequently 
the other obelisk was presented to the United 
States. 


How Cleopatra’s Needle Was Brought Over From 
Egypt 

The work of moving the great Egyptian obe¬ 
lisk from Alexandria to New York was managed 
by Commander H. H. Gorringe of the United 
States Navy. The officer reached Alexandria Oc- 
tober 16, 1879, and at once began the work with 




CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


37 


one hundred Arabs, who completed the excava¬ 
tion of the obelisk’s pedestal by removing 1,730 
cubic yards of earth in about twenty days. The 
machinery for lowering the monolith was then 
attached, and the block was laid in a horizontal 
position. Within the foundation and steps of the 
pedestal were found stones and implements en¬ 
graved with emblematic designs, and some delay 
was caused in order that these might be taken 
up very carefully to be placed in exactly the same 
position in the pedestal when re-erected in New 
York. The obelisk was removed to the wharf 
and upon the steamer waiting for it by means of 
cannon balls rolling in metal grooves. The shaft, 
pedestal, and steps of the obelisk were removed 
separately, the entire mass weighing 1,470 tons. 
The steamer bearing this freight left Alexandria 
June 12, 1880, and arrived at Staten Island July 
20. The iron tracks and cannon balls were ad¬ 
justed after some delay, and on these the mono¬ 
lith was disembarked September 16. Next the 
rise and fall of the tide was utilized to float it 
up the North River and land it at the foot of 
Ninety-sixth street, where it was moved by steam 
power on tracks with rollers along Tenth avenue 
and across Eighty-sixth street to Central Park. 
The track was two miles long and was inclined, 
the upper part of it being laid on trestle work 
in order to bring the shaft, when it was to be 
raised, at a proper height above the pedestal. 
Pulleys, chains and ropes were then attached and, 
the signal being given, the great mass was rapidly 
and gently raised, and in a short time stood firmly 
upon the base, which had been previously se¬ 
curely put in place. 


Curiosities of Marriage 
Goethe said he married to obtain respectability. 
Wycherly, in his old age, married his servant 
girl to spite his relations. 

The joining of right hands in ancient times 
had the solemnity and validity of an oath. 

Giving a ring is supposed to indicate the eter¬ 
nity of the union, seeing that a circle is endless. 



38 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


Under the Roman empire marriage was simply 
a civil contract; hence we read of men “putting 
away” their wives. 

Among the Jews the rule was for a maiden to 
marry on the fourth and a widow on the fifth 
day of the week—not earlier. 

In Jewish marriages the woman Is set on the 
right, but throughout Christendom her place in 
the ceremony is on the left. 

In a Roman marriage the bride was purchased 
by the bridegroom’s payment of three pieces of 
copper money to her parents. 

The custom of putting a veil upon the maid 
before the betrothal was done to conceal her 
blushes at the first touch of the man’s hand and 
at the closing kiss. 

Kissing the bride the moment the marriage 
ceremony ended, though not now prescribed by 
the rubric of the western churches, formerly was 
an imperative act on the part of the bridegroom. 

The early marriage ceremony among the Anglo- 
Saxons consisted merely of hand fastening, or 
taking each other by the hand and pledging each 
other love and affection in the presence of friends 
and relatives. 

An old adage thus lays down the proper days 
for wedlock: 

“Monday for wealth, Tuesday for health, Wednes¬ 
day the best day of all; 

Thursday for crosses, Friday for losses, Saturday 
no luck at all.” 


Velocity of Elevators 

Few persons have any idea of the speed of an 
elevator. An ordinary guess wouldn’t probably 
come within half a mile a minute of being right. 
Some elevators run as slowly as eighty feet a 
minute. The average speed of elevators is about 
225 feet a minute. This includes ordinary stop¬ 
pages. The elevators in the Equitable Building, 
New York, have a run of 135 feet from basement 
to top of building, and it takes twenty seconds 
to make that run without stops. In a day of 
nine hours these elevators run over ten miles. 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL, 


39 


The First Cable Message 
The first message on the Atlantic cable of 1858, 
which soon proved a failure, was a congratu¬ 
latory dispatch from Queen Victoria to President 
Buchanan. The first message on the successful 
cable completed in 1866 was the announcement of 
the treaty of peace between Prussia and Austria. 
There are now 228 submarine telegraph cables, 
all told; some of them merely connecting islands 
with the main shore, or crossing narrow straits 
and arms of the sea, others thousands of miles in 
length. There is no direct cable between Africa 
and South America, but messages can be sent 
between these portions of the globe via Cuba or 
the United States and Europe, or in some cases 
simply via Portugal through the Brazilian and 
South African cables. The French Atlantic cable 
was laid in 1879, by a company chartered in 
France, and composed at first chiefly of French 
capitalists. ‘The greater part of each of the At¬ 
lantic cables lies too far below the surface to be 
disturbed by storms, tides or currents. The shore 
ends are made much stronger and heavier to 
withstand the action of waves and currents and 
in some cases, near the landings, they are 
weighted to hold them in place, a thing entirely 
unnecessary in deep water. 


History of the Telephone 

The principle of the telephone that sounds 
could be conveyed to a distance by a distended 
wire was demonstrated by Robert Hook in 1667, 
but no practical application was made of the dis¬ 
covery until 1821, when Professor Wheatstone 
exhibited his “Enchanted Lyre," in which the 
sounds of a music box were conveyed from a 
cellar to upper rooms. The first true discoverer 
of the speaking telephone, however, was Johann 
Philipp Reis, a German scientist and professor 
in the institute at Friedrichdorf. April 25, 1861, 
Reis exhibited his telephone at Frankfort. This 
contains all the essential features of the modern 
telephone, but as its commercial value was not at 
all comprehended, little attention was paid to it. 



40 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


Reis, after trying in vain to arouse the interest 
of scientists in his discovery, died in 1874, with¬ 
out having reaped any advantage from it, and 
there is no doubt that his death was hastened 
by the stress of mind caused by his continual 
rebuffs. Meanwhile, the idea was being worked 
into more practical shape by other persons, Pro¬ 
fessor Elisha Gray and Professor A. G. Bell, and 
later by Mr. Edison. There is little doubt that 
Professor Gray’s successful experiments consid¬ 
erably antedated those of the others, but Pro¬ 
fessor Bell was the first to perfect his patent. 
February 12, 1877, Bell’s articulating telephone 
was tested by experiments at Boston and Salem, 
Mass., and was found to convey sounds distinctly 
from one place to the other, a distance of eighteen 
miles. This telephone was exhibited widely in 
this country and in Europe during that year, and 
telephone companies were established to bring it 
into general use. Edison’s carbon “loud-speak¬ 
ing” telephone was brought out in 1878. It is 
not worth while to go into details of the suits 
on the subject of priority of invention. The Ex¬ 
aminer of Patents at Washington, July 21, 1883, 
decided that Professor Bell was the first inventor, 
because he was the first to complete his invention 
and secure a full patent. Since 1878 there have 
been many improvements in the different parts 
of the telephone. 


The Natural Bridge of Virginia 

It is one of the most wonderful structures 
nature has left to show her handiwork. The 
bridge spans the mountain chasm in which flows 
the little stream called Cedar Creek, the bed of 
which is more than two hundred feet below the 
surface of the plain. The middle of the arch is 
forty-five feet in perpendicular thickness, which 
increases to sixty at its juncture with the vast 
abutments. It is sixty feet wide, and its span 
is almost ninety feet. Across the top is a public 
road, and being on the same level with the neigh¬ 
boring country, one may cross it in a coach 
without being aware of the interesting place. 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 41 

Great Fires of History 

The loss of life and property in the willful de¬ 
struction by fire and sword of the principal cities 
of ancient history—Nineveh, Babylon, Persepolis, 
Carthage, Palmyra, and many others—is largely 
a matter of conjecture. The following is a mem¬ 
orandum of the chief conflagrations of the cur¬ 
rent era: 

In 64 A. D. f during the reign of Nero, a terrible 
fire raged in Rome for eight days, destroying ten 
of the fourteen wards. The loss of life or de¬ 
struction of property is not known. 

In 70 A. D. Jerusalem was taken by the Romans 
and a large part of it given to the torch, entail¬ 
ing an enormous destruction of life and property. 

In 1106 Venice, then a city of immense opu¬ 
lence, was almost wholly consumed by a fire, 
originating in accident or incendiarism. 

In 1212 the greater part of London was burned. 

In 1666 what is known as the Great Fire of 
London raged in the city from Sept. 2 to 6, con¬ 
suming 13,200 houses, with St. Paul’s Church, 86 
parish churches, 6 chapels, the Guild Hall, the 
Royal Exchange, the Custom House, 52 com¬ 
panies’ halls, many hospitals, libraries, and other 
public edifices. The total destruction of property 
was estimated at $53,652,500. Six lives were lost, 
and 436 acres burnt over. 

In 1679 a fire in Boston burned all the ware¬ 
houses, eighty dwellings, and vessels in the dock 
yards; loss estimated at $1,000,000. 

In 1700 a large part of Edinburgh was burned; 
loss unknown. 

In 1728 Copenhagen was nearly destroyed; 
1,650 houses burned. 

In 1736 a fire in St. Petersburg burned 2,000 
houses. 

In 1729 a fire in Constantinople destroyed 12,000 
houses, and 7,000 people perished. The same city 
suffered a conflagration in 1745, lasting five days; 
and in 1750 a series of three appalling fires—one 
in January, consuming 10,000 houses; another in 
April, destroying property to the value of $5,000,- 
000, according to one historian, and according to 


42 CON KLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

another $15,000,000; and in the latter part of 
the year, another, sweeping; fully 10,000 houses 
more out of existence. It seemed as if Constan¬ 
tinople was doomed to utter annihilation. 

In 1751 a fire in Stockholm destroyed 1,000 
houses; and another fire in the same city in 1759 
burned 250 houses, with a loss of $2,420,000. 

In 1752 a fire in Moscow swept away 18,000 
houses, involving 1 an immense loss. 

In 1758 Christiania suffered a loss of $1,250,000 
by conflagration. 

In 1760 the Portsmouth (Eng.) dock yards 
were burned, with a loss of $2,000,000. 

In 1764 a fire in Konigsburg, Prussia, consumed 
the public buildings, with a loss of $3,000,000; 
and in 1769 the city was almost totally destroyed. 

In 1763 a fire in Smyrna destroyed 2,600 houses, 
with a loss of $1,000,000; in 1772 a fire in the 
same city carried off 3,000 dwellings and 3,000 
to 4,000 shops, entailing a loss of $20,000,000; 
and in 1776 there were 4,000 shops, mosques, 
magazines, etc., burned. 

In 1776, six days after the British seized the 
city, a fire swept off all the west side of New 
York city, from Broadway to the river. 

In 1771 a fire in Constantinople burned 2,500 
houses; another in 1778 burned 2,000 houses; 
in 1782 there were 600 houses burned, in Feb¬ 
ruary, 7,000 in June, and on Aug. 12, during a 
conflagration that lasted three days, 10,000 houses, 
50 mosques, and 100 corn mills, with a loss of 
100 lives. Two years later a fire, on March 13, 
destroyed two-thirds of Pera, the loveliest suburb 
of Constantinople, and on Aug. 5 a fire In the 
main city, lasting twenty-six hours, burned 10,000 
houses. In this same fire-scourged city, in 1791, 
between March and July, there were 32,000 
honses burned, and about as many more in 1795; 
and in 1799 Pera was again swept with fire, 
with a loss of 13,000 houses. 

In 1784 a fire and explosion in the dockyards, 
Brest, caused a loss of $5,000,000. 

But the greatest destruction of life and prop¬ 
erty by conflagrations of which the world has 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 43 

anything like accurate records must be looked 
for within the last 100 years. Of these the fol¬ 
lowing- is a partial list of instances in which the 
loss of property amounted to $3,000,000 and up¬ 
ward : 

Property 

Dates. Cities Destroyed 

1802— Liverpool .$ 5,000,000 

1803— Bombay . 3,000,000 

1805—St. Thomas. 30,000,000 

1808—Spanish Town. 7,500,000 

1812—Moscow, burned five days; 30,800 

houses destroyed.150,000,000 

1816—Constantinople, 12,000 dwellings, 

3,000 shops. 

1820—Savannah. 4,000,000 

1822—Canton, nearly destroyed. 

1828—Havana, 350 houses.. 

1835—New York (“Great Fire”). 15,000,000 

1837— St. John, N. B. 5,000,000 

1838— Charleston, 1,158 buildings. 3,000,000 

1841— Smyrna, 12,000 houses. 

1842— Hamburg, 4,219 buildings, 100 

lives lost. 35,000,000 

1845—New York, 35 persons killed.... 7,500,000 

1845—Pittsburgh, 1,100 buildings. 10,000,000 

1845—Quebec, May 28, 1,650 dwellings. 3,750,000 

1845— Quebec June 28, 1,300 dwellings. 

1846— St. Johns, Newfoundland. 5,000,000 

1848—Constantinople, 2,500 buildings.. 15,000,000 

1848— Albany, N. Y., 600 houses. 3,000,000 

1849— St. Louis . 3,000,000 

1851—St. Louis, 2,500 buildings. 11,000,000 

1851—St. Louis, 500 buildings. 3,000,000 

1851—San Francisco, May 4 and 5, 

many lives lost. 10,000,000 

1851— San Francisco, June. 3,000,000 

1852— Montreal, 1,200 buildings. 5,000,000 

1861— Mendoza, destroyed by earth¬ 

quake and fire, 10,000 lives 

lost . 

1862— St. Petersburg . 5,000,000 

1862—Troy, N. Y., nearly destroyed. 

1862—Valparaiso, almost destroyed. 



























44 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

1864 — Novgorod, immense destruction 

of property. 

1865— Constantinople, 2,800 buildings 

burned . 

1866— Yokohama, nearly destroyed... . 
1865—Carlstadt, Sweden, all consumed 

but Bishop’s residence, hospi¬ 


tal, and jail; 10 lives lost. 

1866—Portland, Me., half the city. 11,000,000 

1866—Quebec, 2,500 dwellings and 17 

churches . 

1870—Constantinople, Pera suburb... 26,000,000 


1871—Chicago, 250 lives lost, 17,430 
buildings burned on 2,124 

acres .192,000,000 

1871—Paris, fired by the Commune.. .160,000,000 


1872— Boston . 75,000,000 

1873— Yeddo, 10,000 houses. . 

1877—Pittsburgh, caused by riot. 3,260,000 

1877—St. Johns, N. B„ 1,650 dwellings, 

18 lives lost. 12,500,000 

1889—Seattle, Wash. 20,000,000 

1906—San Francisco, caused by an 

earthquake .300,000,000 


From the above it appears that the six greatest 
fires on record, reckoned by destruction of prop¬ 
erty, are: 

San Francisco fire, April 18-21, 1906. $300,000,000 


Chicago fire, of Oct. 8-9, 1871. 192,000,000 

Paris fire, of May, 1871. 160,000,000 

Moscow fire, of Sept. 14-19, 1812. 150,000,000 

Boston fire, Nov. 9-10, 1872. 75,000,000 

London fire, Sept. 2-6, 1666. 53,652,500 

Hamburg fire, May 5-7, 1842. 35,000,000 


Weight of a Cubic Inch of Various Metals in 
Pounds 

Hammered gold, .701 lbs.; cast gold (pure), 
.698.20; 18 carats fine gold, .567; hammered sil¬ 
ver, .382; pure silver, .378; cast steel, .287; cast 
iron, .263; sheet iron, .279; rolled platinum, .797; 
wire platinum, .762; hammered platinum, .735; 
sheet copper, .323; sheet brass, .304; lead, .410; 
cast tin, .264; cast zinc, .245. 























CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 45 

Elevation of the Lakes Above Tide 


Feet. 

Lake Ontario, elevation.247.25 

Lake Erie, elevation.573.58 

Lake Huron, elevation.581.92 

Lake Michigan, elevation.581.92 

Lake Superior, elevation.602.39 


This is the mean average height of the lakes 
above tidewater in the Hudson, as shown by fif¬ 
teen years’ observation of Lake Ontario and Lake 
Erie, and by five years’ observation of Lake 
Huron, Lake Michigan and Lake Superior. There 
are remarkable periodic variations in the eleva¬ 
tion of the lakes, particularly of Lake Erie. There 
is an annual fluctuation, and other fluctuations 
occur quite regularly in periods of several years, 
all of which must be considered in figuring the 
mean elevation, while they explain in part the 
differences between earlier reports on this matter. 


Origin of the Pawnbroker’s Sign 

The three golden balls used as a pawnbroker’s 
sign appeared in England in very early times. It 
was used by the Lombard merchants who emi¬ 
grated to London from Italy. These established 
the first pawnbroker establishments, and it is 
generally held that they adopted the three golden 
balls to be borne on the arms of the Lombard 
corporation, from the armorial bearings of the 
Medici family, which was conspicuous among the 
Lombard merchant princes of Italy. 


The First Book in English 

So far as known, the first book ever written in 
English was a poem—“a Paraphrase”—as it is 
called—of the creation, the war in heaven, and 
of the fall of Satan, about the year 657. The 
author was Caedmon, a convert from paganism 
to Christianity. After the Norman conquest there 
seem to have been no books written in English 
until the reign of King John, which began in 1199.* 
During this reign Layamon, a priest of Worces¬ 
tershire, wrote a remarkable poem of 32,250 lines, 
called “Brut.” ' 









46 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

Mechanism of the Heart 

In the human subject the average rapidity of 
the cardiac pulsation for an adult male is about 
72 beats per minute. These beats are more fre¬ 
quent, as a rule, in young children and in women, 
and there are variations within certain limits in 
particular persons, owing to peculiarities of or¬ 
ganization. It would not necessarily be an ab¬ 
normal sign to find in some particular individuals 
the habitual frequency of the heart's action from 
60 to 65, or from 75 to 80 a minute. As a rule, 
the heart’s action is slower and more powerful 
in fully developed and muscular organizations, 
and more rapid and feebler in those of slighter 
form. In animals the range is from 25 to 45 
in the cold-blooded, and 50 upward in the warm¬ 
blooded animals, except in the case of the horse, 
which has a very slow heart-beat, only 40 strokes 
a minute. The pulsations of men and all animals 
differ with the sea level also. The work of a 
healthy human heart has been shown to equal 
the feat of raising 5 tons 4 cwt. one foot per 
hour, or 125 tons in twenty-four hours. The ex¬ 
cess of this work under alcohol in varying quan¬ 
tities is often very great. A calculation has been 
made giving the work of the heart in mileage. 
Presuming that the blood was thrown out of the 
heart at each pulsation in the proportion of sixty- 
nine strokes per minute, and at the assumed force 
of nine feet, the mileage of the blood through the 
body might be taken at 207 yafrds per minute, 
seven miles per hour, 168 miles per day, 61,320 
miles per year, 5,150,880 miles in a life-time of 
84 years. The number of beats of the heart in 
the same long life would reach the grand total 
of 2,869,776,000. 


Plow ami Pall of Rivers and Canals 

A river is said to be sluggish when it flows 
at the rate of about 1 mile an hour; ordinarily 
swift, 2 miles an hour; very rapid, 5 miles an 
hour; a torrent, 6 miles an hour. 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 47 

Water Pressure 

FRESH WATER. 

One cubic foot of fresh water weighs 1,000 
ounces, or 62.5 lbs. avoirdupois, and contains 
6.2321 Imperial gallons. 

One foot in depth has a pressure of .434 lb. 
to the square inch. 

One foot in depth has a pressure of 62.5 lbs. 
to the square foot. 

35.84 feet in depth has a pressure of 2,240 
lbs., or 1 ton to the square foot. 

One cylindrical foot weighs 785.4 ounces, or 
49.08 lbs. avoirdupois, and contains 4.8947 Im¬ 
perial gallons. 

One cylindrical foot in depth has a pressure 
of .34 lb. on an area 1 inch in diameter. 

One cylindrical foot in depth has a pressure 
of 49.08 lbs. on an area 1 foot in diameter. 

45.64 cylindrical feet in depth has a pressure 
of 2,240 lbs. or 1 ton on an area 1 foot in diam¬ 
eter. 

The quantity of water in 1 inch in depth of 
rainfall on an Imperial acre of surface is 3,630 
cubic feet, which is 22,622,523 Imperial gallons, 
or 101.28 tons. 3,630 cubic feet of rain falling 
In 24 hours is 2.52 cubic feet per minute. 

SEA WATER 

One cubic foot weighs 64.25 lbs. 

One cylindrical foot weighs 50.46195 lbs. 

34.887 feet in depth has a pressure of 2,240 
lbs., or 1 ton to the square foot. 


Sundry Measures of Length 

Hair’s breadth is the smallest, of which 48 are 
an inch. Four barley-corns laid breadthways are 
% of an inch, called a digit, and 3 barley-corns 
lengthways are an inch. An inch is divided into 
12 lines and by mechanics into 8ths. A nail used 
in cloth measure is 2% ins. or the 16th of a yard. 
A palm is 3 ins., and a span 9 ins. An English 
Statute mile is 1,760 yds. or 5,280 ft., an Irish 
mile 2,240 yds., a Scotch mile 1,984 yds., 80 
Scotch miles being equivalent to 91 English and 
11 Irish to 14 English. 



48 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


Harmony of Colors 

Every one must have observed that colors, 
when brought together, mutually set each other 
off to advantage, while others have altogether 
a different effect. This must be carefully at¬ 
tended to by every painter who would study 
beauty or elegance in the appearance of his 
work. 

Whites will set off with any color whatever. 

Reds set off best with whites, blacks, or yel¬ 
lows. 

Blues set off best with whites or yellows. 

Greens set off best with blacks and whites. 

Gold sets off best with blacks or browns. 

In lettering or edging with gold a white ground 
has a delicate appearance for a time, but it soon 
becomes dingy. 

The best grounds for gold are Saxon blue, ver¬ 
milion, and lake. 


How Looking Glasses Are Made 
After the glass has been carefully polished on 
both sides it is laid on a firm table (usually of 
stone), with upturned edges, and one or more 
sheets of tinfoil are laid upon the plate. Quick¬ 
silver is then spread over it, and at once forms 
an amalgam with the tin, making a reflecting 
surface. The process is simple enough in theory, 
but requires experience and skill. 


Discovery of Glass 

There is little or nothing known with certainty 
in regard to the invention of glass. Some of the 
oldest specimens are Egyptian, and are traced to 
about 1,500 years before Christ. Transparent 
glass is believed to have been first used about 
750 years before the Christian era. The credit 
of the invention was given by the ancients to 
the Phoenicians. The story is a familiar one, of 
the Phoenician merchants who rested their cook¬ 
ing pots on blocks of natron (sub-carbonate of 
soda), and found glass produced by the union, 
under heat, of the alkali and the sand on the 
shore. 




CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


49 


Qualities of Different Ropes Compared With 
Italian Hemp 

The amount of stretching is that due to the 
breaking weight. All but the hide ropes are 
hawser laid. 


Nature. 

Strength. 

Stiffness. 

Weight 

Dry. 

Stretch¬ 

ing. 

Italian Hemp" 

Baltic* . 

Manillaf ... 

TT1 Q V 

0.7 to .9 
0.9 to 1 
0.9 

0.2 to 0.25 
0.5 

3 

6 

1 

0.8 to 0.9 
0.75 
low 
low 
high 
high 
high 

1 I 
0.88 \ 

1-7 to 1-12 

1.75 

1-2 to 1-3 
0.24 

Coir Hair$ . . 
Green Hide§. . 

Ttati HT i no 

0.43 

1 

4 

4 

iron wirt?. 

Steel . 


—--- 


♦Become weaker in water—may lose V a of their 
strength if soaked for 72 hours. 

tKeeps its strength in water, but cut where knotted 
or bent short. Wears in tackle; is difficult to tar. 

JFloats for a time in water. Stands exposure to 
wet well. 

§When dry does not stretch. 


Designations of Groups of Animals 

The ingenuity of the sportsman is, perhaps, no 
better illustrated than by the use he puts the 
English language to in designating particular 
groups of animals. The following is a list of the 
terms which have been applied to the various 


classes: 

A covey of partridges. 

A nide of pheasants. 

A wisp of snipe. 

A flight of doves or swallows 
A muster of peacocks. 

A siege of herons. 

A building of rooks. 

A brood of grouse. 

A plump of wild fowl. 

A stand of plovers. 

A watch of nightingales. 

A clattering of doughs. 

A flock of geese. 

A herd or bunch of cattle. 

A bevy of quails. 


A cast of hawks. 

A trip of dottrell. 

A swarm of bees. 

.A school of whales. 
A shoal of herrings. 
A herd of swine. 

A skulk of foxes. 

A pack of wolves. 

A drove of oxen. 

A sounder of hogs. 

A troop of monkeys. 
A pride of lions. 

A sleuth of bears. 

A gang of elk. 





















50 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

Height of Twenty-four of the Loftiest Volcanoes 
in the World 

Name of Volcano. Height Where located. 


in feet. 

Sahama.23,000... .Peru. 

Llullaillac.21,000-Chili. 

Arequipa.20,500... .Peru. 

Cayambi....19,813-Ecuador. 

Cotopaxi.19,408... .Peru. 

Antisana.19,150... .Ecuador. 

Orizaba..18,318... .Mexico. 

San Jose.18,350... .Chili. 

Mt. St. Elias.18,000... .Alaska. 

Popocatapetl.17,735... .Mexico. 

Altar.17,126_Ecuador. 

Sangai.17,120... .Ecuador. 

Klintcheoskaia.16,512... .Kamtschatka. 

Iztacihuatl.15,700-Mexico. 

Toluco..15,500... .Mexico. 

Shasta.14,400_United States. 

Fujiyama..14,000... .Japan. 

Mauna Kea.13,953... .Sandwich Islands. 

Mauna Loa.13,760... .Sandwich Islands. 

Teneriffe.12,236.... Canary Islands. 

Mt. Hood.11,934_United States. 

Peak of Tahiti.19,865... .Friendly Islands. 

Mt. Etna.10,874... .Sicily. 

Mt. St. Helens.10,158... .United States. 


Some of the foregoing list have long been ex¬ 
tinct. 

Three of the best known volcanoes, Vesuvius, 
3,978 ft.; Hecla, 3,970 ft., and Stromboli, 3,000 
ft., are of much less elevation than many others 
altogether unfamiliar. 


To Preserve Boiler Tubes 
A coating of red lead and boiled linseed oil 
applied to boiler tubes acts as an excellent pre¬ 
servative. 

A lacquer of linseed oil caoutchouc applied to 
the walls of a steam boiler prevents the adhe¬ 
sion of sediment so that the scale admits of easy 
removal. 
























CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL. 


51 


The Height of Waves 

The story of waves that run mountain high is 
a very great exaggeration. Many important 
measurements have been made, all of which show 
that the common estimate of the height of waves 
is due to imagination and fear. The measure¬ 
ments of Scoresby, which are regarded as very 
accurate, proved that during storms waves in 
the Atlantic rarely exceed forty-three feet from 
hollow to crest, the distance between the crests 
being five hundred and sixty feet, and their speed 
thirty-two and one-half miles an hour. More 
recent observations taken in the Atlantic give 
from forty-four to forty-eight as the highest 
measured waves; but such heights are rarely 
reached, and, indeed, waves exceeding thirty feet 
are very seldom encountered. The monsoon waves 
at Kurrachee breakwater works were found to 
dash over the wall to the depth of thirteen feet 
or about forty feet above the mean sea level. 
The greatest height of waves on the British coast 
were those observed in Wick Bay—so famous 
for the exceptionally heavy seas which roll into 
it—being thirty-seven and one-half to forty feet. 
Green seas to the depth of twenty-five feet poured 
over the parapet of the breakwater at intervals 
of from seven to ten minutes, each wave, it is 
estimated, being a mass of 40,000 tons of water, 
and this continually for three days and nights. 
During severe storms the waves used to ride high 
above the top of Smeaton Eddystone tower, while 
at the Bell Rock the seas, with easterly storms, 
envelop the tower from base to balcony—a height 
of 400 feet. 


The Coal Area of the World 
The coal area of the world is estimated as fol¬ 
lows : 


Sq. Mi. 

United States.. .335,000 
British America. 18,000 
Great Britain... 12,000 

Spain. 4,000 

France. 2,000 


Sq. Mi. 

Germany. 1,800 

Belgium. 513 

Rest of Europe.. 10,000 

China .340,000 

Japan . 15,000 










52 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


Function of the Atmosphere 

To evaporate water enough annually from thq 
ocean to cover the earth, on the average, five 
feet deep with precipitation; to transport it from 
one zone to another; to cause it to fall in the 
right places, at suitable times, and in the pro¬ 
portions due, is one of the offices of the grand 
atmospherical machine. This water is evaporated 
principally from the torrid zone. Supposing it 
all to come thence, we shall have, encircling the 
earth, a belt of ocean 3,000 miles in breadth, from 
which this atmosphere evaporates a layer of 
water annually 16 feet in depth. To hoist up as 
high as the clouds and lower down again all 
the water in a lake 16 feet deep, 3,000 miles broad 
and 24,000 miles long is the yearly business of 
this invisible machinery. What a powerful en¬ 
gine is the atmosphere! How nicely adjusted 
must be all the cogs, wheels, springs, and com¬ 
pensations of this exquisite piece of machinery 
that it never wears out nor breaks down, nor 
fails to do its work at the right time and in the 
right way! What a field for investigation, and 
how singular it is that man is placed at the bot¬ 
tom of this atmospheric ocean from which to 
commence his research! 


Annie Laurie 

It is interesting to know that the fair heroine 
of the ballad of “Annie Laurie” was a real char¬ 
acter. She was born at Maxwellton, Dec. 6, 1682, 
and the records of her birth and baptism are still 
extant. The following record of the origin of the 
song is taken from a trustworthy old collection 
of ballads edited by Charles Kirkpatrick Sharpe, 
of Hoddam, Eng., who says: “Sir Robert Laurie, 
first baronet of the Maxwellton family (created 
March 27, 1685), by his second wife had three 
sons and four daughters, of whom Annie was 
much celebrated for her beauty, and made a con¬ 
quest of Mr. Douglas, of Fingland, who composed 
the verses, under an unlucky star—for the lady 
some time after (in 1709) married Mr. Fergu¬ 
son, of Craigdarroch.” 





CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 53 

Facts About Ourselves 

The average weight of male adults is 140 
pounds, of women about 124 pounds. The aver¬ 
age height of American recruits is about five feet 
nine inches; the average height of well-built men 
is five feet nine inches; of women five feet four 
inches. One inch of height should add two pounds 
of weight. The specific gravity of the body 
ranges from 0.950 to 1.0030. The heart weighs 
260 grammes in women and 330 grammes (10% 
ounces) in men; the average weight is 292 
grammes. The period of its maximum weight is 
between 50 and 80. The amount of blood in the 
body is one-thirteenth the weight of the body, or 
five or six quarts, or eleven or twelve pounds. 
A man dies when he has lost a fifth of his blood. 
The heart with each contraction ejects six ounces 
of blood from each ventricle, at a pressure in the 
ventricle of one-fourth of an atmosphere. The 
heart sends all the blood around the body twice 
every minute, or in about thirty-five contractions. 
A deadly poison injected into a vein. kills in 15 
seconds, on the average; injected under the skin, 
in 4 minutes. A cubic millimeter of the blood 
contains 5,000,000 blood cells in men, 4,500,000 in 
women. There are 300 red cells to every one 
white blood cell. The red cells have an average 
diameter of 1-3200 inch, the white cells 1-2500 
inch. The specific gravity of the blood is 1.055. 
The frequency of the pulse in the new-born is 
150; in infants of 1 year, 110; at 7 to 14 years, 
85; in adult man, 72; in women, 80. The respira¬ 
tions are one-fourth as rapid as the pulse. 


Weight of a Million Dollars 

The United States gold dollar contains 25.8 troy 
grains. A troy pound contains 5,760 troy grains, 
but the ordinary pound of currency, avoirdupois, 
weighs 7,000 troy grains. Therefore, $1,000,000 
in United States gold coin weigh 3,686.4 pounds, 
avoirdupois. A United States standard silver dol¬ 
lar weighs 412.5 troy grains, and $1,000,000 in 
United States silver coin of the present standard 
weigh 56,931 pounds, avoirdupois. 



54 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

Cubic Feet in a Ton of Coal 

There is a difference between a ton of hard coal 
and one of soft coal. For that matter, coal from 
different mines, whether hard or soft, differs in 
weight, and consequently in cubic feet measure, 
according to quality. Then there is a difference 
according to size. To illustrate, careful measure¬ 
ments have been made of Wilkesbarre anthracite, 
a fine kind of hard coal, with the following re¬ 
sults : 


Size of Cu. ft. in ton Cu. ft. in ton 

coal-. of 2,240 lbs. of 2,000 lbs. 

Lump . 33.2 28.8 

Broken . 33.9 30.3 

Egg. 34.5 30.8 

Stone . 34.8 31.1 

Chestnut . 35.7 31.9 

Pea . 36.7 32.8 


For soft coal the following measures may be 
taken as nearly correct; it is impossible to de¬ 
termine any exact rule, even for the same dis¬ 
trict: Briar Hill coal, 44.8 cubic feet per ton of 
2,240 pounds; Pittsburgh, 47.8; Wilmington, Ill., 
47; Indiana block coal, 42 to 43 cubic feet. 


The Greatest Depth of the Ocean Ever Measured 

The deepest verified soundings are those made 
in the Pacific Ocean, some miles off the Island 
of Guam, in the Marriane Islands, 5,269 fathoms 
or 31,614 feet. Deeper water has been reported 
south of the Grand Bank of Newfoundland, over 
37,000 feet in depth, but additional soundings in 
that locality did not corroborate this. The ship 
Challenger, which in 1872-74 made a voyage 
round the globe for the express purpose of tak¬ 
ing deep-sea soundings in all the oceans, found 
the greatest depth touched in the Pacific Ocean 
less than 3,000 fathoms; but since then near 
Porto Rico, 4,561 fathoms or 27,366 feet,’ have 
been sounded, and the lowest in the Atlantic 
3,875 fathoms. 









CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


55 


When Coal Was Discovered in America 

There is strong - reason to believe that the first 
discovery of coal on this continent was made in 
Illinois by the early French explorers some time 
between 1673 and 1680. James McFarlane, au¬ 
thor of the “Coal Regions of America,’' says: 
“It is remarkable that the first discovery of coal 
in America of which there is any account in a 
printed book was made so far in the interior as 
Illinois by Father Hennepin more than two hun¬ 
dred years ago.” Hennepin’s map, accompanying 
the edition of his journal published in 1698, lo¬ 
cates a coal mine in the bluffs of the Illinois 
River near Ottawa, where an inferior quality of 
bituminous coal comes to the surface. Referring 
to this record by Hennepin, R. C. Taylor, another 
high authority in economic geology, says: “This 
is the earliest notice on record of the existence 
of coal in America.” 


Distances From Atlantic to Pacific Ports 


Before and after the completion of the Panama canal. 


O 

Eh 






o 

"3 

u 


o 
c ° 
§.3 

CO o 

.2 a 

> H 


S g § 

•£ d " 

5fco o 
C £ 

3.5 gj 


cs a y 

~ 03 “ 

c CO o 

2 * s 


<0 >> 
C 

S- C 

3 >3 

s 

•o in 


New York— 


13,244’ 

* 9,702 

8,461 

17,780 

18,910 

19,530 

15,135 

5,299f 3,359 

4,630 

9,835 

10,885 

11,585 

10.427 

New Orleans— 







13,644 

10,102 

8,861 

18,180 

19,310 

19,930 

15,535 

4,698 

2,758 

4,029 

9,234 

10,284 

10,984 

9,826 

Hamburg— 







14,244 

10,702 

9,461 

18,780 

19,910 

20,530 

16,135 

8,467 

6,527 

7,798 

13,003 

14,053 

14,753 

13,595 

Liverpool— 







13,844 

10,302 

9,061 

18,380 

19,510 

20,130 

15,735 

8,038 

6,098 

7,369 

12,574 

13,624 

14,324 

13,166 

Bordeaux— 







13.691 

10,157 

8,916 

18,235 

19,365 

19,985 

15,590 

7,938 

5,998 

7,269 

12,474 

13,524 

14,224 

13,066 

Antwerp— 







13,979 

10,437 

9,196 

18,515 

19,645 

20,265 

15,870 

8,188 

6,248 

7,519 

12,724 

13,774 

14,474 

j.^,316 

Note.-—* First 

figures 

of former 

distances. fSee^nd 


figures after completion of the Panama canal. 



56 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

Railways and Their History 

The earliest reference to railways on the plan 
of making 1 a distinct surface and track for wheels 
is found in Roger North’s “Life of Lord Keeper 
North ” where it is stated that at Newcastle-on - 
Tyne, in 1676, the coals were conveyed from the 
mines to the banks of the river “by laying rails 
of timber exactly straight and parallel; and bulky 
carts were made with four rollers fitting those 
rails, whereby the carriage was made so easy 
that one horse would draw four or five chaldrons." 
One hundred years afterwards—viz., about 1776— 
Mr. Carr constructed an iron railroad at the Shef¬ 
field Colliery. Railways or tramways of wood, 
upon which wagons were propelled by animal 
power, were thus in use as early as the seven¬ 
teenth century, but it was not until near the be¬ 
ginning of the present century that iron was 
substituted for wood. James Watt first conceived 
the idea of utilizing steam for locomotion. This 
was probably about 1780. George Stephenson, 
however, was the first to introduce steam loco¬ 
motive power into practical use. This was in 1825. 


Velocity of Ocean Waves 
The velocity of waves is said to depend pri¬ 
marily upon the power and continuance of the 
wind, but it is greatly modified by and bears 
ascertainable relation to their magnitude and the 
depth of water over which they travel. It has 
been calculated by Airy that a wave 100 feet in 
breadth, and in water 100 feet deep, travels at 
the rate of about 15 miles an hour; one 1,000 
feet broad, and in water 1,000 feet deep, at the 
rate of 48 miles; one of 10,000 feet in breadth, 
and in water 10,000 feet deep, will sweep for¬ 
ward with a velocity of not less than 154 miles 
an hour. Bache stated, as one of the effects of 
an earthquake at Samoda, on the Island of 
Nippon, in Japan, that the harbor was first emp¬ 
tied of water, and then came an enormous wave 
which again receded and left the harbor dry. 
T.iis occurred several times. 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 57 


Height of the Principal Monuments and Towers 


Places. j Names. 

Paris .Eiffel . 

Washington, D. C..Washington Monument. 

Egypt.;. .. .Pyramid of Cheops. 

Belgium .Antwerp Cathedral. 

France .Strasburg Cathedral. 

Egypt.Pyramid of Cephrenes. 

Home .St. Peter’s Church. 

Germany .St. Martin’s Church, Landshut. 

England .St. Paul’s Church, London. 

England .Salisbury Cathedral. 

Italy .Cathedral at Florence. 

Lombardy .Cathedral at Cremona. 

Germany .Church at Fribourg. 

Spain .Cathedral of Seville.. 

Lombardy.Cathedral of Milan. 

Holland .Cathedral of Utrecht. 

Egypt.Pyramid of Sakkarah. 

Bavaria .Cathedral of Notre Dame, 

Munich . 

Venice .St. Mark’s Church. 

Italy.Assinelli Tower, Bologna. 

New York.Trinity Church. 

Hindostan .Column of Delhi.•. 

China .Porcelain Tower, Nankin. 

Paris .Church of Notre Dame. 

Massachusetts . .. .Bunker Hill Monument. 

Italy .Leaning Tower of Pisa. 

Baltimore .Washington Monument. 

Paris.Monument. Place Vendome. .. . 

Italy .Trajan’s Pillar, Rome. 

p ar i s .Obelisk of Luxor. 


Feet. 

984 

555 

486 

476 

474 

456 

448 

411 

365 

400 

386 

397 

386 

360 

355 

356 
356 

348 

328 

272 

284 

262 

260 

224 

221 

179 

175 

153 

151 

110 


How Sugar Is Refined 

The method used by the best sugar refineries 
is substantially as follows: The raw sugar is 
dissolved in large cisterns on the ground floor, 
enough hot water being added to produce a spe¬ 
cific gravity of 1.25. The solution is then drawn 
through a connecting pipe having a coarse wire 
strainer into large pumps, by which it is pumped 
into the highest story of the building, usually the 
seventh or eighth. It there passes into vessels 
heated by steam coils to a temperature of about 
210 F. Milk of lime is added to the solution 
in these pans for the purpose of neutralizing any 
acid which it may contain. From these pans the 
liquid passes down to the next floor, where it is 
filtered through a series of bags, each made of 


























































58 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

two thicknesses of cloth, an outer one of coarse 
and an inner one of fine cotton. The bags are 
inclosed in boxes to prevent cooling. After leav¬ 
ing these the syrup is run through filters of 
bone-black, which absorbs all the coloring matter 
left in it. After leaving these, it is pumped into 
vacuum pans, large vessels heated by steam and 
exhausted by air pumps. The pressure being 
thus reduced, the liquid is boiled at a lower and 
lower temperature until, at 140 degrees, evap¬ 
oration is complete and the sirup rapidly crys¬ 
tallizes into sugar. This is the process by which 
the best white sugar is made, while poorer qual¬ 
ities are prepared by a method less complete. 


The Desert of Sahara 

The Sahara is a very large country, some parts 
of which are much depressed, while other parts 
are very high. In the central and southern parts 
are mountains and tablelands ranging from 500 
to 7,000 feet above the level of the sea. The 
lowest part of the country is in its northern part, 
and there is a large tract, filled with salt lagunes, 
which is from 50 to 100 feet below sea level. 
This tract was no doubt in remote times a part 
of the Mediterranean Sea, to which it was joined 
by the Gulf of Gabes. The deposits on the coast 
in the lapse of time made the arm of the sea 
an inland lake, which, being fed by no inlets, 
in the natural course of things was dried up by 
evaporation. Another tract, also below sea level, 
is in the eastern half of the Sahara, south of the 
tableland of Barca. This last low country was 
also probably once a part of the Mediterranean, 
joining it west of the modern delta of the Nile, 
at the head of the Gulf of Syrtis Major. 


To Protect Polished Steel or Iron Prom Rust 

Go over the surface with paraffine, or steep 
the iron for a few moments in a solution of soda 
acidulated with hydrochloric acid. The result is 
a blue-black coating not affected by air or water. 




59 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL. 

Divorces in Different Countries 

In Australia divorces have never been sanc¬ 
tioned. . • 

Divorces are scarcely ever known to occur in 
modern Greece. 

In Hindostan either party for a slight cause 
may leave the other party and marry. 

In the olden times the Jews had a discretionary 
power of divorcing their wives. 

Divorces are scarcely allowed in Thibet, unless 
with the consent of both parties. Remarriage is 
forbidden. 

In Cochin China the parties desiring divorce 
break a pair of chopsticks in the presence of wit¬ 
nesses, and the thing is done. 

Two kinds of divorces are granted in Circassia. 
By the first the parties can immediately marry 
again, by the second not for a year. 

Among some tribes of American Indians the 
sticks given witnesses of the marriage are broken 
as a sign of divorce. 

If the wife of a Turkoman asks his permission 
to go out, and he says, “Go,” without adding 
“Come back again,” they are divorced. 

In Siberia if a man is dissatisfied with the most 
trifling acts of his wife he tears a cap or veil 
from her face and that constitutes a divorce. 

In Siam the first wife may be divorced, but not 
sold as the others may be. She may claim the 
first child. The others belong to the husband. 

Among the Moors, if the wife does not become 
the mother of a boy, she may be divorced with 
the consent of the tribe and can marry again. 

In the Arctic region a man who wants a divorce 
leaves home in anger and does not return for sev¬ 
eral days. The wife takes the hint and departs. 

In China divorces are allowed in all cases of 
criminality, mutual dislike, jealousy, incompatibil¬ 
ity of temperament, or too much loquacity on the 
part of the wife. 

Among the Tartars if the wife is ill-treated she 
complains to the magistrate, who, attended by the 
principal people, accompanies her to the house 
and pronounces a divorce. 


60 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


The Hall of Fame 

March 5, 1900, the Council of New York Uni¬ 
versity accepted a gift of $100,000, afterward in¬ 
creased to $250,000, from a donor, whose name 
was withheld, for the erection and completion on 
University Heights, New York City, of a building 
to be called “The Hall of Fame for Great Amer¬ 
icans.” A structure was accordingly built in the 
form of a semi-circle, 506 feet long, 15 feet wide, 
and 170 feet high, connecting the University Hall 
of Philosophy with the Hall of Languages. Within 
the colonnade 150 panels, each 2 by 8 feet, are 
to be placed, to bear the names of Americans 
deemed the greatest in their respective fields. 

Under the rules adopted only persons born on 
what is now United States territory and who shall 
have been dead ten or more years are eligible to 
be chosen. Fifteen classes of citizens were rec¬ 
ommended for consideration, towit: Authors and 
editors, business men, educators, inventors, mis¬ 
sionaries and explorers, philanthropists and re¬ 
formers, preachers and theologians, scientists, 
engineers and architects, lawyers and judges, 
musicians, painters and sculptors, physicians and 
surgeons, rulers and statesmen, soldiers and sail¬ 
ors and distinguished men and women outside the 
above classes. Fifty names were to be inscribed 
on the tablets at the beginning, and five addi¬ 
tional names every fifth year thereafter, until the 
year 2000, when the 150 inscriptions will be com¬ 
pleted. 

Prior to 1920 the following had been chosen, 57 
in number: 


George Washington 
Abraham Lincoln 
Daniel Webster 
Benjamin Franklin 
Ulysses S. Grant 
John Marshall 
Thomas Jefferson 
Ralph W. Emerson 
H. W. Longfellow 
Robert Fulton 


Mark Hopkins 
Elias Howe 
William E. Channing 
Gilbert Stuart 
Asa Gray 

John Quincy Adams 
James Russell Lowell 
William T. Sherman 
James Madison 
John G. Whittier 


61 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


Horace Mann 
Henry W. Beecher 
James Kent 
Joseph Story 
John Adams 
Washington Irving 
Jonathan Edwards 
Samuel P. B. Morse 
David G. Farragut 
Henry Clay 
Nathaniel Hawthorne 
George Peabody 
Robert E. Lee 
Peter Cooper 
Eli Whitney 
John J. Audubon 
George Bancroft 
John Lothrop Motley 
Francis Parkman 


Alexander Hamilton 
Louis Agassiz 
John Paul Jones 
Mary Lyon 
Emma Willard 
Maria Mitchell 
Harriet Beecher Stowe 
Oliver Wendell Holmes 
Edgar Allan Poe 
Roger Williams 
James Fenimore Cooper 
Phillips Brooks 
William Cullen Bryant 
Frances E. Willard 
Andrew Jackson 
Joseph Henry 
Rufus Choate 
Daniel Boone. 


Esperanto 

“Esperanto,” one of the made-to-order “univer¬ 
sal” languages, is so simple that all who have 
a good knowledge of Latin roots can read it. It 
is perfectly regular and it is 'pretty. As far as 
possible, it does away with inflections, so that its 
whole grammar may be learned within a few 
minutes. 

Here is the Esperanto grammar: All present 
tenses end in as, past in is, future in os, condi¬ 
tional in us. Ami, to love; amanta, loving; 
aminta, having loved; amonta, about to love; 
amata, being loved; amita, having been loved; 
mi amas, I love; vi amis, you loved; il amos, he 
will love; ni amus, we should love; ili estas 
amata, they are loved. Similarly, esti, to be; 
havi, to have; veni, to come. All nouns end in 
o, all adjectives in a, all adverbs in e. Thus bono, 
a good thing; bona , good; bone , well. Antonyms 
are formed by prefixing mal, and their use is 
greatly extended: bad is maJbona; slowly, mal- 
rapide. Homo is a man, homoj (pronounced ho- 
moy) is men, la homimoj, the women. The objec¬ 
tive case follows the verb, but it is not used after 




62 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

prepositions. It is indicated by the suffix n. Mi 
ne havas amikon, I have not a friend. Questions 
begin with cu (pronounced choo) : Cu vi ekiras, 
are you going out? More is pli: pli bona, better; 
malpli bona, less good; pli maJbona, worse. Very 
interesting is the word building: Ig means caus¬ 
ing or making; bona, good; bonigo, making good; 
plibonigo, making better, improvement. 

Esperanto is greatly preferable to Volapuk, as 
it is much more regular, has far less inflections, 
and its roots, being mostly Latin, are intelligible 
to all the educated people in Europe and America. 


Why Easter Is So Irregular 

The apostolic age had scarcely passed before 
discussions occurred and dissensions ensued as 
to the time of celebrating Easter. It was early 
held by the great majority of Christian churches 
that much importance should be attached to the 
day of Christ’s resurrection, and it is easy to 
understand how the violent controversies were 
brought about when difference of opinion grew 
in reference to the time of year when the 
feast should be observed. The question was 
brought before the Council of Nice, and finally 
settled for the whole church by adopting the rule 
which makes Easter day to be always the first 
Sunday after the full moon which happens upon 
or next after March 21, and if the full moon 
happens on Sunday Easter day is the Sunday 
after; so that, by this arrangement Easter may 
come as early as March 22 or as late as April 25. 


EclipMe 

A celestial body is said to be eclipsed when it 
is immersed in the shadow of another. Thus a 
lunar eclipse is caused by the moon entering the 
shadow of the earth. Jupiter’s satellites are fre¬ 
quently eclipsed by passing through the shadow 
cast by their primary. A solar eclipse is due to 
the interposition of the moon between the sun 
and earth, and the phenomenon is strictly an 
occultation, but the former term is retained for 
convenience. 




CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 63 

Legal Holidays in the Various States 

Jan. 1. New Year’s Day—In all states except 
District of Columbia and Massachusetts. 

January 8. Anniversary of the Battle of New 
Orleans—In Louisiana. 

Feb. 12. Lincoln’s Birthday—In California, 
Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, 
Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, 
Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New 
Jersey, New York, North Dakota, New Mexico, 
Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Utah, 
Washington, West Virginia, Wyoming. 

Feb. 22. Washington’s Birthday—All states. 

Feb. 14. Mardi Gras—In Louisiana. 

March 2. Anniversary of Texan Independence 
—In Texas. 

April 21. Anniversary of the Battle of San 
Jacinto—In Texas. 

April 26. Memorial Day (Confederate)—In 
Georgia, Alabama, Florida and Mississippi. 

May 30. Decoration Day—In Arizona, Califor¬ 
nia, Colorado, Connecticut, Dakota, Iowa, Illinois, 
Kansas, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, Ne¬ 
vada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, 
Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Utah, 
Vermont, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. 

July 4. Independence Day—In all states. 

September, First Monday. Labor Day—In Col¬ 
orado, District of Columbia, Illinois, Massachu¬ 
setts, New Jersey and New York. 

October 12. Columbus Day—In Alabama, Ari¬ 
zona, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Colorado, 
Delaware, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Ken¬ 
tucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michi¬ 
gan, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New 
Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, 
Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode 
Island, Texas, Virginia, Washington, West Vir¬ 
ginia. 

November. General Election Day. First Tues¬ 
day after First Monday—All states except District 
of Columbia. 

November (last Thursday) Thanksgiving Day 
—Is observed in all the states, though in Ne- 


OS CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

braska and some others it is not a statutory hol¬ 
iday. 

December 25. Christmas Day—In all states. 
Sundays and Fast Days (whenever appointed) 
are legal holidays in nearly all the states. 

Arbor Day is a legal holiday in Idaho and Kan¬ 
sas, the day being- set by the Governor. Arbor 
Day is also a legal holiday in Rhode Island but 
does not affect the payment of notes, etc. 

Every Saturday after 12 o’clock noon is a legal 
holiday in New York. 


Dimensions of Bartholdi’s Statue of Liberty 

The figure of this statue, which is made of 
repousse, or hammered work—that is, thin sheets 
of copper beaten into shape and fastened about 
an iron skeleton—is 110 feet high and weighs 
100,000 pounds. The uplifted torch, however, is 
raised 26 feet, and adding to this the pedestal, 
the tip of the torch is raised 220 feet from the 
ground. The pedestal is of stone, 82 feet high. 
Some idea of the enormous proportions of the 
statue may be given by the fact that the fore¬ 
finger is 8 feet long, and 4 feet in circumference 
at the second joint. The head is 14 feet high and 
40 persons can stand in it. 


The Wives of Columbus 

Christopher Columbus was twice married. His 
first wife was Felipa Munnis Perestrelle, daughter 
of an able Captain of Prince Henry of Portugal, 
called the “Navigator.” He married her in 1471. 
His father-in-law’s charts, globes, etc., helped to 
mature his plans of discovery. Diego, who ac¬ 
companied his father on the occasion when they 
were reduced to such straits that Columbus 
begged at the monastery of La Rabida for bread 
and water for the child, was the only issue of 
this marriage. This wife died in 1483 or there¬ 
about He next married Beatriz Enriquez, at Cor¬ 
dova in 1487. She was the mother of his second 
son, Fernande Columbus, who in time became his 
father’s biographer. 




CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 65 

How to Tell the Age of a Horse by His Teeth 

At 3 years old the horse should have the cen¬ 
tral permanent nippers growing-, the other two 
pairs wasting, six grinders in each jaw above and 
below, the first and fifth level, the others and 
the sixth protruding. The sharp edges of the 
new incisors will be very evident, compared with 
the old teeth. As the permanent nippers wear 
and continue to grow, a narrow portion of the 
cone-shaped tooth is exposed by the attrition of 
the teeth on each other. The mark will be wear¬ 
ing out, and the crowns of the teeth will be sen¬ 
sibly smaller than at 2 years. Between 3% and 
4 years the next pair of nippers will be changed, 
the central nippers will have attained nearly 
their full growth, a vacuity will be left where the 
second stood, and the corner teeth will be dimin¬ 
ished in breadth, worn down, and the mark In 
the center of the tooth will become faint. The 
second pair of grinders will be shed. At 4 years 
the central nippers will be fully developed, the 
sharp edge somewhat worn off, and the mark 
somewhat wider and fainter. The next pair will 
be up, but they will be small, with a mark deep 
and extending quite across them. The corner 
nippers will be larger than the inside ones, but 
smaller than before and flat, and the mark nearly 
effaced. The sixth grinders will have risen to a 
level with the others, and the tushes will begin 
to appear. At 5 the horse’s mouth is almost per¬ 
fect. The corner nippers are quite up, the long, 
deep mark irregular in the inside, and the other 
nippers will bear evident tokens of increased 
wear. The tushes are nearly grown, the sixth 
molar is up, and the third molar is wanting. This 
last circumstance will prevent the deception of 
attempting to pass a late 4-year-old as a 5-year- 
old. At 6 the mark on the central nippers is 
worn out. At 7 the mark is worn out in the 
four central nippers, and fast wearing away in 
the corner teeth. The tushes are rounded at the 
points and edges and beginning to get round in¬ 
side. At 8 years old the tushes are rounded in 
every way, the mark is gone from all the bottom 


66 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


nippers. There is nothing remaining in them 
that can afterward clearly show the age of a 
horse. After this the only guides are the nippers 
in the upper jaw. At 9 the mark will be worn 
from the middle nippers, from the next pair at 
10, and from all the upper nippers at 11. At 9 
the center nippers are round instead of oval. At 
10 the others begin to become rounded, at 11 the 
second pair are much rounded, at 13 the corner 
ones have the same appearance, at 14 the faces 
of the center nippers become somewhat trian¬ 
gular, at 17 they are all so. 


Discovery of Gold in California 

On January 19, 1848, John W. Marshall was 
building a mill for himself and Sutter on the 
south fork of the American River, fifty-four miles 
east of Sutter’s Fort. This mill, it was expected, 
would supply the ranches and settlements with 
pine lumber. On this particular morning Mar¬ 
shall picked up from the bedrock of the race of 
the mill a small piece of yellow metal which 
weighed about seventeen grains. It was malle¬ 
able, heavier than silver, and in all respects re¬ 
sembled gold. Marshall showed the piece in the 
afternoon to those who were working at the mill. 
The result of the discussion which ensued was 
the rejection of the gold theory. Marshall, how¬ 
ever, was not satisfied, and afterward tested it 
with nitric acid and found it was actually gold. 
He discovered pieces like it in all the surrounding 
gulches wherever he dug for it. The news of 
the discovery soon spread, and in April reports 
of the find were published. Sutter’s mill became 
the district of attraction, which was afterward 
named Coloma, or Colluma, from a tribe of In¬ 
dians who lived in the neighborhood. The pros¬ 
pectors from there scattered in all directions, and 
by the month of June the discoveries had ex¬ 
tended to all the forks of the American, Weber 
Creek, Hangtown Creek, the Cosumnes, the Moke- 
lumne, Tuolumne, the Yuba, and Feather River, 
and the news had gone almost to the ends of 
the earth. 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 67 

The Graves of the Presidents 

Only one ex-President, William H. Taft, is still 
living-. All who died in active service as Chief 
Magistrate have passed away in the early part 
of their term. General Harrison filled the office 
only one month. General Taylor died after hav¬ 
ing served sixteen months. Mr. Lincoln died a 
little over a month after his second inauguration, 
and General Garfield filled the office but six 
months and fifteen days, while McKinley died 
within a still shorter time of his second term. 

George Washington died Dec. 14, 1799, at 
Mount Vernon, Va., of acute laryngitis, and was 
buried at Mount Vernon. His remains were 
placed in the present receptacle in 1827. 

John Adams died July 4, 1826, of old age, at 
Quincy, Mass., and all that is mortal of the sec¬ 
ond President lies beneath the Unitarian Church. 
The church was completed in 1828, and the body 
was removed from the family vault in the ceme¬ 
tery across the way. 

Thomas Jefferson died July 4, 1826, in the 
course of nature, say the chroniclers, at Monti- 
cello, Va., and was buried in a thick growth of 
woods near a road leading from that place to 
Charlotteville. 

James Madison died June 28, 1836, at Mont¬ 
pelier, Va., of old age and was buried in the 
center of a large level field at that place. 

James Monroe died July 4, 1831, at New York, 
of old age, and in 1858 his remains were removed 
by the State of Virginia to Hollywood Cemetery 
at Richmond, Va. 

John Quincy Adams died at Washington, D. C., 
Feb. 21, 1848, from a stroke of paralysis, and is 
buried in the same place with his father beneath 
the Unitarian Church at Quincy, Mass. 

Andrew Jackson died June 8, 1845, from an at¬ 
tack of dropsy at the Hermitage, his famous 
home, on the Lebanon pike, eleven miles from 
Nashville, Tenn., and was interred there. 

Martin Van Buren died near Kinderhook, N. Y., 
July 24, 1862, of old age, and rests in the family 
lot in the little cemetery there. 


68 OONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

William Henry Harrison died at Washington, 
D. C., from the effects of the fatigue and excite¬ 
ment of the campaign, April 4, 1841, and his body 
was buried at North Bend, near Cincinnati. 

John Tyler died at Richmond, Va., Jan. 8, 1862, 
and was buried in Hollywood Cemetery, where 
Monroe lies. 

James K. Polk died June 5, 1849, at Nashville, 
Tenn., of cholera, and was buried in the garden 
of the old family homestead in that city. 

Zachary Taylor died at Washington, D. C., of 
a bilious disorder, July 9, 1850. His remains were 
removed several times; first they were placed in 
a cemetery at Washington, then in a lot on the 
Taylor homestead near Louisville, then to Cave 
Hill Cemetery and they are now in the cemetery 
at Frankfort, Ky. 

Millard Fillmore died at Buffalo, N. Y., March 
8, 1874, and was buried at Forest Lawn Cemetery, 
three miles from that city. 

Franklin Pierce died at Concord, N. H., Oct. 8, 
1869, and his remains rest in the old cemetery 
on Maine street. 

James Buchanan’s death occurred at Wheat- 
land, Pa., June 1, 1868, and his remains rest in 
Woodward Hill Cemetery, a mile or so west of 
Lancaster, on the Marietta turnpike. 

Abraham Lincoln died at Washington, D. C., 
April 15, 1865, shot to death by John Wilkes 
Booth, and his resting place is'Oak Ridge Ceme¬ 
tery, Springfield, Ill., where stands probably the 
finest monument ever erected to a President of 
the United States. 

Andrew Johnson passed away at Greenville, 
Tenn., of paralysis, July 31, 1875, and was buried 
there on a spot selected by himself. 

General U. S. Grant died at Mt. McGregor, 
N. Y., July 23, 1885, aged 63. Remains deposited 
in a magnificent tomb, Riverside Park, N. Y. 

James A. Garfield died Sept. 19, 1881, and was 
buried in Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland, Ohio. 

Chester A. Arthur died in New York, Nov. 18, 
1886, of kidney troubles, and is buried at Albany, 
N. Y. 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 69 

Rutherford B. Hayes died Jan. 17, 1893, at 
Fremont, O., where he is buried. 

Benjamin Harrison died on March 13, 1901, in 
Indianapolis, Ind., where he is buried. 

William McKinley died Sept. 14, 1901, in Buf¬ 
falo, N. Y., and was entombed in Canton, O. 

Grover Cleveland died June 24, 1908, in Prince¬ 
ton, N. J., where he is buried. 

Theodore Roosevelt died Jan. 6, 1919, at Saga¬ 
more Hill, Oyster Bay, Long Island, and was 
buried at Oyster Bay in a cemetery overlooking 
Long Island Sound. 


Chicago’s Great Fires 

There were 2,100 acres of land burned over, 
nearly all of which area was thickly covered with 
buildings. There were nearly 18,000 buildings 
destroyed, of which about 2,400 were stores and 
factories; and there were but few short of 100,- 
000 people rendered homeless by the calamity. 
The extreme length of the burnt district was 3 % 
miles, and its greatest width a little over a mile. 
The fire of July, 1874, originated on South Clark 
street, between Taylor and Twelfth, and spread 
northeast to Michigan avenue. It was estimated 
that in this fire about fifty acres were burned 
over, many of the new buildings which had been 
erected after the great fire of 1871 having been 
leveled. The loss of property in the great fire 
of 1871 was $192,000,000, after allowing $4,000,000 
for salvage on foundations of buildings. This 
estimate does not include the shrinkage of real 
estate values, or the large loss to mercantile 
interests by the interruption of trade consequent 
upon the destruction of stocks and business fa¬ 
cilities. Mr. Colbert estimated the grand aggre¬ 
gate not very much below $290,000,000. The loss 
occasioned by the fire of 1874 was estimated as 
follows: The net loss to insurance companies 
was officially placed at $2,244,970, or 40 per cent, 
of the entire loss, making an estimated total loss 
of $5,612,425. The cash contributions to Chi¬ 
cago within three months after the fire amounted 
to $4,200,000. 



70 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


World’s Largest Steamships 
The ten largest ocean liners in the world are 

the following: 

Bismarck. —One of the German “mystery ships” 
partially completed during the World War. Be¬ 
lieved to have been designed originally to 
carry troops for the invasion of Great Britain, 
perhaps of the United States as well. Some 
statements give size as follows: 50,000 tons; 

length, 911 feet; beam, 96 feet. Others, how¬ 
ever, make it the largest ship in the world 
with the following dimensions: Tonnage, 56,- 
000; length, 1,000 feet. It was originally 
named the Europa and was found unfinished 
during the armistice. We cannot vouch for 
these figures, however, as the larger figures 
at least are based upon rumors circulated 
during the chaotic armistice period. The 
same is true of the other “mystery ships” 
named. 

Leviathan. —Formerly the German liner Vatqr- 
land. Seized by the United States during 
the war and renamed Leviathan. Carried 
thousands of American troops to and from 
Europe. Tonnage, 54,282; length, 920 feet; 
beam, 100 feet. 

Imperator (German).—Tonnage, 52,000; length, 
898 feet; beam, 97 feet. 

Aquitania (British).—Tonnage, 47,000; length, 
901 feet; beam, 92 feet. 

Olympic (British).—Tonnage, 45,000; length, 
890 feet; beam, 92 feet. 

Columbus. —Another of the German “mystery 
ships.” Estimates of tonnage vary from 35,000 
to 40,000 tons. Length is given as 696 feet 
and beam as 76 feet. 

Tirpitz. —German “mystery ship” said to have a 
tonnage of about 35,000. 

Hindenburg. —German “mystery ship” said to 
have a tonnage of about 35,000. 

Mauretania (British).—Sister ship of the Lusi¬ 
tania, sunk by Germany. Tonnage, 32,000; 
length, 790 feet; beam, 83 feet. 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


71 


George Washington.— One of the great German 
liners seized by the United States in the port 
of New York. Original name retained. Ton¬ 
nage, 25,570; length, 722 feet; beam, 78 feet. 
Transported thousands of American troops to 
and from Europe. 

It will be noted that there is not a single 
American-built vessel in the above list. 


Immigration 

The first wave of immigration to the United 
States was mainly English, along the Atlantic 
seaboard, 1607 to about 1640. The second, 
chiefly Irish and Scotch with some Germans, 
settled in the “back country” of New York, 
Pennsylvania, Virginia, and the Carolinas, from 
about 1720 to the American Revolution, and has 
been estimated at 500,000 in number. “These,” 
says Lecky, the English historian, “ultimately 
bore the chief part in the War of Independence.” 
The present wave began about 1820, when 8,000 
arrived, chiefly from northern Europe; 23,000 
came in 1830 and 84,000 in 1840. The potato 
famine in Ireland in 1846, the German revo¬ 
lution in 1848, and the discovery of gold in 
California increased the numbers; and 370,000 
arrived in 1850 and 425,000 in 1854, mostly 
Irish and Germans, with some English. The 
Civil War and the panic of 1873 caused a re¬ 
duction, but with good times the number reached 
800,000 in 1882, while the 1,000,000 mark was 
reached in 1905, 1906, 1907, 1910, 1913, and 1914. 
The European war reduced it to 325,000 in 1915. 
The southern countries of Europe are now the 
chief sources of immigration. There are at 
present 13,000,000 foreign born in the country 
and 18,000,000 more with parents born abroad, 
one-third of the whole country. The city with 
the largest percentage of foreign born is Fall 
River, Mass., with 42.7 per cent; Lowell, Mass., 
is second, with 40.9 per cent; New York, third, 
with 40.8, or 1,944,357; Boston fourth, Paterson. 
N. J„ fifth, Chicago sixth, and Bridgeport, Conn., 
seventh. 



72 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


The Mayflower’s Passengers 
A true list of the male passengers who landed 
at Plymouth in the Mayflower: 


Mr. Isaac Allerton, 

John Alden, 

John Allerton, 

Mr. William Bradford, 

Mr. William Brewster, 

John Billington, 

Peter Brown, 

Richard Britterage, 

Mr. John Carver, 

Francis Cook, 

James Chilton 
John Crackston, 

Richard Clarke, 

Edward Dotey, 

Francis Eaton, 

Thomas English, 

Mr. Samuel Fuller, 

Edward Fuller, 

Moses Fletcher, 

John Goodman, 

Richard Gardiner, 

And servants as follows: 
Carter, Langmore, 

Coper, Latham, 

Eiy, Minter, 

Holbeck, More, 

Hooke, Prower, 


John Howland, 

Mr. Stephen Hopkins, 
Edward Leister, 

Mr. Christopher 
Martin, 

Mr. William Mullin, 
Edward Margeson. 
Degony Priest 
Thomas Rogers 
John Rigdale, 

Capt. Miles Standish, 
Edward Tilly, 

John Tilly, 

Thomas Tinker, 

John Turner, 

Mr. Edward Winslow, 
Mr. William White, 
Mr. Richard Warren, 
Thomas Williams 
Gilbert Winslow. 


Sampson, 

Story, 

Thompson, 

Trevore, 

Wilder. 


Fish 

The increase of fish is said to be in the follow¬ 
ing proportion: A flounder of two ounces con¬ 
tains 133,407 eggs or spawn; one of twenty-four 
ounces, 1,357,403. Herrings, weighing from four 
to five and three-quarter ounces, have from 21,- 
285 to 36,960. Lobsters from 14 to 36 ounces 
contain 21,099. Mackerel, 20 ounces, 454,961. 
Prawn, about 3,806. Shrimps, from 2,849 to 
6,807. Smelts, from 14,441 to 38,278. Sole of 
five ounces, 38,772; one of 14% ounces contains 
100,362. To which may be added the cod, which 
produces 36,686,700, and the ling, 19,248,625. 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 73 

Notes on Working of Steel 

1. Good, soft heat is safe to use if steel be 
immediately and thoroughly worked. 

It is a fact that good steel will endure more 
pounding than any iron. 

2. If steel be left long in the fire, it will lose 
its steely nature and grain, and partake of the 
nature of cast iron. 

Steel should never be kept hot any longer than 
is necessary to the work to be done. 

3. Steel is entirely mercurial under the action 
of heat, and a careful study of the tables will 
show that there must, of necessity, be an in¬ 
jurious internal strain created whenever two or 
more parts of the same piece are subjected to 
different temperatures. 

4. It follows, that when steel has been sub¬ 
jected to heat not absolutely uniform over the 
whole mass, careful annealing should be re¬ 
sorted to. 

5. As the change of volume due to a degree 
of heat increases directly and rapidly with the 
quantity of carbon present, therefore high steel 
is more liable to dangerous internal strains than 
low steel, and great care should be exercised in 
the use of high steel. 

6. Hot steel should always be put in a per¬ 
fectly dry place, of even temperature, while 
cooling. A wet place in the floor might be suffi¬ 
cient to cause serious injury. 

7. Never let anyone fool you with the state¬ 
ment that his steel possesses a peculiar property 
which enables it to be “restored” after being 
“burned;” no more should you waste any money 
on nostrums for restoring burnt steel. 

For “burned” steel, which is oxidized steel, 
there is only one way of restoration and that is 
through the knobbling fire or the blast furnace. 

“Overheating” and “restoring” should only be 
allowable for purposes of experiment. The proc¬ 
ess is one of disintegration and is always in¬ 
jurious. 

8. Be careful not to overdo the annealing proc¬ 
ess; if carried too far it does great harm, and 




74 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL* 

it is one of the commonest modes of destruction 
which the steelmaker meets in his daily troubles. 

It is hard to induce the average worker in 
steel to believe that very little annealing is 
necessary, and that very little is really more 
efficacious than a great deal. 

The mean strength of American wrought iron 
is 45,900 lbs.; English 43,900. Ultimate exten¬ 
sion of wrought iron is 600th part of its length. 
The working strain is from 1/6 to 1/4 the mean 
strength. 

Resistance to flexure, acting evenly over the 
surface, equals one-half the tensile strength. 
Bars of wrought iron will expand or contract 
151200th of their length for each degree of heat. 
With range of temperature of this country 
(—20 to -f 120°) =140°, will expand or contract 
1080th part of its length, equal to a force of 
20,740 lbs., or 9% tons per square inch of sec¬ 
tion. Tensile strength increases in from 1 to 6 
reheatings and rollings, from 43,904 lbs. to 60,- 
824 lbs; in from 6 to 12, is reduced again to 
43,904. 


Locating a Break in an Ocean Cable 

Simple as are the methods of locating mid¬ 
ocean breaks in cables so that a vessel may sail 
to the point of rupture, they are not popularly 
understood. If the metallic conductor were 
broken, the surmounting insulation remaining 
perfect, the electrostatic charge of the cable, or 
the amount of electricity which it absorbs in 
becoming charged, is electrically weighed by 
building up an artificial line until the current 
flows equally into the cable and such artificial 
line. If the insulating covering of the wire is 
broken, the current will flow freely from the 
conductor to the surrounding water, and its 
strength, if the power 6f the battery is known, 
definitely measures the electrical resistance and 
consequently the length of the conductor. In 
other words, the battery power, divided by the 
indicated current strength, gives the line’s re¬ 
sistance and therefore its length. 




CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

POINTS OP LAW 


75 


Negotiable Instruments 

Introduction .—The laws governing mercantile 
transactions, and particularly such as relate to 
negotiable instruments, are, in the main, of very 
ancient origin, and are derived for the most part 
from the well established usages of merchants, 
which have been adopted, sanctioned and con¬ 
firmed by the courts, and in many instances re¬ 
declared by statute. These usages and customs 
constitute what is called, in the language of the 
books, the law merchant. 

Promissory Notes .—A note of hand, as it is 
called, is a written promise to pay to a person 
certain, his order, or bearer, at a specified time, 
a given sum of money. To render it negotiable, 
that is, so that it may be transferred by endorse¬ 
ment or delivery, it must be payable to “order" 
or “bearer," and unless these words appear it will 
not be negotiable. Further, the promise must be 
absolute and uncoupled with any condition, and 
the time of payment must be certain and not 
i dependent upon any contingency. Again, the 
promise must be for a definite sum and must be 
payable in money. These are all of the essence 
of negotiability. Failing in any of the foregoing 
particulars, the note may still be good as a con¬ 
tract, but it will not be a negotiable instrument. 

It may be written upon anything capable of 
j receiving written characters, in any language 
susceptible of translation, and with any substance 
that will leave a permanent mark; hence a note 
l written in pencil is just as valid as one written 
with ink. It need not be dated, for delivery gives 
it effect, although a date is customary and proper, 
i and when no time is specified it is payable on 
1 demand. It need not be signed at the bottom, 
provided the name of the maker elsewhere ap¬ 
pears and was written with intent to bind, as: 
“I, John Smith, promise," etc., but the better way 
is to subscribe the note. 

The payee must be named or designated, unless 




76 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

the note is drawn to bearer, and if drawn to the 
maker’s own order it possesses no validity until 
he has indorsed it. A note payable to bearer is 
transferable by simple delivery and passes from 
hand to hand without anything- further, and the 
same is true of a note payable to the payee’s 
order after he has indorsed it. In such a case 
any holder may write over such indorsement an 
order to pay to himself. But if indorsed in full, 
that is to pay to some person certain, it can only 
be transferred by the subsequent indorsement of 
such designated person. 

It is customary to write notes for “value re¬ 
ceived,” but this is not necessary, for a negotiable 
note imports a consideration, and, except as be¬ 
tween the parties, want of consideration cannot 
be shown if the note was negotiated in good faith 
and before maturity, while as between the parties 
consideration may always be disproved, even 
though expressed. The better practice, however, 
is to write them as expressing consideration. 

One who places his name on the back of a note 
as an indorser thereby enters into an undertaking 
with his assignee, as well as others into whose 
hands the note may come, that he will pay it if 
the maker does not; but he may protect himself 
against the claims of subsequent indorsers by 
making his endorsement “without recourse.” On 
the other hand, a party, by simply receiving and 
passing a note while under a blank indorsement, 
and without putting his name to it, assumes no 
responsibility in relation to it. 

The holder or indorsee of a note has a right 
of action against every one whose name appears 
on the same, whether as maker or indorser, but 
it is his duty to present the note promptly at 
maturity and demand payment; if payment is re¬ 
fused, he should immediately notify the indorsers, 
and a failure so to do will, in most cases, dis¬ 
charge the indorser from liability. He should fur¬ 
ther use all reasonable means to compel payment 
by the maker before resorting to the indorsers, 
and the law only excuses him from this duty 
where at the time of maturity the maker is hope- 





CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 77 

lessly insolvent and a suit against him would be 
unavailing 1 . 

Prior to maturity, any person who takes a note 
without notice of any defect, and pays therefor 
a valuable consideration, will be protected against 
any equities existing in favor of the maker; but 
one who takes it as a mere volunteer, paying no 
value therefor, or one who receives it after it has 
become due, even though in good faith, and for 
value, will take it subject to all its infirmities, 
and any defense that would have been availing 
as against the payee may be interposed as to 
them. 

Due Bills are not distinguishable in general 
effect from promissory notes, and are governed 
by the same rules and assignable in the same 
manner. 

Certificates of Deposit are, in effect, promissory 
notes, and subject to the same rules and prin¬ 
ciples applicable to that class of paper. 

Warehouse Receipts are not technically nego¬ 
tiable, but stand in the place of the property it¬ 
self; the delivery of the receipts has the same 
effect, in transferring the title to the property, 
as the delivery of the property itself. They are, 
however, frequently declared negotiable paper by 
statute. 

Drafts .—The draft, or bill of exchange, is the 
oldest form of negotiable paper, and is said to 
have existed as early as the first century. Drafts 
are governed by the same general rules as notes, 
and all the remarks of the foregoing paragraphs 
concerning negotiability are equally applicable 
here. 

It is the duty of the holder of a bill to present 
it for acceptance without delay, and if it is pay¬ 
able at sight, or at a certain time after sight, no 
right of action will accrue against any person 
until it has been so presented. If it be not ac¬ 
cepted, when properly presented, or, if accepted, 
be not paid when due, the further duty devolves 
on the holder to have it regularly protested by a 
notary public. This is essential, however, only in 
case of foreign bills, and is not required for inland 


78 CONK LIN-ED ISON MANUAL 

exchange or notes. Simple notice in the latter 
case is sufficient. 

Checks .—A check on bank is a species of bill 
of exchange, but is governed by somewhat differ¬ 
ent rules from the ordinary bill. It need not be 
presented for acceptance, for a bank is bound to 
pay at any time if it have funds of the drawer 
on deposit; nor is it material that the holder 
delay presentment for payment. A check should, 
however, be presented immediately; this the 
drawer has a right to expect, and the delay is at 
the holder’s risk, for if the bank fails in the 
meantime, the loss falls on him, if the drawer 
had funds on deposit sufficient to have paid the 
check had it been timely presented. 

Certifying a check practically amounts to an 
acceptance and binds the bank as an acceptor. 

Checks should be drawn to order to guard 
against loss and theft, and at the same time it 
acts as a receipt of the payee. A check is not 
a payment until it has been cashed. 

In paying a forged check the loss falls on the 
bank, which is bound to know the signature of 
its own depositors, and, in like manner, if the 
check has been fraudulently raised, the drawer 
is chargeable only with the original amount. 


Lnndlord and Tenant 

The Relation of landlord and tenant exists by 
virtue of a contract for the use or occupation of 
lands or tenements, either for a definite period, 
for life, or at will. It is usually created by ex¬ 
press contract, but its existence will be implied 
by law whenever there is an ownership of land 
on the one hand and an occupation of it by per¬ 
mission on the other. In every such case it will 
be presumed that the occupant intends to com¬ 
pensate the owner for such use. While the rela¬ 
tion may be inferred from a variety of circum¬ 
stances, the most obvious acknowledgment is the 
payment of rent. If a tenant under an express 
contract hold over after the termination of his 
term, the landlord may consider him as a tenant, 
and, indeed, it is so understood, unless he takes 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 79 

some steps to eject him. If the landlord receives 
rent from him, or by any other act admits the 
tenancy, a new leasing begins, and can only be 
terminated by a proper notice to quit. 

The rights and obligations of the parties are 
usually considered as having commenced from 
the date of the lease, if there be one, and no 
other time has been designated as the commence¬ 
ment of the tenancy, or, if there be no date, from 
the delivery of the papers, and if there be no 
writings, from the time the tenant entered into 
possession. 

The Landlord is bound to protect the possession 
of his tenant, and to defend him against every 
one asserting a paramount right. Nor can the 
landlord do any act himself calculated to disturb 
the enjoyment of the tenant. He must, unless 
otherwise agreed, pay all taxes and assessments 
on the property, and all other charges of his own 
creation; and if the tenant, in order to protect 
himself in the enjoyment of the land, is com¬ 
pelled to make a payment which should have 
been made by the landlord, he may call upon his 
landlord to reimburse him, or deduct the amount 
from the rent. 

The landlord has no right of possession during 
the continuance of the lease, nor indeed any sub¬ 
stantial rights in the property further than such 
as may be necessary to protect his reversionary 
interests. He may go upon the premises peace¬ 
ably and during reasonable hours, for the purpose 
of viewing same and ascertaining whether any 
waste or injury has been committed, and may 
make such repairs as are necessary to prevent 
waste; but he is under no obligation to make any 
repairs, nor does he guarantee that the premises 
are reasonably fit for the purposes for which they 
were taken. Nor can the tenant make any re¬ 
pairs at the expense of the landlord in the ab¬ 
sence of a special agreement. 

The tenant is entitled to all the rights incident 
to possession, and to the use of all the privileges 
appendant to the land, and, on the other hand, 
is personally liable for any misuse of same, or 


80 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

any nuisance or obstruction he may erect. He 
must use the premises in such a manner that no 
substantial injury shall be done them, and that 
they may revert to the landlord at the end of the 
term unimpaired by any negligent or willful con¬ 
duct on his part. He must keep the premises 
in fair repair at his own expense, but is not 
bound to rebuild structures which have accident¬ 
ally become ruinous during his occupation; nor is 
he answerable for incidental wear and tear, nor 
accidental fire, or flood. 

He must further punctually pay the rent re¬ 
served, or if none have been specifically reserved, 
then such reasonable compensation as the prem¬ 
ises are fairly worth. In the absence of special 
agreement he must pay only for the time he has 
had the beneficial enjoyment, but if he has agreed 
to pay for an entire term, as a rule nothing short 
of an eviction will excuse him from such pay¬ 
ment. If he is evicted by a third person, or if 
the landlord annoys him by the erection of a 
nuisance, or renders the premises untenantable, 
or makes his occupation so uncomfortable as to 
justify his removal, he will be discharged from 
the payment of rent. 

The rights and liabilities of the relation are 
not confined to the immediate parties, but attach 
to all persons to whom the estate is transferred, 
or who may succeed to the possession of the 
premises. A landlord may not violate his tenant’s 
rights by a sale of the property, nor can the 
tenant avoid his responsibility by assigning his 
term. The purchaser of the property becomes, 
in one case, the landlord, with all his rights and 
remedies, while in the other the assignee of the 
tenant assumes all the responsibilities of the lat¬ 
ter, but the original lessee is not thereby dis¬ 
charged from his obligations. 

The tenancy may be terminated in a variety of 
ways. If for a definite time, or conditioned on 
the happening of a certain event, it expires by its 
own limitation, and usually, when depending upon 
the express conditions of a lease, no notice to quit 
is necessary. If from year to year, or at will, a 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 81 

notice is always necessary. This must be in writ¬ 
ing-, and explicitly require the tenant to surrender 
up the premises. It must be served upon the 
tenant and afford the statutory notice in regard 
to time. A breach of any of the covenants of the 
lease will forfeit the tenant’s rights, and when a 
tenancy has been terminated, by whatever cause, 
the landlord’s right to re-enter becomes absolute. 


Landlord and Tenant 

SOME USEFUL DON’TS RESPECTING THEIR RIGHTS 
AND DUTIES. 

Don’t rent property except on written lease. 

Don’t depend on the verbal promises of a land¬ 
lord. 

Don’t look to a landlord for general repairs, 
unless specially provided for in the lease. 

Don’t remove a fixture (mantel, tile floor, sta¬ 
tionary tubs, etc.) unless you expect to restore 
the premises as you found them. 

Don’t fail to record a lease when drawn for 
three years or more. 

Don’t take a married woman for a tenant unless 
the laws of the State permit her to make an ex¬ 
ecutory contract. 

Don’t accept any shorter notice than thirty 
days when holding by the month. 

Don’t Tet premises for illegal use, or arrears 
of rent upon ejectment will not be collectible. 

Don’t leave your landlord trade fixtures 
erected by you on the premises. 

Don’t erect a building upon foundations 
sunken into the ground, or it will become part 
of the realty. 

Don’t turn the premises over to the landlord 
until all questions of ownership of fixtures, Ad¬ 
ditions, etc., have been settled in writing. 

Don’t try to hold back the rent for repairs 
made by you. 

Don’t move into premises until you get your 
written lease or agreement. 

Don’t allow a provision not to sublet deter 
you from putting in a tenant of same standing 
as yourself. 



82 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL' 


The Law of Partnership 

A partnership is an agreement between two or 
more persons for joining together their money, 
goods, labor, and skill, or any or all of them, in 
some lawful commerce or business, under an 
understanding, express or implied, from the na¬ 
ture of the undertaking, that the parties to the 
agreement shall share between them the profits 
and loss arising therefrom. 

As stated, a partnership may be formed by oral 
agreement, but it is always better and safer that 
it should be based upon written articles of agree¬ 
ment, in which the terms and conditions of the 
partnership must be stated explicity. 

A single joint transaction, out of which, consid¬ 
ered by itself, neither profit nor loss arises, will 
not create a partnership. Neither is it a partner¬ 
ship where parties make a joint purchase and 
each then and there takes his proper share of the 
goods. 

No especial form of words is necessary in the 
preparation of articles of partnership. The agree¬ 
ment should give the full names of the parties 
to it, the amount of money or goods, or the nature 
of the services contributed by each; should state 
clearly the responsibility assumed by each; and 
should set forth the manner in which the profits 
arising from the agreement are to be divided. In 
the absence of such statement the law assigns an 
equal responsibility, and presumes an equal divi¬ 
sion of the profits. 

The partnership dates from the date of the 
articles, unless otherwise expressly stated in the 
agreement. 

It is not necessary for each partner to con¬ 
tribute an equal amount of money to be entitled 
to an equal share of the profits. An individual 
may contribute his knowledge of the business to 
be engaged in, or his, skill, or his labor, or all 
three; the other partner or partners contributing 
a specified sum of money, or the money and their 
services. The agreement must state exactly what 
is contributed. 

Each and every partner is liable for the debts 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


83 


or losses of the concern. A partnership may bind 
one or more partners to bear the losses, and 
exempt another partner, or other partners, from 
such losses. This agreement is perfectly valid 
between the partners, but is not good against 
creditors unless such creditors in dealing with the 
firm were aware of this agreement, and based 
their transactions upon it. 

The act of one partner binds all the others. 
Thus, if one partner gives a negotiable note for 
the use of the firm, and signs it with his indi¬ 
vidual name, such signature binds all the other 
partners. 

Each partner is absolutely responsible to every 
creditor of the firm for the whole amount of the 
debt. If his agreement with his partners limits 
the amount of his responsibility he may proceed 
against them to recover his loss. 

A person lending his name to a firm, or caus¬ 
ing, or allowing it to be published as one of the 
partners in a concern, or allowing it to be used as 
a partner after he has withdrawn from the con¬ 
cern, is in the meaning of the law a partner as 
regards the claims of creditors. 

A person who contributes his money to the capi¬ 
tal of a firm and shares its profits, without allow¬ 
ing his name to be used, is termed a secret or 
silent partner. A person contributing to the capi¬ 
tal and sharing the profits of the concern, but 
taking no active part in its management, is 
termed a sleeping or dormant partner. Both of 
these are liable to creditors for the debts of the 
concern, even though they did not know them to 
be members of the firm. 

The test of partnership is the participation in 
the profits of the business. 

In forming partnerships it is generally the rule 
to form them for a stated period, which must be 
expressed in the agreement. This is termed a 
limited partnership, and expires “by limitation” 
at the end of the period named. The partners are 
then free to renew their agreement or not, as they 
may see fit. Where an agreement does not specify 
such a period, the law presumes that a general 


84 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


partnership is intended. This may be dissolved 
or ended at the pleasure of either party. 

A sleeping or dormant partner is not liable for 
> the debts of the firm contracted after his retire¬ 
ment, even though he may give no notice of his 
retirement, as such debts are not contracted upon 
the strength of his credit; and as he has no 
further participation in the profits of the firm, he 
cannot be called on to share its liabilities. 

When a general partnership is dissolved by 
the wanton or arbitrary withdrawal of either part¬ 
ner, such partner renders himself liable to the 
others for the loss or damage they may suffer 
by his action. It is usual to state in the agree¬ 
ment how a general partnership may be termi¬ 
nated, and this stipulation is binding upon all the 
partners. 

A partnership may be dissolved by the unani¬ 
mous consent of all the partners, or a court of 
equity may, for sufficient cause, decree the disso¬ 
lution of such partnership. Dissipation on the 
part of a partner, dissolute or reckless habits, 
calculated to endanger the credit or safety of the 
firm, are sufficient grounds for the other partners 
to invoke the action of the courts, where a mu¬ 
tual agreement cannot be had. 

The death of a partner dissolves the firm, and 
its affairs must be adjusted as soon as possible 
thereafter. 

The interest of a partner in a business may be 
attached by his creditors for his private debts. 
Such attachment operates as a dissolution of the 
firm. 

When a partnership is dissolved, notice of such 
dissolution should be promptly published in the 
principal newspapers of the place in which the 
business was conducted. Notice should also be 
sent to the correspondents of the firm. In the 
absence of such precautions each partner contin-, 
ues liable for the acts of the others to all persons 
who have no knowledge of the dissolution. 

The property of a partnership is bound for the 
debts of the firm. The creditor of one of the 
partners cannot attach such property until the 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


85 


debts of the partnership are paid. If, after such 
payment, a surplus remains, then such creditor 
may attach his debtor’s interest in the partner¬ 
ship funds in payment of his private debt. 

The statutes of some of the states recognize 
another kind of partnership, known as special 
partnership. A special partner is one who con¬ 
tributes a stated sum of money to the business 
of the concern, for a designated period. He shares 
in the profits of the business according to his 
agreement with the general partners; but his 
liability is limited to the amount of money con¬ 
tributed by him to the capital of the firm. In 
order to render a special partnership valid, the 
partners must publish in one or more newspapers, 
published in the town in which they do business, 
an advertisement setting forth the nature and 
limitation of their partnership, giving the names 
of the general partners, the name of the special 
partner, and the exact amount contributed by 
him to the capital of the concern. This statement 
must be verified by the signatures of all the 
parties, and sworn to before a magistrate, and 
this attestation must form a part of the adver¬ 
tisement. Care must be taken to see that the 
advertisement states the exact amount contrib¬ 
uted by the special partner. An error in this re¬ 
spect, even though it be the fault of the printer, 
if allowed to remain uncorrected, destroys the 
effect of the agreement, and renders the special 
partner a general partner. In such a case he 
becomes liable for the whole debt of the firm. 


The Law of Agency 

An agent is a person who is employed by an¬ 
other to represent him in the performance of 
certain acts. 

One who is legally incompetent to act on his 
own account may be an agent for a person who 
is competent. Thus, an alien or a married woman 
may act as an agent. 

A principal is responsible for the acts of his 
agent when he, by his acts or words, causes the 
person with whom the agent deals to believe him 



86 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

to be vested with lawful authority to perform 
such acts. 

A person authorized to perform certain desig¬ 
nated acts for another is termed a special agent; 
one who has authority to represent his principal 
in all his business, or all his business of a par¬ 
ticular kind, is termed a general agent. 

If a special agent exceeds his authority, the 
principal is not bound by his act, because the 
person dealing with such an agent is bound to 
inform himself of the extent of such agent’s pow¬ 
ers. In the case of a general agent, the principal 
is bound by his acts, even though he exceed his 
authority, provided that in such acts he does not 
go beyond the general scope of his business. If, 
however, the person with whom the agent deals 
does so with the knowledge that the agent is ex¬ 
ceeding his powers, he thereby releases the prin¬ 
cipal. 

Authority may be given to an agent either ver¬ 
bally or in writing. If in writing, it may be either 
under or without seal. If given by a written in¬ 
strument, this instrument is termed a power of 
attorney. 

A power of attorney intended to cover much 
time should be recorded and acknowledged. 


How Far the Eye Can See 
The limits of vision vary with elevation, con¬ 
ditions of the atmosphere, intensity of illumina¬ 
tion, and other modifying elements in different 
cases. On a clear day an object one foot above 
a level plain may be seen at the distance of 1.31 
miles; one ten feet high, 4.15 miles; one twenty 
feet high, 5.86 miles; one 100 feet high, 13.1 
miles; one a mile high, as the top of a mountain, 
95.23 miles. This allows seven inches (or, to be 
exact, 6.99 inches) for the curvature of the earth, 
and assumes that the size and illumination of 
the object are sufficient to produce an image. 
Five miles may be taken as the extreme limit at 
which a man is visible on a flat plain to an 
observer on the same level. 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 87 

BUSINESS LAWS IN DAILY USE 

The following compilation of business law con¬ 
tains the essence of a large amount of legal 
verbiage: 

If a note is lost or stolen it does not release 
the maker; he must pay it, if the consideration 
for which it was given and the amount can be 
proven. 

Notes bear interest only when so stated. 

Principals are responsible for the acts of their 
agents. 

Each individual in a partnership is responsible 
for the whole amount of the debts of the firm, 
except in cases of special partnership. 

Ignorance of the law excuses no one. 

The law compels no one to do impossibilities. 

An agreement without consideration is void. 

A note made on Sunday is void. 

Contracts made on Sunday cannot be enforced. 

A note by a minor is voidable. A contract made 
with a minor is void. 

A contract made with a lunatic is void. 

A note obtained by fraud, or from a person in 
a state of intoxication, cannot be collected. 

It is a fraud to conceal a fraud. 

Signatures made with a lead-pencil are good in 
law. 

A receipt for money is not always conclusive. 

The acts of one partner bind all the rest. 

“Value received” is usually written in a note, 
and should be, but is not necessary. If not writ¬ 
ten, it is presumed by law, or may be supplied 
by proof. 

The maker of an “accommodation” bill or note 
(one for which he has received no consideration, 
having lent his name on credit for the accommo¬ 
dation of the holder) is not bound to the person 
accommodated, but is bound to all other parties, 
precisely as if there was a good consideration. 

No consideration is sufficient in law if it be 
illegal in its nature. 

Checks or drafts must be presented for payment 
without unreasonable delay. 

Checks or drafts should be presented during 


88 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


business hours; but in this country, except in the 
case of banks, the time extends through the day 
and evening. 

If the drawee of a check or draft has changed 
his residence, the holder must use due or reason¬ 
able diligence to find him. 

If one who holds a check, as payee or other¬ 
wise, transfers it to another, he has a right to 
insist that the check be presented that day, or at 
farthest, on the following day. 

A note indorsed in blank (the name of the in¬ 
dorser only written) is transferable by delivery, 
the same as if made payable to bearer. 

If time of payment of a note is not named, it is 
payable on demand. 

The time of payment of a note must not depend 
upon a contingency. The promise must be abso¬ 
lute. 

A bill may be written upon any kind of paper, 
either with ink or pencil. 

The payee should be* named in the note, unless 
it is payable to bearer. 

An indorsee has a right of action against all 
whose names were on the bill when he received it. 

The holder of a note may give notice of protest 
either to all the previous indorsers or only to one 
of them; in case of the latter he must select 
the last indorser, and the last must give notice 
to the last before him, and so on. Each indorser 
must send notice the same day or the day follow¬ 
ing. Neither Sunday nor any legal holiday is 
counted in reckoning time in which notice is to 
be given. 

The loss of a note is not sufficient excuse for 
not giving notice of protest. 

If two or more persons, as partners, are jointly 
liable on a note or bill, due notice to one of them 
is sufficient. 

If a note or bill is transferred as security, or 
even as payment of a pre-existing debt, the debt 
revives if the note or bill be dishonored. 

An indorsement may be written on the face or 
back. 

An indorser may prevent his own liability to 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 89 

be sued by writing- “without recourse/’ or similar 
words. 

An oral agreement must be proved by*evidence. 
A written agreement proves itself. The law pre¬ 
fers written to oral evidence, because of its 
precision. 

No evidence can be introduced to contradict or 
vary a written contract; but it may be received 
in order to explain it, when such explanation is 
needed. 

Written instruments are to be construed and 
interpreted by the law according to the simple, 
customary and natural meaning of the words 
used. 

The finder of negotiable paper, as of all other 
property, must make reasonable efforts to find 
the owner before he is entitled to appropriate it 
for his own purposes. If the finder conceals it, 
he is liable to the charge of larceny or theft. 

Joint payees of a bill or note, who are not part¬ 
ners, must all join in an indorsement. 

One may make a note payable to his own order 
and indorse it in blank. He must write his name 
across its back or face, the same as any other 
indorser. 

After the death of a holder of a bill or note, 
his executor or administrator may transfer it by 
his indorsement. 

The husband who acquires a right to a bill or 
note which was given to the wife, either before or 
after marriage, may indorse it. 

“Acceptance” applies to bills and not to notes. 
It is an engagement on the part of the person on 
whom the bill is drawn to pay it according to its 
tenor. The usual way is to write across the face 
of the bill the word “accepted.” 


High Cost of Courtesy 

It is estimated that the little word “please” 
costs the people of the United States $10,000,000 
a year in telegraph tolls alone, owing to the 
increasing frequency with which this mark of 
courtesy is used in messages, at a cost of 3 
cents or more each time it is employed. 



90 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


Governors* Salaries, Terms of Office and State 


Capitals 


Terms of 

Office. States. 

One year. .. . Massachusetts .. 
Two years.. . Rhode Island. .. 

Two years.. .Arkansas . 

Two years.. .Colorado. 

Two years.. .Connecticut. 

Two years.. . Georgia. 

Two years.. .Idaho . 

Two years.. . Iowa . 

Two years.. .Kansas. 

Two years... Maine . 

Two years.. . Michigan . 

Two years.. . Minnesota . 

Two years.. .Nebraska. 

Two years.. .New Hampshire. 

Two years.. . New York. 

Two years.. .North Dakota. .. 

Two years.. .Ohio . 

Two years.. . South Carolina.. . 
Two years.. . South Dakota. .. 

Two years.. . Tennessee . 

Two years.. .Texas . 

Two years.. .Vermont. 

Two years.. .Wisconsin . 

Three years.New Jersey. 

Pour years. .Alabama . 

Pour years. .California . 

Four years. . Delaware ....... 

Pour years. .Florida. 

Four years. .Illinois .. 

Pour years. .Indiana . 

Four years. .Kentucky . 

Pour years. .Louisiana . 

Pour years. .Maryland. 

Pour years. .Mississippi. 

Four years. .Missouri . 

Pour years. .Montana. 

Pour years. .Nevada. 

Four years. .North Carolina . 

Four years. .Oregon . 

Pour years. .Pennsylvania ... 

Pour years. .Utah . .. 

Pour years. .Virginia . 

Four years. .Washington. 

Four years. .West Virginia... 
Pour years. .Wyoming. 


Yearly 


Capitals. Salaries. 

. . .Boston.$10,000 

...Newport . 3,000 

...Little Rock_ 5,000 

...Denver. 5,000 

. . .Hartford. 5,000 

...Atlanta . 5,000 

...Boise City. 5,000 

.. • Des Moines. . . . 5,000 

...Topeka . 5,000 

...Augusta . 5,000 

. • .Lansing. 5,000 

• . . St. Paul . 7,000 

...Lincoln . 2,500 

...Concord. 3,000 

• • -Albany. 10,000 

...Bismarck . 5,000 

...Columbus . 10,000 

• ••Columbia . 5,000 

...Pierre . 3,000 

• ••Nashville . 4,000 

• ••Austin . 4,000 

• • • Montpelier .... 3,000 

• ••Madison . 5,000 

• • - Trenton. 10,000 

• • • Montgomery . . 7,500 

• ••Sacramento ... 10,000 

...Dover . 4,000 

... Tallahassee ... 6,000 

• ••Springfield _ 12,000 

• ••Indianapolis .. 8,000 

•-.Frankfort. 6,500 

•••Baton Rouge... 7,500 

• ••Annapolis. 4,500 

• ••Jackson . 5,000 

... Jefferson City. . 5,000 

• ••Helena . 7,500 

• •-Carson City_ 7,500 

• ••Raleigh. 6,500 

• ••Salem . 5,000 

• ••Harrisburg .... 10,000 

• • • Salt Lake City. 6,500 

...Richmond. 5,000 

...Olympia . 6,000 

...Charleston .... 5,000 

...Cheyenne . 4,000 


How to Test Qunllty of Steel 

Good tool steel, with a white heat, will fall to 
pieces; with bright red heat will crumble under 
the hammer; with middling heat may be drawn 
to a needle-point. 













































































CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL, 91 

To test hardening- qualities, draw under a low 
heat to a gradually tapered square point and 
plunge into cold water; if broken point will 
scratch glass, the quality is good. 

To test tenacity, a hardened piece will be driven 
into cast-iron by a hardened hammer—if poor, 
will be crumbled. Excellence will be in propor¬ 
tion to tenacity in hard state. Soft steel of good 
quality gives a curved line fracture and uniform 
gray texture. Tool steel should be dull silver 
color, uniform, entirely free from sparkling qual¬ 
ities. 


Discount Your Bills 

Merchants in general should give this matter 
more serious consideration than they have done. 
It can be followed with profit by both large and 
small traders. Jobbers always favor cash buyers, 
will sell them on closer margins, give better bar¬ 
gains and terms. Bills taken up in advance, even 
if it be at the cost of unusual exertions, save 
money and anxiety, and the merchants will feel 
the beneficial effects in the freer swing given to 
business, quickened energies, and lighter heart 
resulting from forestalled obligations. This is a 
better way of using money in hand than that of 
putting capital into outside schemes, which mer¬ 
chants are often tempted into doing. No busi¬ 
ness thrives so well as the one which receives a 
man’s undivided attention. A man with a keen, 
shrewd mercantile spirit is not necessarily equally 
keen in matters foreign to merchandising, and 
the larger part of those who go into Wall street 
or venture into speculation schemes in their anx¬ 
iety to get rich fast, prove the most gullible of 
lambs in the hands of unscrupulous operators. 
And the worst feature of failure in these outside 
ventures is their bad effect upon legitimate mer¬ 
chandising. Let those merchants who have spare 
time and money turn them to the advantage of 
their own legitimate vocation. Make money by 
meeting bills in advance, thus clinching your 
credit and securing a margin for enlarged oper¬ 
ations. 



92 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


How to Make 32 Kinds of Solder 

1. Plumber's solder—Lead 2 parts, tin 1 part. 

2. Tinmen’s solder—Lead 1 part, tin 1 part. 

3. Zinc solder—Tin 1 part, lead 1 to 2 parts. 

4. Pewter solder—Lead 1 part, bismuth 1 to 2 
parts. 5. Spelter solder—Equal parts copper 
and zinc. 6. Pewterers’ soft solder—Bismuth 2, 
lead 4, tin 3 parts. 7. Another—Bismuth 1, lead 
1, tin 2 parts. 8. Another pewter solder—Tin 2 
parts, lead 1 part. 9. Glazier’s solder—Tin 3 
parts, lead 1 part. 10. Solder for copper—Copper 
10 parts, zinc 9 parts. 11. Yellow solder.for 
brass or copper—Copper 32 lbs., zinc 29 lbs., tin 
1 lb. 12. Brass solder—Copper 61.25 parts, zinc 
38.75 parts. 13. Brass solder, yellow and easily 
fusible—Copper 45, zinc 55 parts. 14. Brass 
solder, white—Copper 57.41 parts, tin 14.60 parts, 
zinc 27.99 parts. 15. Another solder for copper 
—Tin'2 parts, lead 1 part. When the copper is 
thick heat it by a naked fire, if thin use a tinned 
copper tool. Use muriate or chloride of zinc as a 
flux. The same solder will do for iron, cast iron, 
or steel; if the pieces are thick, heat by a naked 
fire or immerse in the solder. 16. Black solder— 
Copper 2, zinc 3, tin 2 parts. 17. Another—Sheet 
brass 20 lbs., tin 6 lbs., zinc 1 lb. 18. Cold braz¬ 
ing- without fire or lamp—Fluoric acid 1 oz., oxy- 
muriatic acid 1 oz., mix in a lead bottle. Put a 
chalk mark each side where you want to braze. 
*This mixture will keep about 6 months in one 
bottle. 19. Cold soldering without fire or lamp— 
Bismuth % oz., quicksilver % oz., block tin filings 
1 oz., spirits salt 1 oz., all mixed together. 20. 
To solder iron to steel or either to brass—Tin 3 
parts, copper 39% parts, zinc 7% parts. When 
applied in a molten state it will firmly unite 
metals first named to each other. 21. Plumbers’ 
solder—Bismuth 1, lead 5, tin 3 parts; is a first- 
class composition. 22. White solder for raised 
Britannia ware—Tin 100 lbs., hardening 8 lbs., 
antimony 8 lbs. 23. Hardening for Britannia (to 
be mixed separately from the other ingredients) 
—Copper 2 lbs., tin 1 lb. 24. Best soft solder for 
cast Britannia ware—Tin 8 lbs., lead 5 lbs. 25. Bis- 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


93 


muth solder—Tin 1, lead 3, bismuth 3 parts. 
26. Solder for brass that will stand hammering— 
Brass 78.26 parts, zinc 17.41 parts, silver 4.33 
parts; add a little chloride of potassium to your 
borax for a flux. 27. Solder for steel joints— 
Silver 19 parts, copper 1 part, brass 2 parts. Melt 
all together. 28. Hard solder—Copper 2 parts, 
zinc 1 part. Melt together. 29. Solder for brass 
—Copper 3 parts, zinc 1 part, with borax. 30. Sol¬ 
der for copper—Brass 6 parts, zinc 1 part, tin 1 
part; melt all together well and pour out to cool. 
31. Solder for platina—Gold with borax. 32. Sol¬ 
der for iron—The best solder for iron is good 
tough brass with a little borax. 

N. B.—In soldering, the surfaces to be joined 
are made perfectly clean and smooth, and then 
covered with sal ammoniac, resin or other flux; 
the solder is then applied, being melted on and 
smoothed over by a tin soldering iron. In solder¬ 
ing fluid, take 2 oz. muriatic acid, add zinc till 
bubbles cease, add V 2 teaspoonful sal ammoniac. 


What a Horse Can Do 
A horse will travel 400 yards in 4 y 2 minutes at 
a walk, 400 yards in 2 minutes at a trot, and 400 
yards in 1 minute at a gallop. The usual work 
of a horse is taken at 22,500 lbs. raised 1 foot 
per minute, for 8 hours per day. A horse will 
carry 250 lbs. 25 miles per day of 8 hours. An 
average draught-horse will draw 1,600 lbs. 23 
miles per day on a level road, weight of wagon 
included. The average weight of a horse is 1,000 
lbs.; his strength is equal to that of five men. 
In a horse mill moving at 3 feet per second, 
track 25 feet diameter, he exerts with the ma¬ 
chine the power of 4 y 2 horses. The greatest 
amount a horse can pull in a horizontal line is 
900 lbs.; but he can only do this momentarily; in 
continued exertion probably half of this is the 
limit. He attains his growth in 5 years, will live 
25, average 16 years. A horse will Kve 25 days 
on water, without solid food, 17 days without 
eating or drinking, but only 5 days on solid food, 
without drinking. 



94 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL. 

Some Famous Naval Battles 

From the naval battle of Salamis to the great 
sea fight off Jutland is a “far cry,” B. C. 480 to 
A. D. 1916, nearly 2,400 years. Salamis was the 
first great recorded battle of the world. Salamis 
drove the Persians from Greek soil; Jutland drove 
the German fleet back to cover, from which it 
emerged only to surrender after the signing of 
the armistice brought the Great War to a close. 
The loss of life at Salamis has been variously 
estimated at from 5,000 to 50,000; at the battle 
of Jutland or Skager-Rak the total casualties 
were 9,480. Triremes were at Salamis and shield 
and sword and brute numbers; at Jutland the 
hell of monster guns and deadly torpedoes, the 
scream of shell and the carnage of high explo¬ 
sives. Salamis was fought in the youth of na¬ 
tions; Jutland in the dawn of world democracy, 
the night of autocratic rule. One notable parallel 
to Jutland is found in the battle of the Nile, 
fought August 1, 1798—Lord Nelson and the Eng¬ 
lish fleet against Admiral Brueys and the French 
fleet. Nine French line-of-battle ships were 
taken, two burned and two escaped. The French 

L’Orient, with Brueys and 1,000 men on board, 
blew up and only seventy or eighty escaped. Nel¬ 
son’s cry for this engagement was: “Victory or 
Westminster Abbey!” Other famous sea con¬ 
tests of the world are: 

Winchelsea—English defeat 40 Spanish ves¬ 
sels and capture 36.Aug. 29,1350 

Harfleur—English capture or destroy 500 

French vessels .Aug. 15,1416 

Gibraltar Bay—Dutch defeat the Spanish 

.April 25,1607 

Dover Strait—Dutch destroy the English 

fleet.Nov. 29,1652 

Portsmouth—English defeat the Dutch and 
destroy 11 men-of-war and 36 merchant¬ 
men - p .Feb. 18,1653 

North Foreland—100 English and Dutch 
men-of-war engaged; 11 Dutch taken and 
6 sunk .June 2,1683 








CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 95 

Coast of Holland—English sink 30 Dutch 

men-of-war .July 31,1653 

Thames—Dutch lose to English 24 men-of- 
war, 4 admirals killed and 4,000 seamen 

.July 25,1660 

Messina—Spanish fleet, 29 vessels, destroyed 

by English .July 11,1718 

Gibraltar—English defeated combined fleets 

of Spain and France. Sept. 13,1782 

Trafalgar—Nelson sunk 10 French and Span¬ 
ish vessels after fighting, with 27 ships, 33 
of the combined fleet; Nelson killed.Oct. 21,1805 
Navarino—The fleets of England, France and 
Russia destroy 30 Turkish men-of-war 

..Oct. 20,1827 

Strait of Korea—Japanese fleet annihilated 

Russian fleet.May 27-28,1.905 

North Sea, 50 miles west of Jutland—Great¬ 
est naval battle in history. Vessels engaged 
81 heavy and many lighter craft. Vessels 
sunk, at least 25, including 4 battle 
cruisers, 1 battleship, 7 cruisers, and 13 
destroyers. Both sides claimed victory but 
the Germans never offered battle again 

.May 31,1916 

The most notable of American naval battles are 
the following: 

Coast of Scotland—Paul Jones captures the 
Serapis and Scar borough, 70 guns.Sept. 23,1779 
Off St. Kitts—The Constellation, 26 guns, 
captures the French LTnsurgent, 40 guns 

.Feb. 9,1799 

Coast of United States—Constitution, 44 guns, 
sinks the Guerri&re, 38 guns, in 30 minutes 

.Aug. 19,1812 

Madeira—United States, 44 guns, captures the 

Macedonian, 40 guns.Oct. 25,1812 

Brazil—Constitution captures the Java. 

.Dec. 29,1812 

Demerara River—Hornet captures the Pea¬ 
cock .Feb. 24,1813 

Lake Erie—Perry, with 54 guns, defeats 

English fleet with 63 guns.Sept. 10,1813 

Lake Champlain—McDonough, with 87 guns, 
defeats English fleet with 96 guns, Sept. 11,1814 

















96 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

Manila Bay—Rear Admiral Dewey, with six 
ships: the Olympia (flagship), Boston, Bal¬ 
timore, Petrel, Raleigh and Concord, de¬ 
stroyed Spain’s Asiatic Squadron, 13 ves¬ 
sels, under Admiral Montejo: Isla de Cuba, 

Isla de Luzon, Castilla, Don Antonio de 
Ulloa, Don Juan de Austria, Reina Cristina, 
Callao, El Cano, El Cocreo, General Lezo, 
Hercules, Marques del Duero, Rapido; also 
the navy yard and nine batteries. Ameri¬ 
can loss, eight wounded and about $5,000 
damage to ships. Spanish loss, about 
1,200 killed or wounded and some $6,000,- 
000 in vessels destroyed or captured. May 1,1898 

Santiago de Cuba—Cervera’s squadron of six 
vessels: the Vizcaya, Almirante Oquendo, 
Maria Teresa, Cristobal Colon, Furor and 
Pluton, made a bold dash to escape from 
the harbor and was destroyed by Samp¬ 
son’s fleet: the Oregon, Iowa, Indiana, 
Texas, Brooklyn, Gloucester and Vixen. 
American loss: 1 killed, 2 wounded. Span¬ 
ish loss: 360 killed, 165 wounded, 1,650 
taken prisoners .July 3,1898 


Playing Cards 

The first pack of playing cards of which any 
copy is preserved was in use in Venice in 1125, 
and contained seventy-eight cards in all, twenty- 
two of which were picture cards of very quaint 
character. One picture card represented the devil, 
another death, a third the moon, a fourth the sun, 
while the fifth depicted the judgment day. The 
Venetians called it the game of tarots, and it was 
no doubt the original parent of the modern card 
pack, with its kings, queens, knaves, etc. The 
French developed the game greatly, and it be¬ 
came the standard pastime of all the royal courts 
of the sixteenth century. Cards became so promi¬ 
nent a feature of social life in France that when 
the revolution came new card packs were devised 
in which kings and queens were done away with, 
philosophers and popular heroes and heroines 
taking their places. 




CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


97 


The World’s Seven Wonders 

The seven wonders of the world are: The 
Pyramids, the Colossus of Rhodes, Diana's Tem¬ 
ple at Ephesus, the Pharos of Alexandria, the 
Hanging Gardens at Babylon, the Statue of the 
Olympian Jove and the Mausoleum by Artemisia 
at Halicarnassus. The Pyramids are numerous, 
and space forbids anything like even a list of 
them. The great piles were constructed of blocks 
of red or syenitic granite, and of a hard cal¬ 
careous stone. These blocks were of extraordi¬ 
nary dimensions and their transportation to the 
sites of the pyramids and their adjustment in their 
places, indicate a suprising degree of mechanical 
skill. The Great Pyramid covers an area of be¬ 
tween twelve and thirteen acres. The masonry 
consisted originally of 89,028,000 cubic feet, and 
still amounts to about 82,111,000 feet. The pres¬ 
ent vertical height is 450 feet against 479 feet 
originally, and the present length of the sides is 
746 feet against 764 feet originally. The total 
weight of the stone is estimated at 6,316,000,000 
tons. The city of Rhodes was besieged by Deme¬ 
trius Poliorcetes, King of Macedonia, but, aided 
by Ptolemy Soter, King of Egypt, the enemy were 
repulsed. To express their gratitude to their al¬ 
lies and to their tutelary deity, they erected a 
brazen statue to Apollo. It was 105 feet high 
and hollow, with a winding staircase that as¬ 
cended to the head. After standing fifty-six 
years, it was overthrown by an earthquake, 224 
years before Christ, and lay nine centuries on the 
ground, and then was sold to a Jew by the Sara¬ 
cens, who had captured Rhodes, about the middle 
of the seventh century. It is said to have re¬ 
quired nine hundred camels to remove the metal, 
and from this statement it has been calculated 
its weight was 720,000 pounds. The Temple of 
Diana, at Ephesus, was built at the common 
charge of all the Asiatic States. The chief arch¬ 
itect was Chersiphon, and Pliny says that 220 
years were employed in completing the temple, 
whose riches were immense. It was 425 feet 
long, 225 broad, and was supported by 125 col- 


98 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


umns of Parian marble (sixty feet high, each 
weighing 150 tons), furnished by as many kings. 
It was set on fire on the night of Alexander’s 
birth by an obscure person named Erostratus, 
who confessed on the rack that the sole motive 
which prompted him was the desire to transmit 
his name to future ages. The temple was again 
built, and once more burned by the Goths in 
their naval invasion, A. D. 256. The colossal 
statue of Jupiter in the temple of .Olympia, at 
Elis, was by Phidias. It was in gold and ivory, 
and sat enthroned in the temple for 800 years, 
and was finally destroyed by fire about A. D. 
475. From the best information it is believed 
that the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus was a rec¬ 
tangular building surrounded by an Ionic portico 
of thirty-six columns, and surmounted by a pyr¬ 
amid, rising in twenty-four steps, upon the sum¬ 
mit of which was a colossal marble quadriga with 
a statue of Mausolus. The magnificent structure 
was erected by Xrtemisia, who was the sister, 
wife, and successor of Mausolus. 


The Oldest Architectural Work Known to Exist 

It is the remarkable rock-cut temples at Ip- 
sambul or Abousambul, in Nubia, on the left 
bank of the Nile. The largest temple contains 
fourteen apartments hewn out of the solid rock. 
The first and largest of these is 57 feet long 
and 52 feet broad and is supported by two rows 
of massive square pillars, four in each row, and 
30 feet high. To each of these pillars is attached 
a standing colossus, or human figure, of enor¬ 
mous proportions, reaching to the roof, overlaid 
with a kind of stucco and painted with gaudy 
colors, apparently as brilliant now, after the lapse 
of over 4,000 years, as when first laid on. In 
front of this temple are seated four still larger 
human figures, two of them being 65 feet in 
height—presumed to represent Rameses the 
Great, more frequently termed Sesostris, whose 
marvelous military exploits are depicted in draw¬ 
ings and painting on the temple walls. 






CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 99 

Castle Garden—New York City 
Castle Garden is a historic spot. It was orig¬ 
inally a fort, and afterward was transformed into 
a summer garden, and in that way derived the 
name it now bears. About a century ago it was 
used for civic and military displays and recep¬ 
tions. In 1824 Lafayette revisited America, and a 
grand ball was given in his honor at Castle Gar¬ 
den, and President Jackson, in 1832, and President 
Tyler, in 1843, were publicly received there. 
Later it became a concert hall, and there Jenny 
Lind made her first appearance in this country. 
In 1855 the immigrant depot was established 
within its walls. In 1891 the immigrant station 
was removed, and Castle Garden was converted 
into an aquarium. 


Varnish Formulas Worth Preserving 

Varnishing Articles of Iron or Steel. —The 
following varnish will maintain its transparency 
and the metallic brilliancy of the articles will not 
be obscured: Dissolve ten parts of clear grains 
of mastic, five parts of camphor, five parts of 
sandarach and five parts of elemi in a sufficient 
quantity of alcohol, and apply without heat. 

Mordant Varnishes. —One of the simplest of 
these varnishes, which are chiefly used when a 
coating of some other substance, such as gold 
leaf, is to be entirely or in part laid over them, 
is that procured by dissolving a little honey in 
thick glue. It has the effect of greatly heighten¬ 
ing the color of the gold. 

A Brilliant Black varnish for cooking and 
gasoline stoves: Asphaltum, two pounds; boiled 
linseed oil, one pint; oil of turpentine, two quarts. 
Fuse the asphaltum in an iron pot, boil the lin¬ 
seed oil, and add while hot; stir well and remove 
from the fire. When partially cooled add the oil 
of turpentine. Some makers add driers. 

Varnish for Coating Metals. —One part of 
copal, one part of oil of rosemary, in two or three 
parts of absolute alcohol, supplies a clear varnish 
as limpid as water. It should be applied hot. 
When dry it will prove hard and durable. 







100 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


Finest Harbors on the Globe 

San Francisco may fairly claim to have the 
most capacious natural harbor of any of the 
world’s greatest trading marts. It is also one 
of the very safest. It is entered through the 
Golden Gate, a passage a mile wide and thirty- 
five feet deep at low tide—admitting the largest 
ships afloat without danger of grounding. The 
landlocked bay of which this harbor is part is 
fifty miles long and averages five miles in width. 
There all the shipping of the entire globe could 
anchor in perfect safety. Port Philip Bay, the 
chief harbor of Victoria, Australia, is larger than 
the bay of San Francisco, being about thirty- 
eight miles long by thirty-three broad, but its 
very breadth, with its surroundings, leaves it ex¬ 
posed to storms from certain quarters. Port 
Jackson, on which Sydney, New South Wales, 
Australia, is located, is a magnificent harbor, 
completely landlocked, extending inland in some 
places fully twenty miles, and having ample 
depth of water for vessels of the heaviest bur¬ 
den. The harbors of New York City, Rio Janeiro, 
Brazil, and Havana, Cuba, are capacious and 
secure. Next come those of Boston, Norfolk, Va., 
Portland, Me., Halifax, N. S., Copenhagen, Con¬ 
stantinople, Hong Kong, Yokohama, and Naga¬ 
saki. The great ports situated on the banks of 
rivers, such as London, Liverpool, Glasgow, Lis¬ 
bon, Philadelphia, New Orleans, Quebec, Shang¬ 
hai, Canton, Calcutta, etc., are not included in 
the definition of harbors as here considered. 


How the Price of Confederate Money Dropped 

When the first issue of the Confederate money 
was scattered among the people, it commanded 
a slight premium. It then scaled down as fol¬ 
lows: June, 18G1, 90c; December 1, 1861, 80c; 
December 15, 1861, 75c.; February 1, 1862, 60c.; 
February 1, 1863, 20c.; June, 1863, 8c.; January, 
1864, 2c.; November, 1864, 4%c.; January, 1865, 
2%c.; April 1, 1865, l^c. After that date it took 
from $800 to $1,000 in Confederate money to buy 
a one-dollar greenback. 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 101 

Historical Frosts 

The Mediterranean was frozen over, and the 
merchants passed with their merchandise in 
carts, in 1234; the Cattegat, or sea between Nor¬ 
way and Denmark, was frozen, and from 
Oxslo, in Norway, they traveled on the ice to 
Jutland, in 1294; the sea between Norway and 
the promontory of Scagernit frozen over, and 
from Sweden to Gothland, 1296; the Baltic was 
covered with ice fourteen weeks, between the 
Danish and Swedish Islands, in 1306; the Baltic 
was passable for foot passengers and horsemen 
for six weeks, in 1323; the sea was frozen over 
and passable from Stralsund to Denmark, in 
1349; the Baltic was quite frozen over, from 
Pomerania to Denmark, in 1402; the whole sea 
between Gothland and Geland was frozen, and 
from Restock to Gezoer, in 1408; the ice bore 
riding on from Lubec to Prussia, and the Baltic 
was covered with ice from Mecklenburg to Den¬ 
mark, in 1423, 1426, and 1459. The sea between 
Constantinople and Iskodar was passable on ice, 
1620; in 1785, which lasted one hundred and fif¬ 
teen days; in 1788, which lasted only from No¬ 
vember to January; 1789, when the Thames was 
crossed opposite the custom-house, the Tower, 
Execution Dock, Putney, Brentford, etc. It was 
general through Europe, particularly in Holland, 
at the same time; the most severe, on December 
25, 1796, that had been felt in the memory of 
man. The winter of 1780 was very cold in New 
York. The Bay was frozen over, and wagons 
and artillery crossed to Staten Island. Again in 
the winter of 1821 the Bay was frozen over. 


Damages by Lightning 

A flash of lightning penetrated the theater at 
Venice during a representation; 600 people were 
in the house, several of whom were killed; it put 
out the candles, melted a lady’s gold watch-case, 
the jewels in the ears of others, which were 
compositions, and split several diamonds, Aug¬ 
ust, 1769. 



102 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

Earthquakes and Other Great Catastrophes 

In China, where some of the greatest rivers 
in the world flow between artificial banks at an 
elevation considerably above the surrounding 
country, there have been overflows that caused 
the destruction of hundreds of thousands of lives. 
There have been similar disasters in India, where, 
as in China, the rivers had made beds for them¬ 
selves with alluvial banks higher than the plains 
across which they flowed. But aside from these 
the colossal calamity at Johnstown, Pa., in June, 
1889, and through the fated Conemaugh valley, 
and the even greater Galveston flood in 1900, 
lead all disasters in this country in the appalling 
muster roll of the dead. The list of losses by 
great floods and freshets in history is as follows: 


Year. Place. Lives Lost 

1871—China . 3,000 

1874—Mill River, Mass. 150 

1878—Egypt, the Nile. 250 

1887—Yellow River, China.100,000 

1889—Johnstown, Pa. 6,111' 

1900—Galveston, Texas . 10,000 


In past centuries the greatest loss of life has 
been by earthquake and the following list em¬ 
braces the loss in historic calamities. One in¬ 
stance shows how the human race has been de¬ 
pleted from this cause. In the Kingdom of Na¬ 
ples, from 1783 to 1857, a period of 75 years, the 
loss of life by earthquakes was 111,000 or at the 
rate of more than 1,500 a year, out of a popula¬ 
tion of 6,000,000. The country surrounding the 
Mediterranean and the inter-tropical area from 
which the American Cordilleras spring, may be 
regarded as the centers of earthquake activity, 
though some of the greatest earthquakes of all 
time have occurred in Eastern Asia and the East 
Indies. 

A. D. 17—Pompeii and Herculaneum; accompan¬ 
iment of eruption of Vesuvius. 

742—Syria, Palestine and Asia; 500 towns de¬ 
stroyed. 

1531—Lisbon; 1,500 houses and 30,000 persons 
destroyed. 








CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 103 

1692— Jamaica; Port Royal destroyed; 3,000 lives 

lost. 

1693— Sicily; 54 towns and 300 villages affected; 

more than 100,000 lives lost. 

1703—Aquila, Italy; 5,000 killed. 

1703—Jeddo, Japan; 200,000 lives lost. 

1716—Algiers; 20,000 deaths. 

1726—Palermo, Italy; 6,000 lives lost. 

1731—Peking; estimated loss of life, 100,000 per¬ 
sons. 

1746—Peru; 18,000 deaths. 

1754— Cairo; 400,000 lives lost. 

1755— Lisbon and Portugal generally; 50,000 died 

in Lisbon alone; this earthquake ex¬ 
tended 500 miles, and was felt even in 
Scotland. 

1759—Syria, over a large area; 20,000 lives lost. 
1773—Guatemala; 33,000 perished. 

1780—Mauritius; 75,000 lives lost. 

1783—Messina; 60,000 lives lost. 

1797—Quito; 41,000 lives lost. 

1812—Caraccas; 12,000 lives lost. 

1822—Aleppo; 22,000 lives lost. 

1829— Murcia, Spain; 6,000 killed. 

1830— Canton, China; loss, 6,000 lives. 

1842—San Domingo; between 4,000 and 5,000 
lives lost. 

1857—Calabria; 10,000 lives lost. 

Lacaita estimates the loss of life in the 
Kingdom of Naples from earthquakes be¬ 
tween 1783 and 1857 at 111,000, out of 
an average population of 6,000,000. 

1859—Erzerourp; 15,000 killed. Quito; 5,000 
lives lost. 

1861—Mendosa, S. America; 7,000 killed. 

1863—Manila; 10,000 killed. 

1868—Peru and Ecuador; 25,000 killed, 30,000 
homeless; loss of property, $300,000,000. 
1875—Colombia; 14,000 lives lost. 

1881—Scio; 4,000 killed. 

1885—Cashmere; more than 3,000 deaths; 70,000 
buildings destroyed. 

1887—Several shocks in Southern France and the 
United States. 


104 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


1888—Yunnan, China; 4,000 killed. 

1906— San Francisco, Cal.; almost destroyed. 

1907— A large part of Kingston, Jamaica, de¬ 

stroyed. 

1908— Nearly 200,000 people killed in Italy and 

Sicily, the cities of Messina, Catania, Pa- 
terno and Regio being completely de¬ 
stroyed. 

Recent earthquakes follow, with lives lost: 
1906—San Francisco (earthquake and fire) 452 


1906— Valparaiso .1,500 

1907— Jamaica . 1,100 

1908— Sicily and Calabria.76,483 

1910—Costa Rica . 1,500 

1912—Turkey . 3,000 

1915—Italy .29,978 

1917—Guatemala .2,500 


1920—Mexico; many villages destroyed.... 2,500 


Famines 

Famine which lasted seven years, 1708 before 
Christ; at Rome, when many people threw them¬ 
selves into the Tiber, 440 before Christ; in Brit¬ 
ain, so that the inhabitants ate the barks of trees, 
272 after Christ; one in Scotland, where thou¬ 
sands were starved, 306; in England and Wales, 
where 40,000 were starved, 310; all over Britain, 
325; at Constantinople, 446; in Italy, where par¬ 
ents ate their children, 450; in Scotland, 576; all 
over England, Wales, and Scotland, 739; another 
in Wales, 747; in Wales and Scotland, 792; again 
in Scotland, 803; again in Scotland, when thou¬ 
sands were starved, 823; a severe one in Wales, 
836; in Scotland, which lasted four years, 954; 
famines in England, 864, 974, 976, 1005; in Scot¬ 
land, which lasted two years, 1047; in England 
1050 and 1087; in England and France, from 1193 
to 1195; in England, 1251, 1315, 1318, 1335, 1348; 
in England and France, called the dear summer, 
1353; in England, 1389 and 1438, so great that 
bread was made of fern roots; in 1565, two mil¬ 
lions were expended on the importation of corn; 
one in 1748; another in 1798. 










CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


105 


Divorce Laws of Every State and Territory 

Six months previous residence required in 
Idaho, Nebraska, Nevada, South Dakota and 
Texas; one year in Arizona, Arkansas, Califor¬ 
nia, Colorado, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, 
Kentucky, Maine, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, 
New Mexico, North Dakota, New York, Ohio, 
Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, 
Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Vir¬ 
ginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming; one to two years 
in Michigan and Mississippi; two years in Flor¬ 
ida, Indiana, Maryland, North Carolina and Ten¬ 
nessee; one to three years in Alabama; two to 
three years in New Jersey; three years in Con¬ 
necticut; three to five years in Massachusetts; 
actual residence in Delaware and New Hamp¬ 
shire. 

Causes for Divorce: The violation of the mar¬ 
riage vow is cause for absolute divorce in all 
the States and Territories excepting South Caro¬ 
lina, which has no divorce laws. 

Physical inability is a cause in all the States 
except California, Connecticut, Dakotas, Idaho, 
Iowa, Louisiana, New Mexico, New York, South 
Carolina, Texas and Vermont. In most of these 
states it renders marriage voidable. 

Willful desertion, six months, in Arizona. 

Willful desertion, one year, in Arkansas, Cali¬ 
fornia, Colorado, Dakotas, Florida, Idaho, Kansas, 
Kentucky, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, 
Utah, Wisconsin, Washington and Wyoming. 

Willful desertion, two years, in Alabama, Dis¬ 
trict of Columbia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Mich¬ 
igan, Mississippi, Nebraska, Pennsylvania and 
Tennessee. 

Willful desertion, three years, in Connecticut, 
Delaware, Georgia, Maine, Maryland, Massachu¬ 
setts, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, 
Ohio, Texas, Vermont and West Virginia. 

Willful desertion, five years, in Virginia and 
Rhode Island, though the court may in the latter 
State decree a divorce for a shorter period. 

Habitual drunkenness in all the States and Ter- 


106 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

ritories except Maryland, New Jersey, New York, 
North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, 
Texas, Vermont, Virginia and West Virginia. 

“Imprisonment for felony” or “conviction of 
felony” in all the States and Territories (with 
limitations) except Florida, Maine, Maryland, 
New Jersey, New Mexico, New York and South 
Carolina. 

“Cruel and abusive treatment,” “intolerable 
cruelty,” “extreme cruelty,” “repeated cruelty,” 
or “inhuman treatment,” in all the States and 
Territories except New Jersey, New York, North 
Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia and West Vir¬ 
ginia. 

Failure by the husband to provide: Six months 
in Arizona; one year in California, Colorado, Da¬ 
kotas, Nevada and Wyoming; two years in Indi¬ 
ana and Idaho; no time specified in Massachu¬ 
setts, Michigan, Maine, Nebraska, New Mexico, 
Rhode Island, Vermont, and Wisconsin; willful 
neglect for three years in Delaware. 

Fraud and fraudulent contract in Arizona, Con¬ 
necticut, Georgia, Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky, Ohio, 
Pennsylvania and Washington. 

Absence without being heard from: Three 
years in New Hampshire; seven years in Con¬ 
necticut and Vermont; separation, five years, in 
Kentucky; voluntary separation, five years, in 
Wisconsin and Kentucky. When reasonably pre¬ 
sumed dead by the court, in Rhode Island. 

“Ungovernable temper,” in Kentucky; “habit¬ 
ual indulgence in violent and ungovernable tem¬ 
per,” in Florida; “cruel treatment, outrages or 
excesses as to render their living together insup¬ 
portable,” in Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mis¬ 
souri, Tennessee and Texas; “indignities as ren¬ 
der life burdensome,” in Missouri, Oregon, Penn¬ 
sylvania, Tennessee, Washington and Wyoming. 
Attempt to murder the other party, in Illinois 
and Tennessee. 

Other causes in different States are as follows: 
“Husband notoriously immoral before marriage, 
unknown to wife,” in West Virginia; “fugitive 
from justice,” in Virginia; “gross misbehavior or 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


107 


wickedness,” in Rhode Island; “any gross neglect 
of duty,” in Kansas and Ohio; ‘‘attempt on life,” 
in Illinois; ‘‘refusal of wife to remove into the 
State,” in Tennessee; “mental incapacity at time 
of marriage,” in Georgia; “three years with any 
religious society that believes the marriage rela¬ 
tion unlawful,” in Massachusetts; “joining any 
religious sect that believes marriage unlawful, 
and refusing to cohabit six months,” in New 
Hampshire; “parties cannot live in peace and 
union,” in Utah; “settled aversion, which tends 
to permanently destroy all peace and happiness,” 
in Kentucky; “insanity for five years,” in Wis¬ 
consin, and for ten years in Washington; “va¬ 
grancy of the husband,” in Missouri and Wyo¬ 
ming. 

In Georgia an absolute divorce is granted only 
after the concurrent verdict of two juries, at dif¬ 
ferent terms of the court. In New York absolute 
divorce is granted for but one cause, adultery. 
In South Carolina there are no divorce laws. 

The granting of divorce for any cause is left 
to the discretion of the court in Washington. The 
discretion of the court is also practically allowed 
by law in Wisconsin. 

All of the causes above enumerated are for 
absolute or full divorce, and collusion and con¬ 
nivance are especially barred, and also condona¬ 
tion of violation of the marriage vow. 

Remarriage. There are no restrictions upon re¬ 
marriage by divorced persons in Arizona, Con¬ 
necticut, Kentucky, and Minnesota. Either 
party may remarry, but defendant must wait 
two years and obtain permission from the 
court in Massachusetts. The decree of the court 
may restrain the guilty party from remarrying 
in Virginia. Parties cannot remarry, except by 
permission of the court, in Maine. In the State 
of New York the plaintiff may remarry, but the 
defendant cannot do so during the plaintiff’s life¬ 
time, unless the decree be modified or proof that 
five years have elapsed and that complainant has 
married again and defendant's conduct has been 
uniformly good. Any violation of this is punished 


108 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


as bigamy, even though the other party has been 
married. In Delaware, Pennsylvania, and Ten¬ 
nessee, no wife or husband divorced for violation 
of the marriage vow can marry the particeps cri- 
minis during the life of the former husband or 
wife, nor in Louisiana at any time; such marriage 
in Louisiana renders the person divorced guilty of 
bigamy. 

The courts of every State, and particularly of 
New York, are very jealous of their jurisdiction, 
and generally refuse to recognize as valid a di¬ 
vorce against one of the citizens of the State by 
the court of another State, unless both parties to 
the suit were subject at the time to the jurisdic¬ 
tion of the court granting the divorce. 

Kansas courts grant divorces for the reason 
that the applicant's husband or wife has obtained 
a divorce in another State, and the applicant has 
been forbidden to remarry. If a wife in New York 
obtains a divorce from her husband, and he is 
forbidden to remarry, he may go to Kansas and 
obtain a divorce on that ground. If his wife 
contests the case, or can be served with the 
papers in Kansas, so that she is brought under 
the jurisdiction of the Kansas court, the courts 
of New York must recognize the divorce as valid, 
and cannot punish the husband for remarrying 
in New York. 

New York permits polygamy and polyandry in 
certain cases. Desertion for five years, without 
knowledge that the deserter is living, permits the 
one deserted to marry again; and the second mar¬ 
riage is valid, though the deserter returns. The 
second marriage may be declared void, but only 
from the date of the decree, by a court of com¬ 
petent jurisdiction, upon proper petition; but if 
no such petition is made, and all parties are satis¬ 
fied, one husband may live in lawful wedlock with 
two or more wives, or one wife with two or more 
husbands. The children will inherit and both 
wives will be entitled to dower. 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 109 

The Search for the North Pole and the Farthest 
Points Reached 



Latitude 

Miles from 

Year. Explorer 

reached. 

the pole. 

1587—John Davis. 

....72 :12 

1,235 

1594—William Barents- 

....77:29 

879 

1596—Rup Heemskerck... 

....79 :49 

706 

1607—Heinrick Hudson... 

....80:23 

667 

1616—William Baffin. 

....77 :45 

908 

1806—William Scoresby.. 

....81:30 

587 

1827—W. E. Parry. 

....82 :45 

503 

1854—E. K. Kane. 

....80:10 

682 

1868—Nordenskjold . 

....81:42 

573 

1870—C. F. Hall. 

....82 :11 

542 

1874—Julius Payer. 

....82:05 

549 

1876—G. S. Nares. 

....83 :20 

463 

1882—A. W. Greely. 

....83:24 

458 

1896—Frithjof Nansen.... 

....86:14 

261 

1899—Walter Wellman... 

....82:00 

555 

1900—Duke de Abruzzi... 

....86:34 

238 

1902—Robert E. Peary- 

....84 :17 

397 

1906—Robert E. Peary- 

....87 :06 

201 

1909—Robert E. Peary- 



The Blarney Stone 

Blarney is a village in Ireland, in the County 
of Cork, about five miles from the far-famed 
city of that name. It is chiefly celebrated as 
giving the name to a peculiar kind of eloquence 
which is said to be characteristic of the light¬ 
hearted natives of the Emerald Isle. The old 
castle of Blarney contains the identical stone, 
the kissing of which is believed to give the person 
peculiar skill in speech. It is one of those su¬ 
perstitions which can be traced back until the 
mind of man runneth not to the contrary. 


How Grain Will Shrink 

Farmers rarely gain by keeping their grain 
after it is fit for market, when the shrinkage is 
taken into account. Wheat, from the time it is 
threshed, will shrink two quarts to the bushel or 
six per cent, in six months, in the most favorable 
conditions. 























110 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL, 


To Find the Required Diameter of Wheels 

A wheel 84 inches in diameter and making 54 
revolutions per minute is to give motion to a 
shaft at the rate of 100 revolutions in the same 
time; to find the diameter of a wheel suitable 
for that purpose, proceed thus: 

Multiply 84, diameter of wheel, by 54, number 
of revolutions per minute. 

Therefore, 84X54=4536. 

Again, 4536-r-100, proposed number of revolu¬ 
tions, we have 45.36 inches. 


How to Calculate the Necessary Power Required 

to Move a Given Weight on a Level Railroad 

If a train of 40 tons’ weight is drawn on a 
level railroad, what power is necessary to over¬ 
come the resistance, it being 8 pounds per ton? 

2000 pounds (number of pounds in a ton) : 

Then, 2000-^8=250; that is, it will overcome 
.004 of the weight. 

Again, 30 X 2000-^250=240 pounds. 

What power would be required to move a load 
of 100 tons up a grade, supposing the grade to 
be 2 feet in every 100, the co-efficient of friction 
being .004? 

2 X 250 lbs.+100 X100 X 2000 

Then, -*-=4800 lbs. 

100X250 

To compute the power, speed or time of run¬ 
ning a locomotive or train upon a railway, pro¬ 
ceed thus: Multiply the weight of the train by 
the rate per hour and this by 1.28 and the prod¬ 
uct is the necessary horsepower. 

Example: What is the required power of a 
locomotive to draw a train of 45 tons at the rate 
of 50 miles per hour. 

1.28 X 45 X 50 2880 

-—-= 48 horsepower. 

60 60 

In what time will a locomotive of 50 horse¬ 
power, drawing a train of 135 tons, run a dis¬ 
tance of 80 miles? Proceed thus: 






CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


111 


1.28X135X80 13824 

-=-=276.24 minutes. 

50 50 


Velocity of Wheels, Pulleys, Drums, Etc. 

When wheels are applied to communicate mo¬ 
tion from one part of a machine to another, their 
teeth act alternately on each other; consequently, 
if one wheel contains 60 teeth and another 20 
teeth, the one containing 20 teeth will make three 
revolutions while the other makes but one; and 
if drums or pulleys are taken in place of wheels, 
the effect will be the same, because their cir¬ 
cumferences, describing equal spaces, render their 
revolution unequal; from this the rule is derived, 
namely: Multiply the velocity of the driver by 
the number of teeth it contains and divide by 
the velocity of the driven; the quotient will be 
the number of teeth it ought to contain; or, 
multiply the velocity of the driver by its diam¬ 
eter, and divide by the velocity of the driven. 

Example: If a wheel that contains 75 teeth 
makes 16 revolutions per minute, required the 
number of teeth in another to work into and 
make 24 revolutions in the same time, then 16 X 
75 -T- 24=50 teeth. 


How to Polish Sea-Shells 

The surface of the shell should be first cleansed 
by rubbing it with a rag dipped in hydrochloric 
acid until the outer dull covering of the shell is 
removed. It must then be washed in warm 
water, dried in hot sawdust, and polished with 
chamois leather. Those shells which are desti¬ 
tute of a natural polished surface may be either 
varnished or rubbed with a mixture of tripoli 
powder and turpentine applied by means of a 
piece of wash-leather, after which fine tripoli 
should be used, then a little olive oil rubbed in 
well, and finally the surface well rubbed with 
the chamois leather. The hands should be pro¬ 
tected from contact with the acid. 








112 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

How to Mix Inks or Paints for Tints 

A larger quantity of the first-named color must 
always be used. 

Dark green and purple make bottle green. 
White and medium yellow make buff tint. 

Red, black, and blue make dark brown. 
Bronze blue, lemon yellow, and black make 
dark green. 

White, medium yellow, and black make drab 
tint. 

White, lake, and lemon yellow make flesh tint. 
Lemon yellow and bronze blue make grass 
green. 

White and black make gray tint. 

White and purple make lavender tint. 

Red, black, and medium yellow make maroon. 
Lake and purple make magenta. 

Medium yellow and purple make olive green. 
Medium yellow and red make orange. 

White, ultramarine blue, and black make pearl 
tint. 

White and lake make pink. 

Ultramarine blue and lake make purple. 
Orange, lake, and purple make russet. 
Medium yellow, red, and white make sienna. 
White and ultramarine blue make sky blue. 
Ultramarine blue, black, and white make slate. 
Vermilion and black make Turkey red. 

White, yellow, red, and black make umber. 


St. Peter’s and Cologne Cathedrals 

The dimensions of St. Peter’s at Rome, the 
largest cathedral in the world, are as follows: 
Length of the interior, 613% English feet; of 
transept, 446% feet; height of nave, 152% feet; 
and the diameter of cupola, 193 feet. The height 
of the dome from the pavement to the top of 
the cross is 448 feet. Cologne cathedral is 511 
feet long, and 231 feet broad. The towers are 511 
feet high. This famous building founded by Arch¬ 
bishop Conrad, designed by Architect Gerhard 
Von Riehl, and commenced Aug. 15, 1248. was 
not completed until Aug. 14, 1880. 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 113 

The Highest Mountains 


Feet 

Mt. Everest, 

Himalayas .29,002 

Goodwin-Austen, 

Himalayas .28,280 


Kunchinginga, Asia.28,156 
Dhawalagiri, Asia. .26,826 
Gusherbrum, Asia..26,378 
Nanda Devi, Asia. . .25,600 
Kutha Kangir, Asia.24,740 
Mustaghata, Asia. . .24,400 
Chumalari, Asia. ... 23,946 
Anconhuma, S. A...21,490 
Mercedario, S. A. . . .22,315 
Huascaran, S. Amer.22,188 
Anconhuma, S. A...21,400 
Illampu, So. Amer. .21,192 
Huandoy, So. Amer. 20,847 
Illimani, So. Amer. 21,030 
Pamiri, So. Amer... 20,735 
Chimborazo, S. A...20,498 
Mt. McKinley, 

Alaska .20,300 

Tupungato, S. A....20,286 
Haina, So. Amer. ...20,171 
San Jose, So. Amer.20,020 
Cotopaxi, Ecuador.. 19,408 
Antisana, Ecuador.. 19,150 
Orizaba, Mexico. .. .18,318 
St. Elias, Alaska. .. 17,850 
Popocatepetl, Mex.,17,735 
Ruwenzori, Africa. . 16,744 


Mt. Roa, Hawaii. . .16,000 

Mt. Brown.15,900 

Mont Blanc.15,776 

Mowna Roas, 

Owhyhee .15,700 

Mt. Rosa, Alps, 

Sardinia.15,217 

Pinchinca, Ecuador. 15,200 
Mt. Whitney, Cal... 15,000 
Mt. Fairweather, 

Alaska .14,796 


Feet 

Mt. Rainier, Wash..14,526 
Mt. Shasta, Cal.... 14,450 
Mt. Elbert, Colo. .. .14,421 
Pike’s Peak, Colo. .. 14,320 
Mt. Ophir, Sumatra. 13,800 


Fremont’s Peak, 

Wyoming.13,570 

Long’s Peak, Cal... 13,400 
Mt.Ararat, Armenia.12,700 
Peak of Teneriffe, 

Canaries.12,236 

Miltsin, Morocco. ... 12,000 
Mt. Hood, Oregon. . 11,934 
Simplon, Alps.11,542 


Mt. Lebanon, Syria. 11,000 
Mt. Perdu, France. . 10,950 
Mt. St. Helen’s, Ore. 10,158 
Mt. Etna, Sicily... .10,874 
Olympus, Greece. .. 9,754 
St. Gothard, Alps... 9,080 

Pilate, Alps. 9,050 

Mt. Sinai, Arabia. . . 8,000 

Pindus, Greece. 7,677 

Black Mountain, 

North Carolina... 6,711 
Mt. Washington, 

New Hampshire.. 6,234 
Mt. Marcy, N. Y. ... 5,467 
Mt. Hecla, Iceland.. 5,000 
Ben Nevis, Scotland 4,400 
Mansfield, Vermont. 4,280 
Peaks of Otter, Vir. 4,260 
Ben Lawers, Scotl'd 4,030 
Parnassus, Greece. . 3.950 
Vesuvius, Naples. .. 3,932 
Snowdon, England.. 3,500 


Stromboli . 3,850 

Ben Lomond. 3,280 

Mount Carmel. 2,000 

Gibraltar. 1,470 


Time in Which Money Doubles 


Per Simple Compound 
Cent. Interest Interest. 

2... 50 y* 35 y. 

2%.40y. 28 y. 26 d. 

3. . .33 y. 4 m. 23 y. 164 d. 


Per Simple Compound 
Cent. Interest Interest. 
4% .22 y. 81 d. 15 y. 273 d. 
5... 20 y. 14 y. 75 d. 

6. . .16 y. 8 m. 11 y. 327 d. 

7. . .14 y. 104 d. 10 y. 89 d. 

10 y. 7 y. 100 d. 


3% .28 y. 208 d. 20 y. 54 d. 

4. . .25 y. 17 y. 246 d. 10. . 

*y, year; m, month; d, day. 




















114 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


Comparative Yield of Various Grains, Vegetables 
and Fruits 



Lbs. per acre. 


Lbs. per acre. 

Hops . . 

. 442 

Grass ... 

.7,000 

Wheat . 

.1,260 

Carrots 

. 6,800 

Barley . 

.1,600 

Potatoes 

.7,500 

Oats . .. 

.1,840 

Apples .. 

. 8,000 

Peas . .. 

.1,920 

Turnips . 

.8,420 

Beans ... 

.2,000 

Cinquefoil grass. 9,600 

Plums . 

.2,000 

Vetches, 

green. . 9,800 

Cherries 

.2,000 

Cabbage 

.10,900 

Onions . 

.2,800 

Parsnips 

.11,200 

Hay .... 

.4,000 

Mangel Wurzel. .22,000 

Pears .., 

.5,000 




Character by the Month 

Here is an old astrological prediction, said to 
indicate, with tolerable certainty, the character 
of the girl according to the month she happens 
to be born in: 

If a girl is born in January, she will be a pru¬ 
dent housewife, given to melancholy, but good- 
tempered. 

If in February, a humane and affectionate wife 
and tender mother. 

If in March, a frivolous chatter-box, somewhat 
given to quarreling. 

If in April, inconstant, not intelligent, but likely 
to be good-looking. 

If in May, handsome and likely to be happy. 

If in June, impetuous, will marry early and be 
frivolous. 

If in July, passably handsome, but with a sulky 
temper. 

If in August, amiable and practical, and likely 
to marry rich. 

If in September, discreet, affable, and much 
liked. 

If in October, pretty and coquettish, and likely 
to be unhappy. 

If in November, liberal, kind, of a mild dispo¬ 
sition. 

If in December, well proportioned, fond of nov¬ 
elty, and extravagant. 





















CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL, 


115 


Seasoning: and Preserving: Timber 

For the purpose of seasoning-, timber should 
be piled under shelter, where it may be kept dry, 
but not exposed to a strong current of air. At 
the same time there should be a free circulation 
of air about the timber, with which view slats 
or blocks of wood should be placed between the 
pieces that lie over each other, near enough to 
prevent the timber from bending. 

In the sheds the pieces of timber should be 
piled in this way, or in square piles, and classed 
according to age and kind. Each pile should be 
distinctly marked with the number and kind of 
pieces, and the age or the date of receiving them. 

The piles should be taken down and made over 
again at intervals, varying with the length of 
time which the timber has been cut. 

The seasoning of timber requires from two to 
four years, according to its size. 

Gradual drying and seasoning in this manner 
is considered the most favorable to the durability 
and strength of timber, but various methods have 
been prepared for hastening the process. For 
this purpose, steaming and boiling timber has 
been applied with success; kiln-drying is service¬ 
able only for boards and pieces of small dimen¬ 
sions, and is apt to cause cracks, and to impair 
the strength of wood, unless performed very 
slowly. 

Timber of large dimension is improved by im¬ 
mersion in water for some weeks, according to its 
size, after which, it is less subject to warp and 
crack in steaming. 

Oak timber loses about one-fifth of its weight 
in seasoning, and about one-third in drying. 


How Van Buskirk Sozodont Is Made 

Castile soap, 1 % drams; glycerine, 1% drams; 
alcohol, 1 ounce; soft water, 4 ounces; oil of 
wintergreen, oil of cinnamon, oil of anise (either), 
sufficient to flavor. Mix. Accompanying this is 
a powder which is composed of equal parts of 
chalk (prepared), orris root, and carbonate of 
magnesia. 



116 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

How to Preserve Meat 

Meat of any kind may be preserved in a tem¬ 
perature of from 80 to 100 degrees for a period of 
ten days after it has been soaked in a solution of 
1 pint of salt dissolved in 4 gallons of cold water 
and one-half gallon of a solution of bisulphate of 
calcium. By repeating this process the preser¬ 
vation may be extended by the addition of a so¬ 
lution of gelatine or the white of an egg to the 
salt and water. 


How to Cut or Bore Glass 

Any hard steel tooth will cut glass with great 
facility when kept wet with camphor dissolved in 
turpentine. A drill bow may be used, or even 
the hand alone. A hole may be readily enlarged 
by a round file. The ragged edges of glass ves¬ 
sels may also be thus easily smoothed by a flat 
file. Flat window glass can readily be sawed 
with a watch-spring saw by the aid of this solu¬ 
tion. In short, the most brittle glass can be 
wrought almost as easily as brass, by the use of 
cutting tools kept constantly wet with camphor¬ 
ated oil of turpentine. 


How to Make Hens Lay in Winter 

Give a portion of minced meat, mixed with their 
other food, every day, or as often as convenient, 
and see that they have plenty of gravel, old plas¬ 
tering, or powdered egg-shells. The latter may 
be mixed with their food. Without some sub¬ 
stance of this kind, which cannot be obtained 
when the ground is frozen or covered with snow, 
there will be nothing to form the shell. 


Speed of Ice Boats 

There is no known mode of terrestrial locomo¬ 
tion which outrivals the ice yacht in speed. It 
travels at a mile a minute with ease, outstrips 
fast railway trains and, when contrasted with the 
ordinary sailing vessels, is handled with ease and 
safety. It travels faster than the wind because 
it acquires a momentum and, in the lulls of the 
wind, its inertia carries it along. 





CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 117 

Naturalization Laws of the United States 

The conditions under and the manner in which 
an alien may be admitted to become a citizen 
of the United States are prescribed by Sections 
2165-74 of the Revised Statutes of the United 
States. 

Declaration of Intention —The alien must de¬ 
clare upon oath, before a circuit or district court 
of the United States, or a district or supreme 
court of the Territories, or a court of record of 
any of the States having- common law jurisdic¬ 
tion, and a seal and clerk, two years at least 
prior to his admission, that it is, bona fide, his in¬ 
tention to become a citizen of the United States, 
and to renounce forever all allegiance and fidel¬ 
ity to any foreign prince or State. 

Oath on Application for Admission —He must, 
at the time of his application to be admitted, 
declare on oath, before some one of the courts 
above specified, “that he will support the Con¬ 
stitution of the United States, and that he abso¬ 
lutely and entirely renounces and abjures all al¬ 
legiance and fidelity to every foreign prince, 
potentate, State or sovereignty. 

Final Petition —Not less than two years nor 
more than seven after he has made such decla¬ 
ration he shall file a petition, signed by himself 
and verified, in which he shall state his name, 
place of residence, occupation, date and place of 
birth, place from which he emigrated, name of 
the vessel on which he arrived, the time when 
and the place and name of the court where he 
declared his intention of becoming a citizen; if 
he is married, he shall state the name of his wife, 
the country of her nativity and her place of 
residence at the time the petition is filed, and if 
he has children, the name, date and place of birth 
and place of residence of each child living. The 
petition shall also set forth that he is not a dis¬ 
believer in or opposed to organized government 
or a member of any body of persons opposed to 
organized government, and that he is not a polyg¬ 
amist or a believer in polygamy; that he intends 




118 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


to become a citizen of and to live permanently 
in the United States, and every other fact mate¬ 
rial to his naturalization and required to be 
proved upon the final hearing 1 of his application. 
The petition shall be verified by the affidavits of 
at least two credible witnesses who are citizens. 
At the time of the filing of the petition there shall 
be also filed a certificate from the department of 
commerce and labor stating the date, place and 
manner of his arrival in the United States and 
the declaration of intention of such petitioner, 
which certificate and declaration shall be attached 
to and be a part of his petition. 

Conditions for Citizenship .—If it shall appear to 
the satisfaction of the court to which the alien 
has applied that he has resided continuously 
within the United States for at least five years, 
and within the State or Territory where such 
court is at the time held one year at least; and 
that during that time “he has behaved as a man 
of good moral character, attached to the princi¬ 
ples of the Constitution of the United States, and 
well disposed to the good order and happiness 
of the same,” he will be admitted to citizenship. 

Titles of Nolility —If the applicant has borne 
any hereditary title or order of nobility, he must 
make an express renunciation of the same at the 
time of his application. 

Soldiers —Any alien of the age of twenty-one 
years and upward, who has been in the armies 
of the United States and has been honorably dis¬ 
charged therefrom, may become a citizen on his 
petition, without any previous declaration of in¬ 
tention, provided that he has resided in the United 
States at least one year previous to his applica¬ 
tion, and is of good moral character. 

Minors —Any alien under the age of twenty- 
one years who has resided in the United States 
three years next preceding his arriving at that 
age, and who has continued to reside therein to 
the time he may make application to be admitted 
a citizen thereof, may, after he arrives at the 
age of twenty-one years, and after he has re- 


CONKLIN - E D ISON MANUAL 


1j.S> 


sided five years within the United States, in¬ 
cluding the three years of his minority, be ad¬ 
mitted a citizen; but he must make a declaration 
on oath and prove to the satisfaction of the court 
that for two years next preceding it has been his 
bona fide intention to become a citizen. 

Children of Naturalized Citizens —The children 
of persons who have been duly naturalized, being 
under the age of twenty-one years at the time 
of the naturalization of their parents, shall, if 
dwelling in the United States, be considered as 
citizens thereof. 

Citizens’ Children Who Are Born Abroad —The 
children of persons who now are or have been 
citizens of the United States are, though born out 
of the limits and jurisdiction of the United States, 
considered as citizens thereof. 

Protection Abroad to Naturalized Citizens —Sec¬ 
tion 2000 of the Revised Statutes of the United 
States declares that “all naturalized citizens of 
the United States while in foreign countries are 
entitled to and shall receive from this Govern¬ 
ment the same protection of persons and prop¬ 
erty which is accorded to native-born citizens.*’ 

Opponents of Organized Government Excluded 
—No person who disbelieves in or who is opposed 
to organized government, or who is a member of 
or affiliated with any organization entertaining 
and teaching such disbelief in or opposition to 
organized government, or who advocates or 
teaches the duty, necessity or propriety of the 
unlawful assaulting or killing of any officer or 
officers of the government of the United States 
or of any other organized government, because 
of his or their official character, or who is a 
polygamist, shall be naturalized. 

Ability to Speak English Required —No alien 
shall hereafter be naturalized or admitted as a 
citizen of the United States who cannot speak 
the English language. This requirement does not 
apply to those physically unable to comply with 
it, or to those making homestead entries upon the 
public lands of the United States. 



120 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL, 

Tributes to the Fair Sex 

Confucius—“Woman is the masterpiece.” 

Voltaire—“Women teach us repose, civility, and 
dignity.” 

John Quincy Adams—“All that I am my mother 
made me.” 

Ruskin—“Shakespeare has no heroes—he has 
only heroines.” 

Whittier—“If woman lost us Eden, such as she 
alone can restore it.” 

Bulwer—“To a gentleman every woman is a 
lady in right of her sex.” 

Lamartine—“There is a woman at the begin¬ 
ning of all great things.” 

E. S. Barrett—“Woman is last at the cross and 
earliest at the grave.” 

Gladstone—“Woman is the most perfect when 
the most womanly.” 

Sandl—“A handsome woman is a jewel; a good 
woman is a treasure.” 

Richter—“No man can either live piously or 
die righteous without a wife.” 

N. P. Willis—“The sweetest thing in life is the 
unclouded welcome of a wife.” 

Heine—“Handsome women without religion are 
like flowers without perfume.” 

Beecher—“Women are a new race, recreated 
since the world received Christianity.” 

Voltaire—“All the reasonings of a man are not 
worth one sentiment of a woman.” 

Leopold Schefer—“But one thing on earth is 
better than a wife—that is a mother.” 

Michelet—“Woman is the Sunday of man; not 
his repose only, but his joy, the salt of his life.” 

Luther—“Earth has nothing more tender than 
a woman’s heart when it is the abode of pity.” 

Shakespeare—“For where is any author in the 
world teaches such beauty as a woman’s eyes?” 

Margaret Fuller Ossoli—“Woman is born for 
love, and it is impossible to turn her from seek¬ 
ing it.” 

Louis Desnoyers—“A woman may be ugly, ill 
shaped, wicked, ignorant, silly, and stupid, but 
hardly ever ridiculous.” 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 121 

Weight of Various Materials in Pounds (Avoir¬ 
dupois) Per Cubic Foot 

Pure Gold 1,203.6, Standard Gold 1,102.9, Ham¬ 
mered Gold 1,210.11, Pure Silver 654.6, Ham¬ 
mered Silver 656.9, Standard Silver 658.4, Cast 
Brass 524.8, Brass Wire 534, Bismuth (Cast) 
613.9, Antimony 418.9, Bronze 513.4, Cobalt 
(Cast) 488.2, Copper (Cast) 459.3, Copper 
(Sheet) 557.2, Copper (Wire) 554.9, Wrought 
Iron 486.75, Iron Plates 481.5, Cast Iron 450.4, 
Gun Metal 543.75, Cast Lead 709.5, Rolled do, 

711.75, Red Lead 558.75, Tin 455.7, Platinum 
(Pure) 1,218, Hammered do. 1,271, Mercury 60 
deg., Fluid 848, Mercury (Solid) 977, Nickel 
(Cast) 487.9, Steel (Plates) 480.75, Steel (Soft) 
489.6, Type Metal 653.1, Zinc (Cast) 439, Granite 

165.75, Millstone 155.3, Marble (Mean, of nine¬ 
teen kinds) 180, Grindstones 133.9, Firebrick 

137.5, Tile 114.44, Brick (Mean) 102, Clay 102, 
Limestone (Mean, of seven sorts) 184.1, Loose 
Earth or Sand 95, Coarse Sand 112.5, Ordinary 
Soil 124, Mud 102, Clay and Stones 160, Slate 
167 to 181.25, Plaster Paris 73.5, Plumbago 131.35, 
Anthracite Coal from 63.25 to 67.00, Ohio Chan¬ 
nel coal about 53, Charcoal from Hard Wood 

18.5, from Soft Wood 18, Port Wine 62.31, Fresh 
Water 62.5, Sea Water 64.3, Dead Sea Water 

77.5, Vinegar 67.5, Alum 107.10, Asbestos 
(Starry) 192.1, Ice at 32 degs. 57.5, Sulphur 127.1, 
Peat 75 to 83.1, Marl (Mean) 109.33, Hydraulic 
Lime 171.60, Quartz 166.25, Rock Crystal 170.94, 
Salt (Common) 133.12, Lard 59.20, Whale Oil 
57.70, Olive Oil 57.19. 


Specific Gravity of Various Substances 

Water, 100; Sea-water, 103; Alcohol, 84; Wine, 
100; Cider, 102; Cow’s milk, 103; Ebony, 133; 
Mahogany, 106; Cedar, 61; Fir, 55; Walnut, 67; 
Maple, 75; Ash, 84; Bar iron, 779; Copper, 895; 
Silver, 1,047; Lead, 1,135; Mercury, 1,357; Gold, 
1,926; Platina, 2,150; Ice, 92; Butter, 94; Clay, 
120; Ivory, 183; Marble, 270; Glass, 289; Dia¬ 
mond, 353. 



122 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

Temperature in United States—Average of Three 
Years 

Prescott, Arizona .51.9 

Jacksonville, Florida .70.4 

New Orleans, Louisiana.70.2 

Galveston, Texas .70.5 

Mobile, Alabama .67.4 

Jackson, Mississippi .66. 

Little Rock, Arkansas.62.3 

Charleston, South Carolina.66.9 

Ft. Gibson, Oklahoma.59.4 

Charlotte, North Carolina.60.6 

Atlanta, Georgia .61.7 

Memphis, Tennessee .61.7 

Norfolk, Virginia.60.1 

Louisville, Kentucky.57.4 

San Francisco, California.55 

Washington, D. C.55 

St. Louis, Missouri .55 

Baltimore, Maryland .56 

Harrisburg, Pennsylvania .54 

Wilmington, Delaware .53 

Trenton, New Jersey.53 

Cincinnati, Ohio .56 

Portland, Oregon .51.4 

Boise City, Idaho..'.49.4 

Salt Lake City, Utah.50.3 

Morgantown, West Virginia.53.1 

Indianapolis, Indiana .53.3 

Leavenworth, Kansas .53.3 

Santa Fe, New Mexico.46.8 

Spokane Falls, Washington.46.2 

New London, Connecticut.49.9 

Chicago, Illinois.48.8 

Winnemucca, Nevada .48 

Des Moines, Iowa.48.5 

Omaha, Nebraska .49.5 

Denver, Colorado .%.49.2 

Boston, Massachusetts .48.4 

Albany, New York.50.4 

Providence, Rhode Island.48 

Detroit, Michigan .49.7 

Ft. Randall, Dakota.47 

Sitka, Alaska ...43.9 












































CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 123 

. Concord, New Hampshire.46 

Augusta, Maine .45 

Madison, Wisconsin .45 

Helena, Montana .42.6 

Burlington, Vermont .45 

St. Paul, Minnesota.43.9 


Federal Reserve Act 

The Federal Reserve Act, 1913, substituted 
for the national banking system a new banking 
structure which provides (1) an elastic bank¬ 
note issue and (2) a combination of banking 
j resources, thereby preventing the panics inev- 
, itable under the defective provisions of the old 
law. It divides the country into 12 districts. 
In each district there is a Federal reserve bank 
whose capital is furnished by the “member 
! banks,” comprising all the national banks (and 
some of the State banks) within the district. 
The primary function of the Federal Reserve 
Banks is to hold the reserves of the member 
i banks and* to issue Federal reserve notes. Any 
member bank may deposit its commercial paper 
—notes and bills discounted for customers—and 
i receive in exchange reserve notes. The essence 
1 of the system is the consolidation of the coun¬ 
try’s banking resources in such a way that 
credit and currency will be available wherever 
i and whenever needed. Under the successful 
' operation of the act the Federal Reserve Banks 
i are coming to hold the bulk of the country’s 
gold in 12 centers, where it is utilized as a re¬ 
serve for the Nation’s credit and a bulwark 
against any crisis which the war may bring. 


The Velocity of Insects’ Wings 

According to a French physiologist, the wing of 
the ordinary house fly makes 330 strokes in one 
second; the wing of the bumble bee, 240; the 
wing of the honey bee, 190; the wing of the wasp, 
110; the wing of the dragon fly, 28; the wing 
of the sparrow, 13; the wing of the wild duck, 
. 9; the wing of the house pigeon, 8; the wing of 
the osprey, 6. 










124 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


Dates of First Occurrences 

Postoffices were first established in 1464. 

Printed music notes were first used in 1473. 

The first watches were made at Nuremberg 
in 1477. 

America was discovered in 1492. 

The first printing press was set up at Copen¬ 
hagen in 1493. 

Durer gave the world a prophecy of future 
wood-engraving in 1527. 

Jergens set the spinning wheel in motion in 


Modern needles first came into use in 1545. 

The first knives were used in England and the 
first wheeled carriages in France in 1559. 

Religious liberty was granted to the Huguenots 
in France in 1562, and was followed by the mas¬ 
sacre of St. Bartholomew in 1572. 

Cervantes wrote Don Quixote in 1573. 

The first newspaper was published in England 
in 1588. 


Telescopes were invented in 1590. 

The first printing press in the United States 
was introduced in 1629. 

The first air-pump was made in 1650. 

The first newspaper advertisement appeared in 
1652. 

The first copper cent was coined in New Haven 
in 1687. 


The first steam engine on this continent came 
from England in 1753. 

The first balloon ascent was made in 1783. 

The first society for the Promotion of Chris¬ 
tian Knowledge was organized in 1698. 

The first attempt to manufacture pins in this 
country was made soon after the war of 1812. 

The first prayerbook of Edward VI came into 
use by authority of Parliament on Whit Sunday, 
1549.. 

Glass windows first introduced into England 
in the eighth century. 

The first steamboat plied the Hudson in 1807. 

The first sawmakers’ anvil was brought to 
America in 1819. 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 125 

The first use of a locomotive in this country 
was in 1820. 

Kerosene was first used for lighting purposes 
in 1826. 

The first horse railroad was built in 1826-7. 

The first lucifer match was made in 1829. 

The first iron steamship was built in 1830. 

The first steel pen was made in 1830. 

Omnibuses were introduced in New York in 
1830. 

Ships were first “copper-bottomed" in 1837. 

Envelopes were first used in 1839. 

Anesthesia was discovered in 1844. 

Coaches were first used in England in 1569. 

The first steel plate was discovered in 1830. 

The Franciscans arrived in England in 1224. 

Gold was first discovered in California in 1848. 

The first telescope was used in England in 1608. 

Christianity was introduced into Japan in 1549. 

First almanac printed by George Von Furbach 
in 1460. 

Percussion arms were used in the United States 
Army in 1830. 

The first glass factory in the United States was 
built in 1780. 

The first complete sewing machine was pat¬ 
ented by Elias Howe, Jr., in 1846. 

The first temperance society in this country 
was organized in Saratoga County, N. Y., in 
March, 1808. 

The first coach in Scotland was brought thither 
in 1501, when Queen Mary came from France. 
It belonged to Alexander Lord Seaton. 

The first daily newspaper appeared in 1702. 
The first newspaper printed in the United States 
was published in Boston on September 25, 1790. 

The first telegraphic instrument was success¬ 
fully operated by S. F. B. Morse, the inventor, 
in 1835, though its utility was not demonstrated 
to the world until 1842. 

The first Union flag was unfurled on the 1st of 
January, 1776, over the camp at Cambridge. It 
had thirteen stripes of white and red, and re¬ 
tained the English cross in one corner. 


126 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


When Captain Cook first visited Tahiti, the 
natives were using- nails of wood, bone, shell and 
stone. When they saw iron nails they fancied 
them to be shoots of some very hard wood, and, 
desirous of securing such a valuable commodity, 
they planted, them in their gardens. 

In 1750 the “shoe-black’' came into vogue. The 
poet Gay, in his day, refers to the business, de¬ 
scribing a mother as instructing her son in his 
calling: 

“Go thrive; at some frequented corner stand; 
This brush I give thee, grasp it in thy hand; 
Temper the foot within this vase of oil, 

And let the little tripod aid thy toil.” 


Horsepower of Boilers 

Admitting a good natural draught for the fur¬ 
nace, for the evaporation of one cubic foot of 
water per hour, the boiler should have ten feet 
square of heating surface. This evaporation per 
hour may be taken to represent one horsepower. 
The coal required to effect this degree of evap¬ 
oration will generally be about eight pounds, and 
the grate surface needed for the combustion of 
this amount of coal per hour is about half a 
square foot. Estimates of horsepower in boilers, 
therefore, take into account ten square feet of 
heating surface, half a square foot of grate sur¬ 
face, eight pounds of good coal, and one cubic 
foot of water per hour for each unit of horse¬ 
power that the boiler is expected to develop. 


Facts as to Sounds 

In air sound travels from 1,130 to 1,140 ft. per 
second. In water, it passes at the rate of 4,700 
feet per second. A bell sounded under water 
may be heard under water at 1,200 feet distance. 
Sounds are distinct at twice the distance on 
water that they are on land. On Table Moun¬ 
tain, a mile above Cape Town, every noise in it 
and even words may be heard distinctly. Dr. 
Jamieson says that in calm weather he heard 
every word of a sermon at the distance of two 
miles. 





CONKLIN-EDJSON MANUAL 


127 


Age of Soldiers in the Civil War 

The records in Washington show that in the 
Civil War the enlisted “men” were comprised of 
the following grades: 

10 years and under... v . 25 

11 “ “ “ 38 

12 “ “ “ 225 

13 “ “ “ 300 

14 “ « “ 1,523 

15 .. 104.978 

16 “ “ “ 231,051 

17 “ “ “ 844,981 

18 “ « “ 1,151,438 

21 “ « “ 2,159,798 

22 “ “ over 618,511 

25 “ “ “ 46,626 

44 *« “ “ 16,971 


Total .5,176,474 


Miles of Various Nations 

The English and American statute 

mile is .1,760 yards 

The U. S. nautical mile is.2,026.5 

The German (geographical) mile is.. .8,114 

The Scotch mile is.1,976 

The Irish mile is.2,240 

The Dutch mile is.6,394 “ 

The Australian mile is.8,297 

The Swiss mile is.9,153 

The Danish mile is.8,243 " 

The Maltese mile is.1,765 “ 

The Roman mile is.1,628 " 

The Tuscan mile is.1,808 “ 

The Russian mile (verst) is.. .l,167or 1,337 

The Turkish mile is.1,826 “ 

The Arabian mile is.2,143 


Introduction of Postage Stamps 

The use of postage stamps, one of the great 
reforms advocated by Rowland Hill, was intro¬ 
duced into England through his efforts May b, 
1840. They began to be used in this country 
in 1847. 




































128 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

Radium and Radio-Activity 

X-Rays were discovered by Prof. Roentgen 

1895. 

Uranium rays discovered by H. Becquerel, 

1896. 

Radium discovered by Prof, and Mme. Curie, 
1898. 

Alpha, beta and gamma rays discovered by 
Prof. Rutherford, 1899. 

Uranium X discovered by William Crookes, 
1900. 

Thorium X and radium emanation discovered 
by Prof. Rutherford, 1902-03. 

Production of helium by emanation of radium 
discovered by Prof. Ramsay and Mr. Soddy, 1903. 

The discovery of H. Becquerel that uranium 
and uranium compounds emitted rays, which, like 
X-rays, affected photographic plates, passed 
through wood and iron, and rendered a gas a 
conductor of electricity, led to the discovery of 
radium. Mrs. Curie, in experimenting with pitch¬ 
blende, the chief ingredient of which is uranium 
oxide, noticed that the crude ore showed the 
said properties much more readily than the same 
weight of pure uranium salt. She concluded that 
the ore must contain some element having a 
greater radio-activity than the uranium oxide, 
and, with the aid of her husband, proceeded to 
separate from the ore each known element and 
determine after each separation which of the two 
parts contained the greater amount of radio-ac¬ 
tivity until finally only the pure radium salt re¬ 
mained, not more than two or three grains from 
several tons of pitchblende. Cathode X-rays con¬ 
sist of streams of negatively charged particles 
shot off with a velocity of about 20,000 miles per 
second from the negative electrode of an ex¬ 
hausted bulb in which an electrical discharge is 
passing. These particles are of such a size, that 
about 1,000 of them equal the atom of hydrogen, 
the smallest atom known. Some investigators 
think that X-rays are ethereal and similar to 
light waves. They differ from cathode rays in 
that they are not deflected by a magnet or by 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL, 


129 


bodies charged with static electricity, and do not 
impart negative charges to objects upon which 
they fall. X-rays originate where the cathode 
rays strike the walls of the tube or any object 
within the tube. 

Radium rays' and those emitted by uranium, 
thorium, polonium and actinium, all radio-active, 
are identical in some respects with cathode rays, 
but their velocity is much greater (nearly that 
of light, 186,000 miles a second), and they are 
spontaneously emitted. Radium rays in a strong 
magnetic field show various distinctive proper¬ 
ties according to which they are divided into 
alpha, beta and gamma rays. 

Radium sends out rays to which no body is 
absolutely impenetrable. They produce phos¬ 
phorescence in many bodies. They are self-lu¬ 
minous. The light of radium salts resembles that 
of the glow-worm. Radium salts constantly de¬ 
velop heat; one gram of radium develops eighty 
calories or sufficient to raise the temperature of 
80 grams of water one degree. Radium in a 
pasteboard or metal box affects the human eye. 
If radium in a tube is placed against the skin 
for a short time, a scab forms 15 to 20 days later. 
Longer application causes a bad wound, lame¬ 
ness, and even death. Radium seems to develop 
energy constantly. This is explained on two the¬ 
ories, either that radium is an element in process 
of development, or that it absorbs certain un¬ 
known rays and transforms them into radio-ac¬ 
tive energy. Possibly radium is an unstable 
chemical clement and helium is one of the prod¬ 
ucts of its disintegration. No loss of weight or 
activity has as yet been observed in radium. 

All these discoveries and observations seem to 
lead to the startling conclusion that in the case 
of certain elements at least the dreams of the 
ancient alchemists are true, for these elements 
all appear to be slowly but spontaneously trans¬ 
forming themselves into other elements. Is there 
a natural process which does for the* atoms what 
the life process does among the molecules, con¬ 
tinually disintegrating them into simpler forms 


130 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

and building these up again into more complex 
ones? 


How Many Muscle* a Human Body Has 

A muscle consists of 3 parts, muscular flesh or 
belly, fascia and tendon. The swelling of the 
belly draws together the bones fixed to tendons. 
The head has 77 muscles; the eye, 8; the nose, 1; 
hips, 8; jaw, 8; tongue, 11; larynx, 11; ear, 11; 
head and neck, 17; to move the hairy scalp, 1; 
the eyebrows, 1; the chest, abdomen, and loins, 
5; the shoulder, 15; the arm and wrist, 15; the 
hands and fingers, 23; the hip 10; the thigh, 14; 
leg and foot, 24. Contracting muscles are called 
flexor muscles; expanding muscles, extensor. 


Mother Shipton’s Prophecy 

The lines were first published in England in 
1485, before the discovery of America, and before 
any of the discoveries and inventions mentioned 
therein. All the events predicted have come to 
pass except that in the last two lines. 

Carriages without horses shall go, 

And accidents fill the world with woe. 

Around the world thoughts shall fly 
In the twinkling of an eye. 

Waters shall yet more wonders do, 

Now strange, yet shall be true. 

The world upside down shall be. 

And gold be found at root of tree. 

Through hills man shall ride, 

And no horse nor ass be at his side. 

Under water man shall walk, 

Shall ride, shall sleep, shall talk. 

In the air men shall be seen 
In white, in black, in green. 

Iron in the water shall float, 

As easy as a wooden boat. 

Gold shall be found ’mid stone, 

In a land that’s now unknown. 

Fire and water shall wonders do, 

England shall at last admit a Jew. 

And this world to an end shall come 
In eighteen hundred and eighty-one. 





CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


131 


Railway Signals 

One whistle signifies “down brakes.” 

Two whistles signify “off brakes.” 

Three whistles signify “back up.” 

Continued whistles signify “danger.” 

Rapid short whistles “a cattle alarm.” 

A sweeping parting of the hands on a level 
with the eyes signifies “go ahead.” 

Downward motion of the hands with extended 
arms signifies “stop.” 

Beckoning motion of one hand signifies “back.” 

Red flag waved up the track signifies “danger.” 

Red flag stuck up by the roadside signifies 
“danger ahead.” 

Red flag carried on a locomotive signifies “an 
engine following.” 

Red flag hoisted at a station is a signal to 
“stop.” 

Lantern at night raised and lowered verti¬ 
cally is a signal “to start.” 

Lantern swung at right angles across the track 
means “stop.” 

Lanterns swung in a circle signify “back the 
train.” 


Melting Point of Metals 


Platinum . 3,080 degrees Fahr. (Pouillet). 

Wrought iron. .. . 2,822 “ “ “ 

Steel . 2,462 “ “ “ 

Cast iron (gray). 2,210 “ " “ 

Gold . 2,192 “ “ “ 

Silver . 1,832 “ “ 

Antimony . 842 “ “ (1. Lowthian Bell.) 

Zinc . 782 

Lead . 620 

Tin . 475 


Rule to Calculate the Horsepower of an Engine 

This rule will prove correct for all ordinary 
engines; but there may be a very slight varia¬ 
tion in the case of an extra long or extra short 
stroke. 

Rule.— Multiply the diameter of the cylinder 
in inches by itself—in other words, square the 
diameter in inches, and divide by four. 
















132 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


How the Presidents Died 

GEORGE WASHINGTON—His death was the 
result of a severe cold, contracted while riding 
around his farm in a rain and sleet storm on 
December 10, 1799. The cold increased, and was 
followed by a chill, which brought on acute 
laryngitis. His death occurred on December 14, 
1799. He was 68 years of age. 

JOHN ADAMS —He died from old age, having 
reached his 91st milestone. Though active men¬ 
tally, he was nearly blind and unable to hold a 
pen steadily enough to write. He passed away 
without a pain on July 4, 1826. 

THOMAS JEFFERSON—He died at the age of 
83, a few hours before Adams, on July 4, 1826. 
His disease was chronic diarrhea, superinduced 
by old age. 

JAMES MADISON—He, too, died of old age, 
and peacefully, on June 28, 1836. His faculties 
were undimmed. He was 85. 

JAMES MONROE—At the time of his death, 
which occurred in the 73rd year of his age, on 
July 4, 1831, it was assigned to enfeebled health. 

JOHN QUINCY ADAMS—He was stricken 
with paralysis on February 21, 1848, while ad¬ 
dressing the Speaker of the House of Represen¬ 
tatives, being at the time a member of Congress. 
He died in the rotunda of the Capitol. He was 
81 years of age. 

ANDREW JACKSON— He died on June 8, 1845, 
78 years old. He suffered from consumption, and 
finally dropsy, which made its appearance about 
six months before his death. 

MARTIN VAN BUREN— He died on July 24, 
1862, from a violent attack of asthma, followed 
by catarrhal affections of the throat and lungs. 
He was 80 years of age. 

WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON—The cause 
of his death was pleurisy, the result of a cold 
which he caught on the day of his inauguration. 
He died April 4, 1841, 68 years of age. 

JOHN TYLER—He died on January 17, 1862, 
at the age of 72. 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 133 

JAMES K. POLK—Died of cholera morbus on 
June 15, 1849, aged 54 years. 

ZACHARY TAYLOR—He died of cholera mor- 
, bus in the White House, July 9, 1850, 65 years 
old. 

MILLARD FILLMORE—Died from a stroke 
of paralysis on March 8, 1874, in his 74th year. 

FRANKLIN PIERCE—His death was due to 
abdominal dropsy, and occurred on Oct. 8, 1869, 
in the 65th year of his life. 

JAMES BUCHANAN—His death occurred on 
June 1, 1868, and was caused by rheumatic gout. 
He was 77 years of age. 

ABRAHAM LINCOLN—Shot by J. Wilkes 
Booth at Ford’s Theater, Washington, April 14, 
1865; died the following day, aged 56. 

ANDREW JOHNSON—He died from a stroke 
of paralysis, July 31, 1875, aged 67. 

ULYSSES S. GRANT—A cancer at the root of 
the tongue caused his death on July 23, 1885, 
at the age of 63 years. 

JAMES A. GARFIELD—Shot by a disap¬ 
pointed office-seeker on July 2, 1881; died Sept. 
15; 49 years of age. 

CHESTER A. ARTHUR—Died of Bright’s dis¬ 
ease Nov. 18, 1886; 56 years old. 

GROVER CLEVELAND—He died of pneu¬ 
monia, June 24, 1908, at Princeton, N. J., age 
71 years. 

BENJAMIN HARRISON—Died of pneumonia, 
March 3, 1901; 67 years of age. 

WILLIAM McKINLEY—Shot by an anarchist 
Sept. 6, 1901; died Sept. 14; 58 years of age. 

THEODORE ROOSEVELT—Died of inflamma¬ 
tory rheumatism, January 6, 1919, at Sagamore 
Hill, Oyster Bay, L. I.; 60 years of age. 


Number of Trees Required per Acre 

4 ft. apart each way.2,720 15 ft. apart each way. 


200 


5 

44 


1,742 

18 

44 

135 

6 

44 


1,200 

20 

t€ 

110 

8 

44 


680 

25 

44 

70 

10 

44 

i t 

430 

30 

44 

60 

12 

44 

44 

325 

33 

M 

40 








134 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


How to Make Liquid Glue 

Take soft water, 1 quart; best pale glue, 2 
pounds; dissolve in a covered vessel by the heat 
of a water bath or in a vessel immersed in boil¬ 
ing water; cool, and add, gradually, of nitric acid 
(specific gravity 1.335) 7 ounces; when cold put 
it into bottles. It is very strong and does not 
gelatinize. 

The following formula, known as “Chinese ce¬ 
ment,” produces a cement for porcelain, glass, 
fancy work, jewelry, etc., so strong that wood 
or porcelain can be joined together so firmly that 
they will break anywhere else rather than where 
cemented: Take of finest pale orange shellac 
(broken small) 4 ounces; strongest rectified spir¬ 
its, 3 ounces, and digest them together in a 
corked bottle in a warm place until dissolved. It 
should have about the consistency of molasses. 


SOME HOWS AND WHYS 

Why Cannel Coal is so Called —Cannel coal 
is a corruption of candle coal. This kind of coal 
is very hard and can be cut into blocks or strips 
and, as it burns with a clear, yellow flame, was 
often used when first known as a substitute for 
candles. 

Why a Shoe Shines when Polished with 
Blacking —The philosophy of polish on any sub¬ 
stance is simply the production by friction of 
such smoothness of the surface layer of its par¬ 
ticles that they readily reflect the rays of light 
falling upon them. Different articles are used 
to aid in procuring this smoothness on different 
substances. With leather the best substance 
seems to be a paste containing bone-black—that 
is, the powder obtained from charred bones or 
ivory—to which is added a small quantity of 
acid to dissolve it, oil to preserve the soft texture 
of the leather, and treacle and gum to render the 
mass adhesive. A small portion of this rubbed 
over leather is but slightly absorbed, but renders 
the whole surface black, and by the help of vig¬ 
orous friction the smooth surface of the leather 
necessary for the shining effect is induced. 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 135 

The Cause of a Whip Crack or Pop —The 
cracking of a knot on the end of a whip is 
simply the concussion of the air produced by its 
rapid movement. The effect differs with the 
material used for the whip lash, because some 
textures present a much greater resistance to the 
air than others. 

Why Shoes are Hotter for Being Dusty— 
Because dull, dusty shoes will absorb heat from 
the sun, earth and air, but shoes brightly polished 
throw off the heat of the sun by reflection. 

Why the Flash of a Gun Fired at a Distance 
is Seen Long Before the Report is Heard— Be¬ 
cause light travels much faster than sound. Light 
would go four hundred and eighty times around 
the whole earth while sound is going thirteen 
miles. 

How the Velocity of Light Compares with 
the Speed of a Locomotive —Light passes from 
the sun to the earth in about eight minutes; dis¬ 
tance 95,000,000 miles; a locomotive, traveling 
at the rate of a mile a minute, would require 
upward of 180 years to accomplish the same 
journey. 

How to Kill the Nerve of a Hollow Tooth— 
Take half dram white oxide of arsenic; one dram 
sulphate of morphia; mix with a little creosote 
and apply to the cavity of the tooth, previously 
cleansed. 

How to Destroy the Taste of Castor Oil—A 
good way is to beat the castor oil with the white 
of an egg until both are thoroughly mixed. 

How to Take Bruises Out of Furniture— 
Wet the part with warm water; double a piece 
of brown paper five or six times, soak it in 
warm water, and lay it on the place; apply on 
that a warm, but not hot, flat-iron till the 
moisture is evaporated. If the bruise be not 
gone, repeat the process. After two or three ap¬ 
plications the dent or bruise will be raised to 
the surface. If the bruise be small, merely soak 
it with warm water, and hold a red-hot iron near 
the surface, keeping the surface continually wet; 
the bruise will soon disappear. 


136 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


How to Prevent Ivory Handles from Crack¬ 
ing —When the blades of knives require washing 
or standing in water, it should be done in a 
pitcher, with water enough to cover the blades, 
but not to touch the handles; and the water no 
hotter than is absolutely necessary. Soaking the 
handles in water makes them crack. 

How to Cleanse Feathers —Feathers are pre¬ 
pared by exposing them to the sunshine or in a 
stove until perfectly dry, and then beating them 
to remove dust and loose dirt. When carelessly 
collected and dirty, they may be cleansed with 
lime-water, or, still better, with a weak solution 
of carbonate of soda, or with water containing 
a little solution of'chloride of lime; after which 
they are rinsed in clean water, and dried as be¬ 
fore. Old feathers are purified and cleansed in 
the same way. 

Management of Brooms —If brooms are wetted 
in boiling suds once a week, they will become 
very tough, will not cut a carpet, will last much 
longer, and always sweep like a new broom. 

Ships 

The first seen in Greece arrived at Rhodes from 
Egypt, 1485 before Christ; the first double¬ 
decked one built in England was of 1,000 tons 
burthen, by order of Henry VII., 1509, it was 
called the Great Harry, and cost £14,000; before 
this, 24 gun ships were the largest in the navy, 
and these had no portholes, the guns being on the 
upper decks only. Port-holes and other improve¬ 
ments were invented by Decharges, a French 
builder at Brest, in the reign of Louis XII., 1500. 

Sayings by the Seven Wise Men of Greece 

“Know thyself.”—Solon. 

“Consider the end.”—Chilo. 

“Know thy opportunity.”—Pittacus. 

“Most men are bad.”—Bias. 

“Nothing is impossible to industry.”—Perian- 
der. 

“Avoid excesses.”—Cleobulus. 

“Suretyship is the precursor of ruin.”—Thales. 



CONKLIN-BDISON MANUAL 137 

Velocity of Drums—To Find Their Required 
Diameter 

Suppose a drum 30 inches in diameter to make 
50 revolutions per minute; required the diameter 
of another to make 100 revolutions per minute, 
proceed thus: 30X50=1500-^100=15 inches. 


Breaking; and Crushing Strains of Iron and Steel 

Per sq. 

_ , . A . in. of sec. 

Breaking strain of wrought iron. 23 tons 

Crushing “ “ “ . 17 «« 

Breaking strain of cast iron.. . . . . . . . 7 iz, “ 

Crushing “ “ . 50 «« 

Breaking strain of steel bars.50 

Crushing “ “ . 166 “ 


How to Compute the Quantity of Water Required 
for a Boiler 

Add fifteen to the pressure per square inch in 
pounds on a given boiler and divide this sum by 
18, and then multiply the quotient by .24; the 
resulting product will be the number of gallons 
of water required by that boiler per horsepower 
per hour. 


What We Know of Color 

All that we know of color, its causes and 
effects, is in connection with the wave theory of 
light. Color depends upon the number of light 
waves reflected from any object impinging upon 
the retina of the eye. In red there are about 
40,000 waves to the inch, and these will strike 
the eye at the rate of 447 millions of millions 
of pulsations per second. In violet there are 
57,000 waves to the inch and 690 millions of 
millions of pulsations per second. The other 
colors have wave light intermediate between 
these two. Color does not, therefore, exist either 
in the object, or in the brain, or in the mind of 
the observer. It is an effect. There can be no 
appearance of a fire on a desert island where 
there is no eye within seeing distance. The 
chemical process called combustion goes on, but 
there is no appearance of the flame save when 
its waves strike upon the retina of an eye. 












138 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


Casualties in Spanish-Amerlcan War 

THE NAVY— Lost on the Maine, 2 officers, 257 
men; Cienfugos, 1 killed, 11 wounded; Cardenas, 
5 killed, 3 wounded; San Juan, 1 killed, 7 
wounded; Guantanamo, 6 killed, 16 wounded; 
Santiago, 2 killed, 10 wounded; 29 died from in¬ 
juries received in battle, 56 from disease. 

THE ARMY.—Santiago campaign : Killed, 
officers 23, men 237; wounded, officers 99, men 
1,332. Porto Rico campaign: Killed, 3 men; 
wounded, 4 officers, 36 men. Manila campaign : 
Killed, 17 men; wounded, 10 officers, 96 men. 
Died of disease, 80 officers, 2,485 men. 


Symbolic Moaning of Colors 

White is the emblem, of light, religious pur¬ 
ity, Innocence, faith, joy and life. In the judge, 
It indicates integrity; in the sick, humility; in 
the woman, chastity. 

Red, the ruby, signifies fire, divine love, heat 
of the creative power, and royalty. White and 
red roses express love and wisdom. The red 
color of the blood has its origin in the action 
of the heart, which corresponds to, or symbolizes 
love. In a bad sense, red corresponds to the 
infernal love of evil, hatred, etc. 

Blue, or the sapphire, expresses heaven, the 
firmament, truth from a celestial origin, con¬ 
stancy and fidelity. 

Yellow, or gold, is the symbol of the sun, of 
the goodness of God, of marriage and faithful¬ 
ness. In a bad sense yellow signifies incon¬ 
stancy, jealousy and deceit. 

Green, the emerald, is the eolor of the spring, 
of hope, particularly of the hope of immortality 
and of victory, as the color of the laurel and 
palm. 

Violet, the amethyst, signifies love and truth, 
or passion and suffering. Purple and scarlet 
signify things good and true from a celestial 
origin. 

Black corresponds to despair, darkness, earth- 
liness, mourning, negation, wickedness and 
death. 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 139 

Table Showing the Number of Days From Any 
One Day In One Month to the Same 
Day in Another 


From c 


Mar. 

u 

May 

« 

c 

>> 


-*2 

Oi 


> 

o 


To« 

4) 

fa 

a 

< 

3 

•-5 



« 

CQ 

o 

o 

1 

S 

Q 

Jan. 

..365 

31 

59 

90 

120 

151 

181 

212 

243 

273 

304 

334 

Feb. 

..334 

365 

28 

59 

89 

120 

150 

181 

212 

242 

273 

303 

Mar. 

.306 

337 

365 

31 

61 

92 

122 

153 

184 

214 

245 

275 

April 

.275 

306 

334 

365 

30 

61 

91 

122 

153 

183 

214 

244 

May 

..245 

276 

304 

335 

365 

31 

61 

92 

123 

153 

184 

214 

June 

.214 

245 

273 

304 

334 

365 

30 

61 

92 

122 

153 

183 

July 

..184 

215 

243 

274 

304 

335 

365 

31 

62 

92 

123 

153 

Aug. 

.153 

184 

212 

243 

273 

304 

334 

365 

31 

61 

92 

122 

Bept. 

.122 

153 

181 

212 

242 

273 

303 

334 

365 

30 

61 

91 

Oct. 

.. 92 

123 

151 

182 

212 

243 

273 

304 

335 

365 

31 

61 

Nov. 

. 61 

92 

120 

151 

181 

212 

242 

273 

304 

334 

365 

30 

Dec. 

. 31 

62 

90 

121 

151 

182 

212 

243 

274 

304 

335 

365 


Explanation.—To find the number of days from Jan¬ 
uary 20 to Dec. 20 follow the horizontal line opposite 
January until you reach the column headed by Decem¬ 
ber, when you will find 334, representing the required 
number of days, and so on with the other months. 
During leap year, if February enters into the calcula¬ 
tion, add one day to the result. 


Laws of Grace on Sight Drafts 
Grace on sight drafts is allowed in the follow¬ 
ing States: 

Alabama New Mexico Rhode Island 

Arkansas North Carolina South Carolina 

Maine Oklahoma South Dakota 

Massachusetts Oregon Texas 

Mississippi 

Grace on sight drafts is not allowed in the fol¬ 
lowing States: 

Arizona Kansas North Dakota 

California Kentucky Ohio 

Colorado Louisiana Pennsylvania 

Connecticut Michigan Tennessee 

Delaware Minnesota Utah 

Dist. Columbia Maryland Vermont 

Florida Montana Virginia 

Georgia Nebraska Washington 

Idaho Nevada West Virginia 

Illinois New Hampshire Wisconsin 

Indiana New Jersey Wyoming 

Iowa New York 



140 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


Wood Measure 

To find the contents of cord wood. Multiply 
the length, width, and height together and divide 
the product by 128. 

How many cords in a pile of wood 4 feet wide, 
5 feet high, and 24 feet long? 

4X5X24=480 (cubic feet)-i-128=3% cords. 


Circles and Globes 

To find the circumference of a circle: Multiply 
the diameter by 3.1416. 

To find the area of a circle: Multiply the 
square of the diameter by .7854. 

To find the surface of a globe: Multiply the 
square of the diameter by 3.1416. 

To find the solidity of a globe: Multiply the 
cube of the diameter by .5236. 


Wedding Anniversaries 
First anniversary, iron; fifth, wooden; tenth, 
tin; fifteenth, crystal; twentieth, china; twenty- 
fifth, silver; thirtieth, cotton; thirty-fifth, linen; 
fortieth, woolen; forty-fifth, silk; fiftieth, gold; 
seventy-fifth, diamond. 


The Child’s Prophecy 

There are some lines which are known uni¬ 
versally throughout America as the prophecy 
for one’s life, counting from the day of his 
birth. One set runs : 

Monday's child is fair of face; 

Tuesday’s child is full of grace; 

Wednesday's child is merry and glad; 

Thursday’s child is sorry and sad; 

Friday’s child is loving and giving; 

Saturday’s child must work for his living; 

Sunday’s child is blithe, bonny, good and gay. 
Another set goes: 

Monday for health, 

Tuesday for wealth, 

Wednesday the best day of all; 
Thursday for crosses, 

Friday for losses, 

Saturday no luck at all. 





CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 141 

The Famous Connecticut Blue Laws 

These laws, enacted by the people of the “Do¬ 
minion of New Haven,” became known as the 
blue laws because they were printed on blue 
paper. They were as follows: 

The governor and magistrates convened in 
general assembly are the supreme power, under 
God, of the independent dominion. From the 
determination of the assembly no appeal shall be 
made. 

No one shall be a freeman or have a vote 
unless he is converted and a member of one of 
the churches allowed in the dominion. 

Each freeman shall swear by the blessed God 
to bear true allegiance to this dominion and that 
Jesus is the only king. 

No dissenter from the essential worship of this 
dominion shall be allowed to give a vote for 
electing of magistrates or any officer. 

No food or lodging shall be offered to a heretic. 

No one shall cross a river on the Sabbath but 
authorized clergymen. 

No one shall travel, cook victuals, make beds, 
sweep houses, cut hair or shave on the Sabbath 
Day. 

No one shall kiss his or her children on the 
Sabbath or fasting days. 

The Sabbath Day shall begin at sunset Satur¬ 
day. 

Whoever wears clothes trimmed with gold, sil¬ 
ver or bone lace above one shilling per yard shall 
be presented by the grand jurors and the select¬ 
men shall tax the estate £300. 

Whoever brings cards or dice into the dominion 
shall pay a fine of £5. 

No one shall eat mince pies, dance, play cards 
or play any instrument of music except the drum, 
trumpet or jewsharp. 

No gospel minister shall join people in mar¬ 
riage. The magistrate may join them, as he may 
do it with less scandal to Christ’s church. 

When parents refuse their children convenient 
marriages, the magistrate shall determine the 
point. 


142 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


A man who strikes his wife shall be fined £10. 

A woman who strikes her husband shall be 
punished as the law directs. 

No man shall court a maid in person or by 
letter without obtaining 1 the consent of her par¬ 
ents; £5 penalty for the first offense; £10 for 
the second, and for the third imprisonment dur¬ 
ing the pleasure of the court. 


Durability of Different Woods 

Experiments have been lately made by driving 
sticks, made of different woods, each 2 feet long 
and 1% inches square, into the ground, only 
one-half an inch projecting outward. It was 
found that in five years, all those made of oak, 
. elm, ash, fir, soft mahogany, and nearly every 
variety of pine, were totally rotten. Larch, hard 
pine, and teak wood were decayed on the outside 
only; while acacia, with the exception of being 
also slightly attacked on the exterior, was other¬ 
wise sound. Hard mahogany and cedar of Leba¬ 
non were in tolerably good condition, but only 
Virginia cedar was found as good as when put 
in the ground. This is of some importance to 
builders, showing what woods should be avoided, 
and what others used by preference in under¬ 
ground work. 

The duration of wood, when kept dry, is very 
great, as beams still exist which are known to be 
nearly 1,100 years old. Piles driven by the Ro¬ 
mans prior to the Christian era, have been ex¬ 
amined of late, and found to be perfectly sound 
after an immersion of nearly 2,000 years. 

The wood of some tools will last longer than 
the metals, as in spades, hoes, and plows. In 
other tools the wood is first gone, as in wagons, 
wheelbarrows, and machines. Such wood should 
be painted or oiled; the paint not only looks well, 
but preserves the wood; petroleum oil is as good 
as any other. 

Hard wood stumps decay in five or six years; 
spruce stumps decay in about the same time; 
hemlock stumps in eight to nine years; cedar 
eight to nine years; some stumps, never. 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL, 143 


Principal Countries of the World—Population, 



Area, Etc. 



Popu- 

Square 

Capitals. 

Countries. 

lation. 

Miles. 

United States and 
Possessions 
(1917) . 

113,335,336 

3,743,602 

Washington 

Argentina . 

8,574,000 

1,139,196 

Buenos Aires 

Austria (former).. 

29,193,293 

115,882 

Vienna 

Belgium and Bel¬ 
gian Congo .... 

22,571,387 

911,373 

Brussels 

Bolivia . 

2,520,538 

708,195 

La Paz 

Brazil . 

24,618,429 

3,292,000 

Rio de Janeiro 

British Empire... 

437,847,432 

13,153,712 

London 

Chile . 

5,000,000 

292,100 

Santiago 

China . 

320,620,000 

1,861,000 

Peking 

Colombia . 

5,472,604 

435,278 

Bogota 

Cuba . 

2,406,117 

44,164 

Havana 

Denmark and Pos¬ 
sessions . 

3,037,990 

15,388 

Copenhagen 

Dominican Repub¬ 
lic . 

710,000 

19,325 

San Domingo 

Ecuador . 

1,500,000 

116,000 

Quito 

Egypt and the 
Soudan . 

15,170,000 

1,384,520 

Cairo 

France and Pos¬ 
sessions . 

87,429,090 

4,983,086 

Paris 

German Empire 
(former) and 
Possessions .... 

81,758,200 

1,236,600 

Berlin 

Greece . 

4,821,300 

46,522 

Athens 

Hungary (former) 

20,886,487 

125,609 


Italy and Posses¬ 
sions . 

38,346,437 

706,623 

Rome 

Japan and Pos¬ 
sessions . 

76,971,176 

258,266 

Tokio 

Mexico . 

15,160,369 

767,097 

City of Mexico 

Netherlands (Hol¬ 
land) and Pos¬ 
sessions . 

43,310,646 

771,077 

Amsterdam 

Norway . 

2,391,782 

124,129 

Christiania 

Paraguay. 

800,000 

97,722 

Asuncion 

Persia . 

9,000,000 

628,000 

Teheran 

Peru . 

4,500,000 

683.321 

Lima 

Poland . 

12,247,600 

49,018 

Warsaw 

Portugal and Pos¬ 
sessions . 

15,207,985 

867,757 

Lisbon 

Russia. 

182,182,600 

8,657,882 

Petrograd 


10,377,900 

4,831,882 


Spain and Posses- 

Madrid 

sions . 

21,742,249 

280,611 

Sweden ... .. 

5,757,566 

172,876 

Stockholm 

Switzerland. 

3,880,500 

15,976 

Berne 

Turkish Empire.. 

21,274,000 

710,224 

Const’ntinople 

United Kingdom.. 

33,711,000 


Montevideo 

Uruguay . 

1,225,914 

72,172 

Venezuela . 

2,811,046 

393,976 

Caracas 




































144 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


Facts About Railways 

It is claimed that the fastest time on record 
was made over the Philadelphia and Reading 
Railroad. The time was ninety-two miles in 
ninety-three minutes, one mile being made in 
forty-six seconds. 

The chances for loss of life in railroad acci¬ 
dents in the country are one person killed for 
every 10,000,000 carried. Statisticians claim 
that more people are killed every year by fall¬ 
ing out of windows than there are in railroad 
accidents. 

The cantilever span in the Poughkeepsie bridge 
is the longest railway bridge span in the United 
States. Its length is 548 feet. 

The Kinzu viaduct, on the Erie Railroad, Is 
the highest railroad bridge in the United States. 
It is 305 feet high. 

The longest railway tunnel in America is the 
Hoosac tunnel; Boston & Maine Railroad. It is 
four and three-fourths miles long. 


What a Lemon Will Do 

Lemonade made from the juice of the lemon 
is one of the best and safest drinks for any 
person, whether in health or not. It is suitable 
for all stomach diseases, excellent in sickness, 
in cases of jaundice, gravel, liver complaint, in¬ 
flammation of the bowels, and fevers. It is a 
specific against worms and skin complaints. The 
pippin crushed may be used with sugar' and 
water and taken as a drink. Lemon juice is the 
best antiscorbutic remedy known. It not only 
cures the disease, but prevents it. Sailors make 
daily use of it for this purpose. We advise 
every one to rub their gums with lemon juice 
to keep them in a healthy condition. The hands 
and nails are also kept clean, white, soft and 
supple by the daily use of lemon instead of soap. 
It also prevents chilblains. Lemon is used in in¬ 
termittent fevers, mixed with strong, hot, black 
coffee, without sugar. Neuralgia, it is said, may 
be cured by rubbing the part affected with a 
cut lemon. It is valuable also to cure warts. 
It will remove dandruff by rubbing the roots of 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 145 

the hair with it. It will alleviate, and finally 
cure, coughs and colds, and heal diseased lungs, 
if taken hot on going to bed at night. Its uses 
are manifold, and the more we employ it inter¬ 
nally the better we shall find ourselves. A doc¬ 
tor in Rome is trying it experimentally in mala¬ 
rial fevers with great success. 


Excessive Heat in the Past 

In 1303 and 1304 the Rhine, Loire and Seine 
ran dry. The heat in several French provinces 
during the summer of 1705 was equal to that 
of a glass furnace. Meat could be cooked by 
merely exposing it to the sun. Not a soul dare 
venture out between noon and 4 p. m. In 1718 
many shops had to close. The theaters never 
opened their doors for three months. Not a 
drop of water fell during six months. In 1773 
the thermometer rose to 118 degrees. In 1778 
the heat of Bologna was so intense that a great 
number of people were stifled. There was not 
sufficient air for the breath and people had to 
take refuge under the ground. In July, 1793, 
the heat again became intolerable. Vegetables 
were burned up and fruit dried on the trees. 
The furniture and woodwork in dwelling houses 
cracked and split up; meat went bad in an hour. 

A Figure Puzzle 

Open a book at random and select a word 
within the first ten lines, and within the tenth 
word from the end of the line. Mark the word. 
Now double the number of the page and multiply 
the sum by 5. 

Then add 20. 

Then add the number of the line you have se¬ 
lected. 

Then add 5. 

Multiply the sum by 10. 

Add the number of the word in the line. From 
this sum subtract 250, and the remainder will 
indicate in the unit column the number of the 
word; in the ten column the number of the line, 
and the remaining figures the number of the page. 




146 


fcONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


A Popular Fiction About Steel 

Many people imagine that by blowing their 
breath on the blade of a knife they can tell 
whether the blade is steel or pot-metal. Now, a 
person’s breath will adhere to a pot-metal blade 
and fade away the same as on steel, but nine 
out of ten men don’t know this, and that is the 
reason why so many people carry inferior pocket- 
knives. 


Sailing Around the World—How Days Are “Lost” 
and “Picked Up” 

There are 360 degrees of longitude in the 
entire circle of the earth. As the world rotates 
on its axis in 24 hours, 1/24 of 360 degrees, 
which equals 15 degrees, corresponds to a differ¬ 
ence of one hour in time. Now, imagine a ship 
sailing from New York eastward. When it has 
reached a point 15 degrees east of New York, 
the sun will come to the noon line (or meridian) 
one hour sooner than at New York. When it 
has reached to 30 degrees of longitude east of 
New York, it will be noon on shipboard two 
hours earlier than at New York, and so on, until 
when it is 180 degrees east of that city, when it 
will be noon on shipboard twelve hours earlier 
than at New York. Now, imagine another ship 
sailing westward. It is easy to comprehend that 
for every 15 degrees in that direction there will 
be a difference of one hour later in the time of 
the sun’s coming to the noon line, and at 180 
west of New York it will not be noon on the 
ship until twelve hours after it was noon in 
New York. If the two ships meet at this point, 
the one will have gained twelve hours and the 
other will have lost twelve hours, and if there 
were no rule of navigation to regulate their cal¬ 
endars, one crew would insist on calling the time 
noon of one day, while the other would insist 
that it was noon of the day before or day after. 
The rule of the calendar-makers and all navi¬ 
gators is to drop out a day for the lost day when 
a ship crosses the 180 degrees of longitude sail¬ 
ing westward (that is, the 180th degree from 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


147 


Greenwich, near London), and to add a day to 
the week, or double the day on which they reach 
the same degree in sailing eastward. For ex¬ 
ample, when a ship reaches the 180th degree 
sailing eastward on Wednesday it calls both that 
day and the next day Wednesday. When a ship 
comes to this same meridian, sailing westward 
on Wednesday, instead of calling it Wednesday 
they call it Thursday. The one ship's crew has 
two Wednesdays together in the same week, and 
the other ship’s crew has a week without any 
Wednesday in it. The sailors say that the 
Wednesday the one ship “lost” the other 
“picked up.” 


The Greatest of Valleys 
The Valley of the Amazon is larger than that 
of the Mississippi, the former river draining 
2,330,000 square miles, the Mississippi 1,244,600 
square miles. The Amazon drains a greater area 
than any other river on the globe. 


Silk Stockings 

Silk stockings were first worn by Henry II. of 
France, 1547. Howell says, in 1560, Queen Eliza¬ 
beth was presented with a pair of black knit silk 
stockings by her silk-woman, Mrs. Montague, and 
she never wore cloth ones any more. He adds, 
that Henry VIII., that magnificent and expe¬ 
rienced prince, wore ordinary cloth hose, except 
there came from Spain, by great chance, a pair 
of silk stockings; for Spain very early abounded 
in silk. His son, Edward VI., was presented 
with a pair of Spanish silk stockings by his mer¬ 
chant, Sir Thomas Graham, and the present was 
then much taken notice of; consequently the in¬ 
vention of knit silk stockings came from Spain. 
Others relate that William Rider, a London ap¬ 
prentice, seeing at the house of an Italian mer¬ 
chant, a pair of knit worsted stockings from 
Mantua, from thence ingeniously made a pair 
like them, which he presented to the Earl of 
Pembroke, and were the first of the kind made in 
England, 1564. 




148 Conklin - ed!&Dn manual 


Intm-St Laws and Statutes of Limitations 



INTEREST 

STATUTES OF 


BATE. 

LIMITATIONS. 


Legal 

Rate 

Rate al¬ 
lowed by 
contract. 

1 w 

p 2 
>-> S 

Notes. 

Open 

Accts. 


Per 

Per 




State 

cent. 

cent. 

Yrs. 

Yrs. 

Yrs. 

Alabama . 

.... 8 

8 

20 

6 

3 

Arkansas . 

.... 6 

10 

10 

5 

3 

Arizona . 

.... 6 

12 

5 

4 

3 

California . 


4 

4 

Colorado. 


6 

6 

Connecticut . 

.... 6 

6 


_ _ 

6 

Delaware . 

.... 6 

6 

10 

6 

3 

Dist. of Col. 

.... 6 

10 

12 

3 

3 

Florida . 

... 8 

10 

20 

5 

2 

Georgia . 

.... 7 

8 

7 

6 

4 

Idaho .. 

.... 7 

12 

6 

5 

4 

Illinois .. 

.... 5 

7 

20 

10 

5 

Indiana . 

.... 6 

8 

20 

10 

6 

Iowa . 

... 6 

8 

20 

10 

5 

Kansas . 

.... 6 

10 

5 

5 

3 

Kentucky .. 

.... 6 

6 

15 

15 

5 

Louisiana . 

.... 5 

8 

10 

5 

3 

Maine . 


6 

6 

Maryland . 

.... 6 

6 

12 

3 

3 

Massachusetts .. . 


6 

6 

Michigan . . 

.... 5 

7 

10 

6 

6 

Minnesota . 

.... 7 

10 

10 

6 

6 

Mississippi . 

.... 6 

8 

7 

6 

3 

Missouri . 

.... 6 

8 

10 

10 

5 

Montana . 


8 

5 

Nebraska . 

.... 7 

10 

5 

5 

4 

Nevada . 


4 

4 

New Hampshire... 

.... 6 

6 

20 

6 

6 

New Jersey . 

....6 

6 

20 

6 

6 

New Mexico . 

.... 6 

12 

7 

6 

4 

New York . 

.... 6 

6 

20 

6 

6 

North Carolina ... 

.... 6 

6 

10 

3 

3 

North Dakota .... 

.... 7 

12 

10 

6 

6 

Ohio . 

.... 6 

8 

15 

15 

6 




































CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 149 


Interest and Limitation Laws—Continued 

INTEREST STATUTES OF 

RATE. LIMITATIONS. 


\ 

si© 

- & 

d 

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o 

cd 

S 

11 

1 w 

aj 

o 



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s i 

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*§ § 

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ft o 



CSS 

c 

o 

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Z 

O 


Per 

Per 





State 

cent. 

cent 


Yrs. 

Yrs. 

Yrs. 

Oklahoma . 


10 


5 

5 

3 

Oregon . 


10 


10 

6 

6 

Pennsylvania. 

. 6 

6 


5 

6 

6 

Rhode Island. 


20 

6 

6 

South Carolina ... 

.... 7 

8 


10 

6 

6 

South Dakota .... 

.... 7 

12 


20 

6 

6 

Tennessee . 

. 6 

6 


10 

6 

6 

Texas . 


10 


10 

4 

2 

Utah . 


12 


8 

6 

4 

Vermont . 

.... 6 

6 


8 

6 

6 

Virginia . 

.... 6 

6 


20 

5 

2 

Washington . 

.... 6 

12 


6 

6 

3 

West Virginia .... 

.... 6 

6 


10 

10 

5 

Wisconsin . 

....6 

10 


20 

6 

6 

Wyoming . 

.... 8 

12 


21 

5 

8 


“Uncle Tom’s Cabin” 

The author of “Uncle Tom’s Cabin,” Harriet 
Beecher Stowe, was born in Litchfield, Conn. At 
the age of 15 she became a teacher in a girls’ 
school at Hartford, and in 1836 became the wife 
of Prof. Calvin E. Stowe, of the Andover Theo¬ 
logical Seminary, and became a contributor to 
the periodicals of the day. But her literary pow¬ 
ers were scarcely appreciated until 1851, when 
she commenced in the National Era of Washing¬ 
ton the publication of “Uncle Tom’s Cabin.” When 
finished, in 1852, it was republished in Boston in 
book form, and its popularity was so immediate 
that it soon sold in four stereotype editions to 
the extent of 400,000 copies. The English reprint 
had a circulation of 500,000, and the book was 
translated into twenty European and Asiatic 
languages. 


















150 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


The Metric System 

A Language of ten words .—The metric system 
is a universal language of measure. It is a lan- 


guage 

lowing 

of 10 words, as shown in the table fol- 

THE TEN METRIC TERMS. 

Abbre' 

Name. 

Value. 

Meaning. 

Pro¬ 

nounced. 

via- 

tion. 

Meter 

1. 

“the unit of length” 

meeter 

m 

Liter 

i. 

“the unit of volume” 

leeter 

1 

Gram 

l. 

“the unit of weight” 

gram 

S 

Are 

l. 

“the unit of area” 

air 

a 

Milli- 

.001 

“the thousandth part of” 

milly 

m- 

Centi- 

.01 

“the hundredth part of” 

senti 

c- 

Deci- 

.1 

“the tenth part of” 

dessy 

d- 

Deka- 

10. 

“ten times” 

decka 

dk- 

Hecto- 

100. 

“one hundred times” 

heckto 

h- 

Kilo- 

1000. 

“one thousand times” 

killo 

k- 


Familiar Terms. —Of these 10 words 7 are 
well known. "Mill” (.001) is our smallest unit 
of money, being 1 thousandth part of a dollar. 
"Gent” (.01) is our smallest coin, meaning one 
hundredth part. Correspondingly, "deci” (.1) is 
part of “decimal” meaning “tenth.” "Deka -" 
(10) is found in “decade.” "Hecto-” (100) oc¬ 
curs in “hectograph,” meaning “100 writings.” 
Again, “meter,” meaning “measure,” is in com¬ 
mon use, and "are” is part of the word “area.” 
The remaining three words, liter , gram and kilo, 
are easily remembered. 

A Self-explanatory System. — When the 
meaning of these 10 words is known, the whole 
metric system is learned. The design of the 
system makes it self-explanatory. The tables 
of derived units form themselves automatically. 
No tables need be or should be memorized. 

Smaller and larger units are named by com¬ 
bining the proper numeral prefix with the name 
of the basic unit. The new term is self-defining 
—for example, “centi-meter.” Here “centi” 
means “the one-hundredth part of,” and “meter” 
means the “unit of length,” so that “centimeter” 
expresses precisely its meaning, “the one-hun¬ 
dredth part of the unit of length.” Every other 
metric term is as easily formed and expresses 
as clearly its own definite meaning. 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 151 

Equivalent in Inches, etc—One inch equals 
25.4001 millimeters. One meter equals 39.37 
inches. One yard equals 3600-3937 of a meter. 
One foot equals 1200-3937 of a meter. One 
mile equals 1.6093 kilometers. One nautical mile 
equals 1.8532 kilometers. One acre equals 
0.40469 hectares. One liquid qu^rt equals 0.9463 
liters. One gallon equals 3.7853 liters. One 
pound equals 0.45359 kilograms. One bushel 
equals 0.35238 hectoliters. 


Story of the Metric System 

When commerce spread, the chaos of units in 
trading countries became intolerable. A world 
system was desired alike in science and com¬ 
merce. An ideal system must be practical and 
scientific, adapted to measure anything and 
suited to all people, for all purposes, and for 
all time. Men of affairs urged that such a 
system be devised. The vision was realized in 
the metric system, now the legal standard in 
34 countries and in use for scientific purposes 
throughout the world. 

Many features desirable in a world system 
had been separately suggested prior to the ac¬ 
tual proposal in the French National Assembly 
which resulted in the metric system. Decimals, 
introduced into Europe by Stevenius, became 
part of the new system. Self-defining names 
were suggested by Abbe Mouton, and improved 
as now found in the system. James Watt sug¬ 
gested that all units of weight and measure be 
derived from the single unit of length. This 
was made a basic principle of the metric sys¬ 
tem. Several had also proposed that this unit 
of length be taken from an invariable dimen¬ 
sion found in nature. In fixing the metric unit 
of length, it was decided to make the “meter” 
equal to one ten-millionth of the quadrant of 
the earth. 

When the plan was approved, the develop¬ 
ment of the details of the system was begun. 
Surveyors measured an arc of the meridian pass¬ 
ing through Dunkirk as a basis for fixing the 



152 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

length of the meter. Scientists in their lab¬ 
oratories derived precisely the units of volume 
and of weight from the unit of length. Chem¬ 
ists purified the platinum. Mechanicians per¬ 
fected form and finish of the standards of length 
and mass—the meter and kilogram. 

The system spread rapidly from nation to 
nation. The need for international custody of 
the standards and an international bureau was 
realized, and in 1875 the leadirig nations signed 
the treaty of Paris establishing the International 
Bureau of Weights and Measures, providing for 
new standards of the meter and kilogram and 
for their international custody. The treaty re¬ 
sulted from a series of international conferences 
in Paris, beginning in 1870, interrupted by the 
Franco-Prussian War, resumed in 1872, and 
completed in 1875. The treaty realized the sug¬ 
gestion of John Quincy Adams made years be¬ 
fore that a council of nations be called to fix 
a single invariable and international system 
for all peoples and all times. The results of the 
treaty assured the permanency and final success 
of the metric system, which is now the legal 
standard in 34 nations and the world standard 
for all the sciences. 


How to Measure the Width of a River 

The approximate breadth of a river or other 
stream may be determined by means of the 
brim of a hat. The person desiring to ascer¬ 
tain this fact must place himself at the edge of 
one bank of the river and lower the brim of his 
hat till he finds the edge just cuts the other 
bank; then, after placing the hand under the 
chin so as to steady his head and keep it in 
exactly the same position, he must turn around 
steadily till he faces some level ground on his 
own side of the river and observe when the edge 
of the peak again meets the ground. The meas¬ 
ure of this distance will be the breadth of the 
river. 



POPULAR NAMES, FLOWERS AND MOTTOES OF THE STATES 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


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158 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


French Words and Phrased 

A la mode, according- to the fashion. 

An fait, well informed. 

An revoir, farewell. 

A votre sante, to your health. 

Beau ideal, perfection. 

Belles lettres, elegant literature. 

Bon ami, a good friend. 

Bonhomie', goodness of heart joined to simplicity 
of character. 

Bon vivant, one fond of good living. 

Canard, lit., a duck; an idle fabrication. 

Carte blanche, lit., a blank sheet of paper; per¬ 
mission to anyone to act as he pleases. 

Cnl de sac, lit., the bottom of a bag; a street or 
lane having no outlet at one end. 

Denouement, the issue; final event. 

Eclat, brilliancy. 

Elite, the best; most select. 

En route, on the way. 

Entente cordiale, a friendly feeling. 

Entre nous, between ourselves. 

Faux pas, a false step; an error. 

Hors de combat, disabled. 

Jeu d’esprit, a play of wit; a jest. 

Mai de mer, seasickness. 

Mot a mot, word for word. 

Nom de plume, pen-name. 

On dit, it is said; a current rumor. 

Raconteur, a narrator; teller of stories. 

Raison d’etre, the reason of being. 

Rechauffe, lit., something reproduced. 

Recherch4, elegant, attractive, refined. 

Bang froid, cold blood; apathy. 

Sobriquet, a nickname. 

Tete-a-tete, head to head; face to face. 

Tout ensemble, the whole. 

Vis-a-vis, face to face; opposite. 


Latin Words and Phrases 

Addendum (plural, addenda), a thing added. 
Ad infinitum, to infinity. 

Ad libitum, at pleasure, without stint. 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


159 


Ad referendum, for farther consideration. 

Ad valorem , according to the value. 

A fortiori, with stronger reason. 

Alias, otherwise. 

Alter ego, another self. 

Cum grano salis, with a grain of salt; with some 
limitation. 

De facto, from the fact. 

Desideratum (plural, desiderata), a thing to be 
desired. 

Ecce Homo, behold the man. 

Exempli gratia, frequently written e. g. (for the 
sake of example). 

Ex officio, by virtue of his office. 

Ex parte, on one side only. 

Ex tempore, without premeditation; on the spur 
of the moment. 

Habeas corpus, you may have the body. 

Hie jacet, here he lies. 

Id est, frequently written i. e. (that is). 

In extenso, in the full extent. 

In extremis, in a dying state. 

In loco parentis, in the place of a parent. 

In puris naturalibus, in a natural state, naked. 
In re, in the affair of. 

In statu quo, in the same position. 

In tenebris, in darkness. 

Inter alia, among other things. 

Interim, in the meanwhile. 

Lapsus linguae, a slip of the tongue. 

Locum tenens, holding the place. 

Modus operandi, the manner of doing a thing. 
Multum in parvo, much in little. 

Ne plus ultra , literally, nothing more beyond; 
perfection. 

Nil desperandum, despair of nothing. 

Nolens volens, willing or unwilling. 

Obiter dictum, a thing said by the way. 

Ora pro nobis, pray for us. 

Prima fade, on the first face; on the first view. 
Quid pro quo, something for something. 

Kara avis, a rare bird. 

Sine die, without (appointing) a day. 


160 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


Sine qua non, a thing- indispensable. 

Ternpus fugit, time flies. 

Vade mecum, go with me. 

Vertum sat sapienti, a word to the wise is suffi¬ 
cient. 

Vice versa, the terms being exchanged. 

Vox populi, the voice of the people. 


The World’s Greatest Waterfalls 

Height 

(feet) 

Gavarnie, France . 1,385 

Grand, Labrador . 2,000 

Minnehaha, Minnesota. 50 

Missouri, Montana . 90 

Montmorenci, Quebec. 265 

Multnomah, Oregon . 850 

Murchison, Africa. 120 

Niagara, New York-Ontario. 164 

Rjukan, Norway.. 780 

Schaffhausen, Switzerland. 100 

Skjaeggedalsfos, Norway. 530 

Shoshone, Idaho. 210 

Staubbach, Switzerland. 1,000 

Stirling, New Zealand. 500 

Sutherland, New Zealand.1,904 

Takkakaw, British Columbia.1,200 

Twin, Idaho. 180 

Yellowstone (upper), Montana. 110 

Yellowstone (lower), Montana. 310 

Ygnassu, Brazil.. 210 

Yosemite (upper), California.1,436 

Yosemite (middle), California. 626 

Yosemite (lower), California. 400 

Vettis, Norway. 950 

Victoria, Africa. 400 

Voringfos, Norway. 600 


U. S. Railroad Statistics 

In 1917 there were 231,155 miles of railroads 
in operation in the United States, with freight 
revenues of $2,829,246,769, and passenger rev¬ 
enues of $825,496,365. 































CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


161 


U. S. Telegraph Statistics 

In the year 1912 there were 1,814,196 miles 
of telegraph wire in use in the United States, 
carrying 103,536,418 messages, to and from 30,781 
offices. This represented total assets of $191,- 
516,700 and total income for the year of $56,293,- 
469. Number of employes, 35,000. Salaries and 
wages, $23,741,000. The four wireless telegraph 
systems reported 285,091 messages and a total 
income of about $670,000. 


U. S. Telephone Statistics 
The Bell Telephone System reported for 1917 
13,451,121 miles of underground wire in the Unit¬ 
ed States, and 9,112,498 miles of aerial wire. 
Number of Bell stations, 7,031,531, and of con¬ 
nected stations, 3,444,148. Total assets, $1,276,- 
503,468; total liabilities, $963,758,674. Operating 
revenues, $294,894,950. Employes, 192,364. Daily 
exchange connections, 30,845,153; daily toll con¬ 
nections, 1,009,205. 

The Government’s census figures for 1912 give 
the total for other systems in the United States 
as: Miles of wire, 5,115,140; instruments, 3,642,- 
565; messages, 4,602,431,409. 


IT. S. Express Companies 

In 1917 the American Express Company had 
the largest revenue—$42,099,273—but its net in¬ 
come was only $679,184. Wells, Fargo & Co. was 
second in total revenues, with $29,578,340 and a 
net of $651,416. The Adams Express Company 
was third in gross income—$27,653,700—but was 
the only company showing a deficit; further¬ 
more, that deficit amounted to no less than $3,- 
137 187 

On May 28, 1918, the four leading express 
companies—Adams, American, Wells-Fargo and 
Southern—were virtually taken over by the Gov¬ 
ernment under the arrangement by which they 
were merged under federal control into the 
American Railway Express Company, under 
which contract they are still operating. 




162 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

States Ratifying: Prohibition Amendment 

The following States ratified the prohibition 
amendment to the U. S. Constitution in this 
order, up to Feb. 1, 1919. Nebraska, being the 
thirty-sixth, cast the deciding vote in favor of 
national prohibition, inasmuch as the Constitu¬ 
tion requires the vote of three-fourths of the 
States to amend. 


1. Mississippi 

2. Virginia 

3. Kentucky 

4. South Carolina 

5. North Dakota 

6. Maryland 

7. Montana 

8. Texas 

9. Delaware 

10. South Dakota 

11. Massachusetts 

12. Arizona 

13. Georgia 

14. Louisiana 

15. Florida 

16. Michigan 

17. Ohio 

18. Oklahoma 

19. Maine 

20. Idaho 

21. West Virginia 

22. Washington 


23. Tennessee 

24. California 

25. Illinois 

26. Indiana 

27. Arkansas 

28. North Carolina 

29. Alabama 

30. Kansas 

31. Oregon 

32. Iowa 

33. Utah 

34. Colorado 

35. New Hampshire 

36. Nebraska 

37. Missouri 

38. Wyoming 

39. Wisconsin 

40. Minnesota 

41. New Mexico 

42. Nevada 

43. Vermont 

44. New York 


Coaches in England 

Coaches were first used in England in 1580; an 
act passed to prevent men riding in coaches, as 
effeminate, in 1601; began to be common in Lon¬ 
don, 1605; hackney coaches began in 1634, when 
Captain Baily set up four in number; were pro¬ 
hibited in 1635; fifty hackney coachmen only 
were allowed in 1637; limited to two hundred in 
1652; to three hundred in 1654; to four hundred 
in 1661; to seven hundred in 1694, when they 
were first licensed; to eight hundred in 1710; to 
one thousand in 1771. 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 163 

Indians in U. S. —Numbers and Cost 


In 1917 there were 335,998 Indians in this 
country, distributed as follows: 


Alabama . 

909 

Nebraska. 

3,945 
. 7,944 

Arizona . 

44,617 

Nevada . 

Arkansas . 

460 

New Hampshire . 

34 

California. 

15,362 

New Jersey. 

168 

Colorado . 

898 

New Mexico. 

20,853 

Connecticut . 

152 

New York. 

6,272 

Delaware. 

5 

North Carolina .. 

8,118 

Dist. of Columbia 

68 

North Dakota . .. 

8,903 

Florida . 

586 

Ohio . 

127 

Georgia . 

95 

Oklahoma. 

119,108 

Idaho . 

4,168 

Oregon . 

6,612 

Illinois . 

188 

Rhode Island.... 

284 

Indiana . 

279 

South Carolina... 

331 

towa. 

360 

South Dakota ... 

21,246 

Kansas . 

1,427 

Tennessee. 

216 

Kentucky . 

234 

Texas . 

702 

Louisiana . 

780 

Utah . 

2,854 


892 

Vermont . 

26 

Maryland . 

55 

Virginia . 

539 

Massachusetts . . 

688 

Washington. 

11,181 

Michigan. 

7,514 

West Virginia . .. 

36 

Minnesota. 

11,777 

Wisconsin. 

10,216 

Mississippi . 

1,253 

Wyoming . 

1,674 

Missouri . 

Montana . 

313 

11,525 

Total. 

335,998 


The total expenditures of our Government, on 
account of the Indians, from its foundation to 
1917 amounted to $631,273,129.45. 


Eclipses 

The most remarkable eclipses of the sun : Ob¬ 
served at Sardis, and predicted by Thales, 585 be¬ 
fore Christ. At Athens, 424 before Christ. At 
Rome, caused a total darkness at noonday, A. D. 
291. At Constantinople, 968. In Prance, June 
29, 1033, dark at noonday. In England, March 21, 
1140, occasioned a total darkness. Another on 
the 22d of June, 1191, entire darkness and the 
stars were visible at ten in the morning. In the 
same year a second sun was seen beside the 
true one, so that astronomers alone could distin¬ 
guish the difference by their glasses. Another in 
1331. A total eclipse of the sun in England, when 
the darkness was so great that the stars faintly 
appeared, and the birds went to roost in the 
morning about ten, April 22, 1715. 












































164 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

FORTUNE TELLING 

Few persons are entirely free from any super¬ 
stitious ideas, though many that sfcoff at the idea 
of fortune telling by cards or hands. Yet there 
is much character expressed by the hand and its 
indents, and those clever in reading the lines may 
form a very fair judgment of a person’s attrib¬ 
utes by a careful study of their palms. The con¬ 
tour of the fingers, the softness or hardness of 
the texture of the skin, all help the intelligent 
reader. 

And what character is expressed in shaking 
hands. There is the awkward shake that shows 
lack of education and breeding, the loose clasp of 
laziness and inertness, the touch of coldness, and 
the warm, firm grasp of friendship or interest. 
A hand-shake is a wonderful index of character, 
and almost equally so are the lines of the hand 
and the shape of the fingers. 

Long hands, generally considered the most 
beautiful, show more intelligence than short ones, 
and to them are attributed capabilities for detail 
and perseverance to overcome difficulties. 

A short hand is generally owned by a person 
of warm affections and hasty judgment. 

A firm and rather hard hand should belong 
to one possessed of energy and determination. 

Limp, loosely made hands almost always de¬ 
note lack of energy. 

Rough, knotted hands denote reflection, order 
and intellect. 

Smooth hands should belong to those who are 
quick to discern and impressionable. 

To each finger the name of a god is given— 
to the first Jupiter, the second Saturn, the third 
Apollo, the fourth Mercury. 

Jupiter, the first finger, if long, indicates an 
economical, thoughtful disposition; square, truth¬ 
fulness; pointed, sensitiveness and quickness of 
intellect. 

Saturn , the second finger, if pointed, shows 
a frivolous nature; if square, a prudent one. 

Apollo, the third finger, if square, denotes a 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 165 

reasonable, truthful nature; if pointed, artistic 
feeling; and if blunt and spade-shaped, dramatic 
and musical talent. 

Mercury, the fourth finger, if pointed, shows 
eloquence; and if square, good judgment; if it is 
straight, honorable feeling. 

The thumb denotes love, will and judgment, 
according to its development. The first joint 
shows will, the second judgment, and tfie lower 
part affection. 

A hand that, when held open, has the fingers 
well apart shows originality, independence and 
self-reliance. 

Fingers that may be termed cushioned at the 
inner side of the tips show delicacy of touch. 



A—Line of Heart 
B—Line of Head 
C—Line of Life 
D—Line of Fate 
The lines on the 


E—Line of Health 
F—Line of Apollo 
G—“Girdle of Venus” 

H—The Racettes 
hand indicate character and 


fortune. The line of life, if long and deep, shows 
that the life should be long and free from illness; 
if short, and faintly marked, the reverse. 








166 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


The line of mind, or head, as it is sometimes 
called, should be even, narrow, and long; and if 
well separated from the line of life, the character 
should be self-reliant and strong. 

The line of heart, if of a dark color and deep, 
indicates true affection. 

The line of fate should indicate the destiny 
of the owner. If it comes from the line of life, 
good fortune may be predicted; if from the lines 
at wrist, some strange fate or uncommon life. 

The line of fortune shows worldly fame, riches 
and honor, if it be deep and high. 

The lines at the wrist, generally denominated 
bracelets, show: the upper one, if well marked, 
good health; the lower one. happiness. 


Fortune Telling From the Teacup 

The residue at the bottom of the cup, after the 
tea has been drunk, is well shaken about, and 
then the cup reversed in the saucer. The tea- 
leaves adhere to the sides and bottom of the 
cup and there form resemblances to certain ob¬ 
jects and signs. From these shapes certain hap¬ 
penings are supposed to be forecast. For ex¬ 
ample, if the leaves form something like a letter 
of the alphabet, it is supposed to foretell the 
receipt of a letter and the initial of the sender; 
if there seem to be lines, they indicate a jour¬ 
ney. A ring signifies marriage, and if there is 
a letter also in the cup, it foretells the initial 
of the barty to be married. If the leaves form 
in the shape of flowers, such as a lily or a rose, 
they have the same signification as the flowers 
themselves, i. e., a lily would denote a clear 
time and happiness ahead; a leaf of clover (a 
lucky sign) would foretell good fortune. A 
wormlike sign, reminiscent of a serpent, would 
warn one of danger from friends. A treelike 
form, if falling over, would denote sickness, and 
if upright, good health. A cloudy effect, if heavy, 
means trouble, or happiness if very faint. If 
the signs are at the bottom of the cup the hap¬ 
penings will take place immediately. The further 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


167 


away they are from the bottom of the cup the 
further away is the fulfilment of the prognosti¬ 
cation. 


Fortune Telling by Cards 

Take from the pack the four Aces, Kings, 
Queens, Knaves, Tens, Nines, Eights and Sevens. 
Shuffle the cards well and then cut them, into 
three packs; take up the first pack and turn 
up the cards in threes. When the three cards 
are all of the same suit, lay them out in a row 
on the table; when of three different suits, put 
them aside; if there are two of one suit and 
one of another, take the highest of the two and 
lay it alongside those already out. When the 
first pack is used deal with the second and then 
the third in the same manner. When you have 
come to the end of the three packs, gather the 
cards that have been discarded, shuffle them and 
cut the pack into three, and turn up by threes 
again in the same manner as before. This must 
be done three times. The third and last time 
the person shuffling the cards must take out and 
add to the “fortune” row a card which is sup¬ 
posed to represent the person whose fortune is 
being told. If it be a dark lady or gentleman 
whose fortune is being told, use the Queen or 
King respectively of Spades or Clubs, and if re¬ 
quired to represent a fair lady or gentleman the 
Queen or King of Hearts or Diamonds respect¬ 
ively; also set aside the Ace of Hearts, which 
represents the house, and the nine of Hearts, 
which is the wish card, unless these cards al¬ 
ready appear in the “fortune” row. The cards 
that have not come out are now placed aside 
and the fortune of the shuffler of the cards is 
told in the following manner: Count from the 
card representing the person whose fortune is 
to be told and read every seventh card back¬ 
ward and forward, then count from the “house” 
(Ace of Hearts) in same way, then from the 
“wish” (nine of Hearts). 

After counting, take the first and last cards 



168 


CONKLIN - EDISON MANUAL 


away from those laid out and read. Suppose 
the first is the Ace of Clubs, and the last the 
ten of Clubs, that would read “a letter with un¬ 
expected news.” Now take the first and last card 
again, say nine of Diamonds and ten of Hearts, 
that would read “money from a big house, or a 
present.” Keep taking up first and last cards 
until all are gathered up, now shuffle and cut as 
before and deal them out one at a time into four 
lots—the first “what you don’t expect,” the sec¬ 
ond for the house, the third for yourself, and 
the fourth True Fortune. This last must only 
contain two cards, i. e., the first and last dealt. 

Names of Cards. 

Ace of Hearts. The House 

King of Hearts. Fair Gentleman 

Queen of Hearts. Fair Lady 

Knave of Hearts. Fair Young Gentleman 

Ten of Hearts. k A big house 

Nine of Hearts. The Wish 

Eight of Hearts. A Good Heart 

Seven of Hearts. A Faint Heart 

Ace of Diamonds. Ring or present 

King of Diamonds. Fair Gentleman 

Queen of Diamonds. Fair Young Lady 

Knave of Diamonds... .Fair Young Gentleman 

Ten of Diamonds. Business 

If Ace and Ten come 

together. Marriage 

Nine of Diamonds. Money 

Eight of Diamonds. Rise in Life 

Seven of Diamonds. Mischief 

Ace of Clubs. A Letter 

King of Clubs. Dark, Gentleman 

Queen of Clubs. Dark Young Lady 

Knave of Clubs. Dark Young Gentleman 

Ten of Clubs. Unexpected News 

Nine of Clubs. A Journey 

Eight of Clubs. An Annoyance 

Seven of Clubs. Tears 

Ace of Spades. Sickness 

If this comes with ten 
of Spades 


Death 




























CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 169 

King of Spades. Very Dark Gentleman 

Queen of Spades. Very Dark Lady 

Knave of Spades. A Young Man not to be 

trusted 

Ten of Spades. Unpleasant News 

Nine of Spades. Disappointment 

Eight of Spades... Slight Illness 

Seven of Spades. Vexing and Confusion 

If the following appear in the fortune line 
they foretell: 

3 Sevens.... A Removal 

3 Tens. A Great Surprise 

3 Jacks. Some Knavery or Mischief Making 

3 Queens... .A Quarrel 
3 Kings. A Lawsuit 

3 Ace©. A Surprise ( pleasant , unless the Ace 

of spades is one of the three). 

If the card representing the person whose 
fortune is being told comes among several pic¬ 
ture cards, it means that he or she is going into 
company, unless the three Kings—a lawsuit— 
are amongst them. 


Origin of “Uncle Sam” 

In the war of 1812 between this country and 
Great Britain, Robert Anderson of New York 
purchased in Troy, N. Y., a large amount of 
pork for the American Army. 

It was inspected by Samuel Wilson, who was 
popularly known as “Uncle Sam.” The barrels 
of pork were marked “E. A. U. S.,” the lettering 
being done by a facetious employee of Mr. Wil¬ 
son. When asked by fellow workers the meaning 
of the mark (for the letters U. S., for United 
States, were then almost entirely new to them), 
he said “he did not know unless it meant Elbert 
Anderson and Uncle Sam,” alluding to Uncle Sam 
Wilson. 

The joke took among the workmen and passed 
currently and “Uncle Sam” himself, being pres¬ 
ent, was occasionally rallied on the increasing 
extent of his possessions. Soon the incident ap¬ 
peared in print, and the joke spread rapidly. 














170 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


DREAMS 

The following- is a list of the subjects of dreams 

and the significance they have had for those that 

believe that our nightly visions should not be de¬ 
nominated “The baseless fabric of a dream”: 

Abode (a strange one).—Foretells changes in 
your life. If turned out of one beware of 
danger. 

Aboard. —Going aboard a ship denotes success. 

Abroad iii a foreign land denotes change in 
prospects. 

Absent Ones. —If that these are ill, it means 
they are in danger; if well, they are pros¬ 
perous. 

Abundance of good things is significant of want. 

Abyss. —Falling into one denotes trouble at hand. 

Acrobat. —Danger and risk of life. 

Adornment. —To dream of dressing smartly de¬ 
notes probable loss of means. 

Adversity signifies prosperity. 

Advice. —Being advised or admonished foretells 
business troubles. 

Affection (slighted) means the reverse. 

Agony denotes prosperity. 

Amputation of a limb is a warning of the death 
of some relative. 

Anchor means a sailor for a lover or husband. 

Angels signifies peace and happy intercourse 
with friends. 

Anger towards a friend indicates that he is a 
good and tried one. 

Angling. —If you catch a fish it is a sign of 
prosperity. 

Ants (and other insects) denote change of 
abode. 

Apes. —Denote enemies and danger. 

Apparel. —White, good luck; black, bad luck; 
blue, prosperity; scarlet, calamity and loss of 
friends; variety of colors, a checkered future. 

Applause given to oneself means scandal. 

Apples signify prosperity and love. 

Ashes means jealousy in a lover, also calamity 
and loss. 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 171 

Assassin.—S hows pretended friends whom you 
cannot perfectly trust. 

Asylum.— Denotes trouble and most likely pov¬ 
erty. 

Auction.— If you buy anything at one you will 
suffer a loss. 

Baby.— Dreaming of nursing one indicates sor¬ 
row. 

Bagpipes show that you will be poor. 

Balcony.— Sitting on one with a lover, it is a 
token of his jealousy. 

Balloon.— Denotes speculation in business. 

Banquet.— Denotes prosperity. 

Bath.— A cold one means pleasure, a hot one, 
pain. 

Bear.— Petty worries to come. 

Bed.—M aking of one shows you will move into a 
larger house. 

Beef denotes plenty. 

Bells denote speedy marriage, or fortune. 

Beggars, if you relieve them, signify good for¬ 
tune. 

Birds flying denote your riches following them. 

Biscuits signify sickness. 

Bite.—A supposed friend will do you harm. 

Blindness, to one in love, shows her choice is 
not good. 

Blood is a bad sign. 

Boats in clear water are a sign of prosperity: 
if in rough water, adversity. 

Bonnet.—A new one foretells a new admirer. 

Books show a young woman she will marry a 
learned man. 

Boots warn you of imprudence. 

Bouquet means delay in marriage. 

Bracelets denotes speedy, wealthy marriage. 

Bread is a sign you will always have enough. 

Bride.— To dream you are one denotes you may 
never change your name. 

Building, if new, denotes a speedy change oi 
residence. 

Bull.— Means you are in danger. 

Burglars is a great sign of success in life. 


172 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

Cage with a bird in it denotes success in your 
next venture; with no bird, disappointment. 

Candles, burning- brightly, signify good news; 
going out, bad news. 

Cards denote a speedy marriage, and if there 
are many diamonds, you will be lucky. 

Carriages, if dreamt of, mean loss of wealth. 

Cats are prophetic of treachery. 

Cattle, peacefully grazing, denote prosperity; 
fierce-looking, long-horned cattle, you will be 
attacked by enemies. 

Children foretell success in business. 

Church or Place of Worship—I f you are there 
in black, expect a wedding in your family; if 
in white, a funeral. 

Cocks Crowing.— Beware of a treacherous friend. 

Coffins are an omen of death. 

Complexion is one of the dreams of contrary; 
if you see your face spotted and freckled, ex¬ 
pect a return to health if you are not well. 

Concerts.— There will be disagreements between 
you and your relatives. 

Cooking denotes some festivity in store. 

Corn or Cornfields denote prosperity and for¬ 
tune. 

Corpse.— The omen of a hasty and unfortunate 
marriage. 

Dancing.— Your plans will succeed, and you will 
marry well. 

Dead Friends means news of living ones abroad. 

Diamonds indicate wealth and prosperity. 

Dirt indicates misfortune. 

Disputing.— You will quarrel with some busi¬ 
ness person. 

Doctor.—D enotes you will not need one. 

Dogs, fondling you, are omens of good; if one 
bites you, a friend will be traitorous. 

Donkeys foretell the death of a well-known per¬ 
son. 

Driving is a forerunner of loss of money. 

Drowning is a sign of danger at hand. 

Eating signifies quarrels and losses. 

Eggs suggest gain and profit in trade. 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 173 

Enemy.—I f you dream you beat one, you will 
triumph. 

Ermine is a sure sign of coming greatness. 

Earwig.— Means an enemy. 

Evergreens show lasting love, honor, and hap¬ 
piness. 

Faces.— Strange ones are significant of change 
of residence. 

Fair.—I f you are at one it is prophetic of fail¬ 
ure in business. 

Famine.—A dream of contrary. 

Farewell.— Shows changes for the better in your 
business. 

Farthing.— Expect bad news. 

Fence.— Denotes a rise in prospects. 

Fiddle or Violin.— Denotes a speedy marriage 
unless a string breaks, when you will become 
a bachelor or old maid. 

Fields, green and pleasant, show you will have 
happiness. 

Fire.—A warm, bright one shows the approach 
of friends and happiness. 

Flag.—A waving one is a warning of danger. 

Floating in water denotes long life. 

Flowers, if beautiful and fresh, are omens of 
good; if dead, of sickness; if only red and 
white, a death. 

Flying denotes an escape from difficulties and 
troubles. • 

Fog should warn you that you will be unlucky. 

Forest.— Wandering in one shows that you will 
ere long achieve distinction. 

Fruit.— Almonds foretell difficulties; apples and 
apricots, prosperity; cherries, disappointment; 
currants and figs, success; gooseberries, many 
children; grapes, happy marriage; lemons, 
quarrels; melons, recovery from sickness; nuts, 
riches; oranges, losses; peaches, happy love. 

Garden.—A well stocked one denotes success in 
every business or profession in which you are 
engaged. 

Ghost is an omen of evil. 

Gold means poverty. 


174 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

Goose.— If a young man dreams of one, he will 
have a foolish wife. 

Gun denotes the death of a friend. 

Hailing or Snowing denotes losses in business. 

Hair is a sign of approaching sickness. 

Hands, if tied, denote coming difficulties. 

Harp.— Some one is trying to injure you. 

Hay.— Denotes prosperity and respect. 

Hedges are signs of pleasant prospects. 

Hedgehog.— You will meet a long lost friend. 

Hens signify joy and happiness. 

Home, of your childhood, an indication of happy 
love and peace. 

Horseshoe is indicative of good luck coming. 

Hunting.— If you make a capture is luck, and 
vice versa. 

Husband.— To dream you have one, if you are 
not married, is a dream of contrary. You will 
not marry. 

Ice denotes failure in your undertakings. 

III.—To dream you are ill signifies temptations 
to be resisted. 

Ink means your plans will succeed, but if you 
soil your fingers or spill it you will fail. 

Ivory signifies prosperity in all things. 

Ivy is a sign that your lover or your husband 
and your friends are true and constant. 

Jackdaw.—B eware of danger. 

Jewels are lucky. 

Journey.— Shows a great change in your cir¬ 
cumstances. 

Jug.— If you drink out of one you will have to 
take a journey. 

Keys.—A bunch mean riches; if you give one, it 
will mean an offer of marriage; if you lose one, 
you will be disappointed. 

Kissing—I f your sweetheart kisses another, he 
will prove unfaithful. 

Kite.— Denotes promotion in life. 

Knives are omens of evil, particularly if they 
be clean and bright. 

Labor.— To dream you are working hard signi¬ 
fies that your life will be an easy one. 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


175 


Ladder.— You will succeed in what you are at¬ 
tempting-. 

Lamps, burning brightly, are omens of success 
to what you wish; dimly, sickness. 

Lark denotes good health. 

Laughter means tears and troubles in store. 

Laurel means success and victory. 

Lawyer is an omen of loss. 

Leaves upon a tree show a wedding. 

Lending is an omen of annoyance from friends. 

Letter.— The receipt of one means very unex¬ 
pected news; of sending one, that you will give 
a present. 

Lightning, to see without hearing thunder is to 
the sailor a good voyage; to the farmer, good 
crops; to the lover, good luck. 

Lion means future power. 

Locks, that you cannot unlock, portend great 
difficulties in store; if you succeed in turning 
the keys, you will gain victory over your 
troubles. 

Love.—W hatever you dream about this senti¬ 
ment it foretells the contrary. 

Luggage denotes trouble. 

Mad Dogs are lucky to dream of. 

Marigolds show constant lovers and friends 
for you. 

Marriage means a funeral. 

Medicine, if nasty, suggests some small vexa¬ 
tions. 

Mice denote there is scandal about you. 

Mirror.— It is unlucky for a young woman to 
see herself in a mirror. 

Money, if you pay it, is prophetic that you will 
really be able to do so; if you receive it, it is 
the sign of the birth of a child. 

Monkeys dreamt of are omens of treacherous 
friends. 

Mother.—I s a good omen. 

Mushrooms.— Mean wealth. 

Music signifies news from distant friends. 

Nest foretells marriage. 

Nettles show good fortune and honor. 


176 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

Night.— Sudden darkness overtaking you is a 
sign of misfortune. 

Nose Bleeding is a warning of sickness. 

Nuts, with good kernels, show you will gain 
money. 

Oak.—A vigorous green one is a sure sign of 
success and happiness; one struck by light¬ 
ning is an omen. 

Onions.—Y ou will discover money. 

Organ.— Is an omen of good fortune. 

Owl.—F oretells sickness. 

Pain signifies that you will have pleasure. 

Palace foretells success. 

Parcel.— One that you open means news from 
afar. 

Patches.— To dream you are patching and mend¬ 
ing clothes prognosticates that you will have 
new and good ones. 

Pearls foretell that you will die rich. 

Peas, growing, represent good fortune to the 
lover. 

Pheasants or other birds flying foretell a leg¬ 
acy. 

Pigs are the omens of false friends and a faith¬ 
less lover. 

Pigeons flying are a sign that your sweetheart 
is good and true. 

Pistol is an omen of evil. 

Play.— Foretells a happy union. 

Police.— There is honor in store. 

Primroses are very unlucky flowers to dream of; 
they are the forerunners of sickness and 
trouble. 

Precipices.— A warning to turn back from what¬ 
ever fresh undertaking you are thinking of. 

Purse.—I s the harbinger of great happiness. 

Race.— If you win one, means you will suc¬ 
ceed in business. 

Rags denote prosperity. 

Rail, traveling by, denotes a friend will pay 
you a visit. 

Rain foretells trouble. 

Rats are significant of enemies at hand. 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 177 

Rice is a dream of riches. 

Ring.— Signifies an offer of marriage; the break¬ 
ing or losing of one signifies widowhood. 

Rivek.— To see one calm and bright, means peace 
and tranquillity; if swollen and turbulent, 
trouble and perplexity. 

Ropes.— Beware of entering into agreements for 
a time. 

Roses, if in season, mean good luck; if you 
dream of them in winter, it is bad luck. 

Scissors signify a speedy marriage. 

Serpents or Snakes denote deadly enemies. 

Silk is a token of success in your next venture. 

Silver.—Y ou will not need to fear poverty for a 
long time. 

Soldiers signify quarreling. 

Spiders indicate that you will receive money. 

Straw signifies loss. 

Teeth coming out is very unlucky, denoting 
sickness approaching. 

Tempest is significant of troubles that you will 
overcome. 

Thorns.—T hese are bad; they mean small trials 
and difficulties at the least. 

Tumble denotes the probable failure of your 
wishes. 

Tunnels denote short-lived troubles. 

Umbrella signifies great losses. 

Valentine— One received by a girl is a very bad 
sign, showing her sweetheart is ill. 

Walls show you will not be successful. 

Washing means recovery from illness. 

Wedding.—I ndicates a funeral shortly. 

Weeping is a sign you will rejoice. 

Wife.— If you are not married, signifies that you 
will be an old maid. 

Wounded.— A wound means rejoicing. 


Grand Army of tlie Republic 

First formed in Decatur, Ill., April 6, 1866, at 
suggestion of Dr. B. F. Stephenson. The mem¬ 
bership Dec. 31, 1917, 120,916, divided into 4,863 
posts. 



178 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

CONUNDRUMS AND RIDDLES 

The following 1 collection of conundrums will, 
we hope, give much amusement: 

Why is a dog biting his tail like a good man¬ 
ager? Because he makes both ends meet. 

If a spider were late for dinner, what would 
he do? Take a fly. 

Why are fowls the most economical things a 
farmer can keep? Because for every grain they 
give a peck. 

Why is a watch-dog bigger by night than by 
day? Because he is let out at night and taken 
in in the morning. 

What piece of coin is double its value by de¬ 
ducting its half? Half-penny. 

When is a clock on the stairs dangerous? 
When it runs down. 

If a bear were to go into a linen draper’s shop, 
what would he want? Muzzlin’. 

If a tree were to break a window, what would 
the window say? Tree-mend-us! 

State the difference between a grocer selling 
a pound of sugar and an apothecary’s boy with 
a pestle and mortar? One weighs a pound and 
the other pounds away. 

When a hen is sitting across the top of a five- 
barred gate, why is she like a penny? Because 
she has a head on one side and a tail on the 
other. 

What is the most dangerous time of the year 
to go into the country? When the trees are 
shooting and the bull-rushes out! 

Why was the whale that swallowed Jonah like 
a milkman who has retired on an independency? 
Because he took a great profit out of the water. 

What is the key-note of good manners? B 
natural. 

I am for ever, yet was never? Eternity! 

When may you be said to literally “drink in” 
music? When you have a piano-for-tea. 

What is the difference between an engine- 
driver and a schoolmaster? One minds the train 
and the other trains the mind. 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 179 

Why is o the noisiest of all the vowels? Be¬ 
cause you can’t make a horrid loud noise with¬ 
out it, whilst all the others are inaudible. 

Why can a fish-monger never be generous? 
Because his business makes him sell-fish. 

When is a bonnet not a bonnet? When it be¬ 
comes a pretty woman. 

What is that which works when it plays, and 
plays when it works? A fountain. 

In what tongue did Balaam’s donkey speak? 
Probably in the He-bray-ic. 

What is the difference between a fisherman 
and a lazy schoolboy? One baits his hook and 
the other hates his book. 

What words may be pronounced quicker and 
shorter by adding syllables to them? Quick and 
short. 

Why is it certain that Uncle Tom's Cabin was 
not written by a female hand? Because it was 
written by Mrs. Beecher’s toe. 

Why are birds melancholy in the morning? Be¬ 
cause their little bills are all over dew! 

What is the difference between the Prince of 
Wales, an orphan, a baldheaded old man and 
a gorilla? The first is an heir apparent; the 
second has ne’er a parent; the third has no hair 
apparent; and the fourth has a hairy parent. 

What is the difference between your last will 
and testament and a man who has eaten as 
much as he can? One is signed and dated, the 
other dined and sated. 

When does a leopard change his spots? When 
he moves from one spot to another. 

What would a pig do who wished to build him¬ 
self a habitation? Tie a knot in his tail and 
call it a pig’s tie! 

Which are the lightest men—Scotchmen, Irish¬ 
men, or Englishmen? In Ireland there are men 
of Cork; in Scotland men of Ayr; but in Eng¬ 
land, on the Thames, we have lighter-men. 

Why is a miserly uncle with whom you have 
. quarreled like a person with a short memory? 
Because he is ever for-getting and never for¬ 
giving. 


180 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

Why is a comet more like a dog than the dog- 
star? It has a tail, and the dog-star hasn’t. 

What was it a blind man took at breakfast 
which restored his sight? He took a cup and 
saw, sir! 

When is a teapot like a kitten? When your 
teasin’ it (tea’s in it). 

When is a blow from a lady welcome? When 
she strikes you agreeably. 

What’s the difference between a professional 
pianoforte player and one that hears him? One 
plays for his pay, the other pays for his play. 

What is the difference between an accepted and 
an unaccepted lover? One kisses his missis, and 
the other misses his kisses. 

When is a fruit-stalk like a strong swimmer? 
When it stems the currants. 

Why is love like a canal boat? Because it’s an 
internal transport. 

Why is it easy to break into an old man's 
house? Because his gait is broken and his 
locks are few. 

When were there only two vowels? In the 
days of No-a, before U or I were born! 

What is the difference between love and war? 
One breaks heads, the other hearts. 

What is that from which you may take away 
the whole and yet have some left? The word 
wholesome. 

What sort of tune do we all enjoy most? For¬ 
tune, made up of bank-notes. 

How many P’s are there in a pint? One P. 

Why would an owl be offended at your calling 
him a pheasant? Because you would be making 
game of him. 

What is it gives a cold, cures a cold, and pays 
the doctor’s bill? A draft. 

What is that which is black, white, and red 
all over; which shows some people to be green, 
and makes others look black and blue? A news¬ 
paper. 

What game do the waves play at? Pitch and 

toss. 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


181 


What was Joan of Arc made of? She was 
Maid of Orleans. 

When is a black dog not a black dog? When 
he’s a grey-hound. 

Why are sugar-plums like race-horses? Be¬ 
cause the more you lick them the faster they go. 

Which eats most grass—black sheep or white? 
White, because there are more of them. 

When is a schoolmaster like a man with one 
eye? When he has a vacancy for a pupil. 

What letter in the Dutch alphabet will name 
an English lady of title? A Dutch S. 

What is that which every one wishes for and 
yet wants to get rid of as soon as obtained? A 
good appetite. 

What did the engine-whistle say to the stoker? 
Don’t touch me or I’ll scream? 

Why is a waiter like a racehorse? Because he 
runs for cups and plates and steaks! 

Why should the poet have expected the wood¬ 
man to "spare that tree”? Because he thought 
he was a good feller. 

What is that which is put on the table and 
cut, but never eaten? A pack of cards. 

How many wives are you allowed by the Prayer 
Book? Sixteen, viz.: fo(u)r better, 4 worse, 4 
richer, 4 poorer; total, sixteen. 

What is that which lives in winter, dies in 
summer, and grows with its root upwards? An 
icicle. 

Why have chickens no fear of a future state? 
Because they have their next world (necks 
twirled) in this. 


The White House 

The residence of the President of the United 
States is officially known as the Executive Man¬ 
sion, which means that it is the residence of the 
head of the Executive branch of the Govern¬ 
ment; but it is seldom called, in ordinary talk, 
either by those who live in it, or by the Amer¬ 
ican people in general, anything but the White 
House. 



182 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


Population of United States and Its Possessions 

(Census of 1920) 

Continental United States.105,708,771 

Alaska . 54,899 

American Samoa. 8,056 

Guam . 13,275 

Hawaii . 255,912 

Panama Canal Zone. 22,858 

Porto Rico . 1,299,809 

Military and naval, etc., service abroad 117,238 

Philippine Islands (1918). 10,350,640 

Virgin Islands . 26,051 


Total ..117,857,509 

The population of the Continental United States 
in 1910 was 91,972,266; of the outlying posses¬ 
sions, 9,174,264; total, 101,146,530. 


Adelaide . 
Akron, O. 
Alexandria 
Amsterdam 
Athens ... 
Atlanta, Ga 
Bahia . .. 
Baltimore 
Bangkok 
Barcelona 
Belfast 
Benares 
Berlin . 
Birmingham, 


Eng. 860,591 

Bombay . 979,445 

Bordeaux . 261,678 

Boston . 748,060 

Bradford . 290,642 

Bremen . 247,437 

Breslau. 512,105 

Bristol, Eng.... 361,573 

Brussels .. 663,647 

Bucharest . 345,628 

Budapest . 880,371 

Buenos Aires... 1,596,927 

Buffalo . 506,775 

Cairo, Egypt.... 740,000 

Calcutta . 1,122,313 

Canton (China). 900,000 

Charlottenburg . 305,978 

Chemnitz . 287,807 


Chicago . 2,701,705 

Ching Fing 

(China) . 598,000 

Christiania. 241,834 

Cincinnati . 401,247 

Cleveland. 796,836 

Cologne. 516,527 

Colombo . 213,396 

Columbus. 237,031 

Constantinople . 1,200,000 
Copenhagen .... 605,772 

Damascus. 250,000 

Delhi . 232,837 

Denver . 256,369 

Detroit . 993,739 

Dresden . 548,308 

Dublin . 406,000 

Dusseldorf . 358,728 

Edinburgh . 326,901 

Essen. 294,653 

Florence . 242,147 

Frankfort. 414,576 

Fuchow. 624,000 

Genoa . 300,139 

Glasgow . 1,072,793 

Hamburg . 931,035 

Hangchow . 350,000 

Hankow . 826,000 

Hanover . 302,375 

Havana. 359,259 

Hongkong . 366,145 

Hull . 287,472 


Largest Cities 

205,000 
208,435 
405,382 
628,404 
167,479 
200,616 
290,000 
733,926 
628,675 
621,419 
399,000 
203,804 
3,709,000 


in the World 



































































CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 183 


Hyderabad. 500,623 

Indianapolis ... 314,194 

Jersey City. 297,864 

Johannesburg .. 237,220 

Kansas City.... 324,410 

Kharkov . 249,698 

Kiel . 211,627 

Kiev . 626,313 

Kobe . 498,315 

Konigsberg .... 245,994 

Kyoto . 539,153 

Lahore . 228,687 

Leeds. 457,507 

Leicester . 231,152 

Leipsic . 589,850 

Lemberg. 212,000 

Lille . 217,807 

Lisbon. 435,359 

Liverpool . 763,926 

London . 7,419,704 

Los Angeles.... 576,673 

Louisville. 234,891 

Lucknow . 259,798 

Lyons . 523,796 

Madras . 518,660 

Madrid . 648,760 

Magdeburg .... 279,629 

Manchester, Eng. 731,830 

Manila . 283,613 

Marseilles. 550,619 

Melbourne . 684,000 

Mexico City. 471,066 

Milan . 663,059 

Milwaukee ..... 457,147 

Minneapolis .... 380,582 

Montevideo .... 376,163 

Montreal. 470,480 

Moscow. 1,817,100 

Munich . 596,467 

Nagoya . 389,272 

Nanking. 267,000 

Naples . 697,917 

Neukoeln . 237,289 

Newark, N. J... 415,609 

Newcastle . 271,523 

New Orleans... 387,408 

New York. 5,621,151 

Ningpo . 350,000 

Nottingham .... 264,970 

Nurnberg . 333,142 

Oakland . 216,361 

Odessa. 631,040 

Osaka . 1,460,218 

Palermo . 345,891 

Paris . 2,888,110 


Pekin. 692,500 

Petrograd. 2,318,645 

Philadelphia ... 1,823,158 

Pittsburgh . 588,193 

Portland, Ore... 258,288 
Portsmouth,Eng. 241,748 

Prague . 541,500 

Providence .... 237,595 

-Rangoon. 293,316 

Riga . 558,000 

Rio de Janeiro.. 1,128,637 
Rochester, N. Y. 295,750 

Rome. 590,960 

Rosario . 234,725 

Rostov-on-Don . 204,725 

Rotterdam . 487,077 

St. Louis. 772,897 

St. Paul. 234,595 

Salforrd . 232,970 

San Francisco. . 508,410 

Santiago, Chile. 408,247 

Sao Paulo. 450,000 

Saratov. 235,300 

Seattle . 315,652 

Seoul . 278,958 

Shanghai . 651,000 

Sheffield . 472,234 

Singapore. 303,321 

Smyrna. 375,000 

Stettin. 236,113 

Stockholm . 408,702 

Stoke-on-Trent . 239,515 

Stuttgart . 286,218 

Suchow . 500,000 

Surat . 114,863 

Swansea . 114,663 

Sydney, N. S. W. 763,300 

Tabriz . 200,000 

Teheran . 280,000 

The Hague. 334,081 

Tientsin . 800,000 

Tokyo . 2,349,830 

Toledo. 243,109 

Toronto. 376,538 

Trieste . 246,500 

Tunis. 277,083 

Turin. 451,994 

Valencia. 245,871 

Vienna . 2,149,800 

Vilna . 203,940 

Washington .... 437,571 

West Ham. 294,476 

Yekaterinoslav . 220,446 

Yokohama . 428,663 

Zurich . 200,200 























































































184 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


Abbreviations of Titles and Degrees 

A. R. A.—Associate of the Royal Academy. 

B. A.—Bachelor of Arts. 

Bart.—Baronet. 

B. D.—Bachelor of Divinity. 

B. Sc.—Bachelor of Science. 

C. B.—Companion of the Bath 

C. E.—Civil Engineer. 

C. J.—Chief Justice. 

C. M. G.—Companion of Order of St. Michael and 
St. George. 

C. V. O.—Companion of Victorian Order. 

D. D.—Doctor of Divinity. 

D. Sc.—Doctor of Science. 

D. S. O.—Distinguished Service Order. 

F. R. G. S.—Fellow of the Royal Geographical 
Society. 

F. R. S.—Fellow of the Royal Society. 

J. P.—Justice of the Peace. 

K. C.—King’s Counsel. 

K. C. B.—Knight Commander of the Bath. 

K. C. M. G.—Knight Commander of the Order of 
St. Michael and St. George. 

K. C. V. O.—Knight Commander of the Victorian 
Order, 

K. G.—Knight of the Garter. 

L». H. D.—Doctor of Humanities. 

LL. B.—Bachelor of Laws. 

LL. D.—Doctor of Laws. 

Litt. D.—Doctor of Literature. 

M. A.—Master of Arts. 

M. C.—Member of Congress. 

M. D.—Doctor of Medicine. 

M. P.—Member of Parliament. 

M. V. O.—Member of the Victorian Order. 

N. A.—National Academician. 

P. C.—Privy Councilor. 

Ph. D.—Doctor of Philosophy. 

R. A.—Royal Academician. 

S. J.—Society of Jesus. , 

U. S. A.—United States Army. 

U. S. N.—United States Navy. 

V. C.—Victoria Cross. 


CONKLIN-EDI SON MANUAL 


185 


TRADE MARKS 

“The owner of a trade-mark used in commerce 
with foreign nations, or among the several States, 
or with Indian tribes, provided such owner shall 
be domiciled within the territory of the United 
States, or resides in or is located in any foreign 
country, which, by treaty, convention, or law, af¬ 
fords similar privileges to the citizens of the 
United States, may obtain registration for such 
trade-mark by complying with the following re¬ 
quirements : First, by filing in the Patent Office 
an application therefor, in writing, addressed to 
the Commissioner of Patents, signed by the appli¬ 
cant, specifying his name, domicile, location, and 
citizenship; the class of merchandise and the par¬ 
ticular description of goods comprised in such 
class to which the trade-mark is appropriated; 
a statement of the mode in which the same is 
applied and affixed to goods and the length of 
time during which the trade-mark has been used; 
a description of the trade-mark itself shall be 
included, if desired by the applicant or required 
by the Commissioner, provided such description 
is of a character to meet the approval of the 
Commissioner. With this statement shall be 
filed a drawing of the trade-mark, signed by 
the applicant, or his attorney, and such number 
of specimens of the trade-mark, as actually 
used, as may be required by the Commissioner 
of Patents. Second, by paying into the Treas¬ 
ury of the United States the sum of ten dollars, 
and otherwise complying with the requirements 
of this act and such regulations as may be 
prescribed by the Commissioner of Patents. 

“A certificate of registration shall remain in 
force twenty years, except that in the case of 
trade-marks previously registered in a foreign 
country such certificates shall cease to be in 
force on the day on which the trade-mark ceases 
to be protected in such foreign country, and 
shall in no case remain in force more than 
twenty years, unless renewed. Certificates of 
registration may be, from time to time, renewed 
for like periods on payment of the renewal 


186 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


fees required by this act, upon request by the 
registrant, his legal representatives or trans¬ 
ferees of record in the Patent Office, and such 
request may be made at any time not more 
than six months prior to the expiration of the 
period for which the certificates of registration 
were issued or renewed. Certificates of regis¬ 
tration in force at the date at which this act 
takes effect shall remain in force for the period 
for which they were issued, but shall be re¬ 
newable on the same condition and for the 
same periods as certificates issued under the 
provisions of this act, and when so renewed 
shall have the same force and effect as cer¬ 
tificates issued under this act. 

“The registration of a trade-mark under the 
provisions of this act shall be prima facie evi¬ 
dence of ownership. Any person who shall, 
without the consent of the owner thereof, re¬ 
produce, counterfeit, copy, or colorably imitate 
any such trade-mark and affix the same to mer¬ 
chandise of substantially the same descriptive 
properties as those set forth in the registration, 
or to labels, signs, prints, packages, wrappers, 
or receptacles intended to be used upon or in 
connection with the sale of merchandise of sub¬ 
stantially the same descriptive properties as 
those set forth in such registration, and shall 
use, or shall have used, such reproduction, coun¬ 
terfeit, copy, or colorable imitation in commerce 
among the several States, or with a foreign 
nation, or with the Indian tribes, shall be liable 
to an action for damages therefor at the suit 
of the owner thereof; and whenever in any such 
action a verdict is rendered for the plaintiff, the 
court may enter judgment therein for any sum 
above the amount found by the verdict as the 
actual damages, according to the circumstances 
of the case, not exceeding three times the amount 
of such verdict, together with the costs.” (Prom 
Act of Feb. 20, 1905.) 

Trade-marks are not registrable if they em¬ 
body immoral designs, or the flag, coat of arms 
or other insignia of the United States, of a 


CONKLIN - EDISON MANUAL 187 

State or city, etc., of any foreign country, or 
the officially adopted emblem of any institution, 
organization, etc., in any State, or any simula¬ 
tion of any of these. 

The fee is $10, payable with each application, 
and includes certificate of registration. 


Persecutions of Jews 

The seventy years’ captivity of the Jews began 
606 before Christ; they about Cyrene, headed by 
one Andree, murdered nearly 100,000 Greeks and 
Romans; they ate their entrails, and covered 
themselves with the skins of those they assassi¬ 
nated, 115 after Christ; above 580,000 destroyed 
by the Romans, 135; first arrived in England, 
1079; every Jew, who lent money on usury, was 
commanded to wear a plate upon his breast, 
signifying that he was an usurer, or quit the 
realm, 1274; 267 were hanged and quartered for 
clipping, 1277; the same year the Jews crucified 
a child at Northampton, for which fifty were 
drawn on horses’ tails and hanged; all the syna¬ 
gogues were ordered to be destroyed, 1282; all 
the Jews in England were apprehended in one 
day, their goods and chattels confiscated to the 
king, and they, to the number of 15,660, banished 
the realm, having only sustenance money allowed, 
1287; they remained banished 364 years, till Oli¬ 
ver Cromwell restored them; a general massacre 
of them at Verdun by the peasants, who, from a 
pretended prophecy, conceived the Holy Land 
was to be recovered from the infidels by them; 
500 of these Jews took shelter in a castle, and de¬ 
fended themselves to the last extremity, when, 
for want of weapons, they threw their children 
at the enemy, and then killed each other, 1317; 
driven out of France, 1394; driven out of Spain, 
to the number of 150,000, 1492; they retired to 
Africa, Portugal, and France. It was against 
them that the Inquisition was there first estab¬ 
lished. There was not a Jew in England from 
1610 to 1624. Act passed to naturalize them, 
1753, but repealed on the petition of all the cities 
in England in 1754. 



188 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


PARLIAMENTARY RULES AND USAGES 

The following- are the complete rules, in a plain 
and compact form, for conducting a public meet¬ 
ing: 

Quorum. —A quorum is a sufficient number of 
the members of an association to legally transact 
business. Unless a quorum is present no business 
is in order, except to adjourn. A majority of the 
members constitutes a natural quorum, but the 
by-laws of thg association may provide a smaller 
number. 

The Chairman. —It is the duty of the chairman 
to open the meeting at the time fixed upon, by 
taking the chair, calling the house to order; to 
announce the business before the house in the 
order in which it is to be acted upon; to receive 
and submit all motions; to put to vote* all ques¬ 
tions which are regularly moved, or which neces¬ 
sarily arise in the course of proceedings, and to 
announce the result; to restrain every one, when 
engaged in debate, within the rules of order; to 
enforce the observance of order and decorum; to 
appoint committees; to authenticate by his signa¬ 
ture, when necessary, all the acts and proceedings 
of the house, and generally to declare its will. 

He may speak to points of order in preference 
to others; shall decide all questions of order, and 
if the house is evenly divided he may give the 
casting vote, in doing which he may, if he pleases, 
give his reasons. 

The Clerk.— It is the duty of the clerk or sec¬ 
retary to keep correct minutes of the proceedings 
of the house; to read all papers when ordered, 
and for this purpose he should always rise; to 
call the roll, and state the answer when a vote 
is taken by yeas and nays; to have the custody 
of all papers and documents, and to authenti¬ 
cate the acts and proceedings of the house by his 
signature. 

Committees. —Standing committees sit perma¬ 
nently; special committees perform only some 
particular duty, when they are discharged. The 
person first-named is usually regarded as chair- 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


185 


man, but this is only a matter of courtesy; every 
committee has a right to select its own chair¬ 
man. Custom, however, has practically taken 
away this right, and it is considered bad form to 
elect any other person than the first-named as 
chairman. The mover of a motion to commit 
should be placed on the committee and first- 
named, except where the matter committed con¬ 
cerns him personally. In the appointment of the 
committee no person directly opposed to the 
measure committed should be named, and when 
any person who is thus opposed to same, hears 
himself named of its committee he should ask to 
be excused. 

The chair appoints all committees. Committees 
do not adjourn, but, when they have concluded 
their deliberations, should rise and report. The 
report should be presented by the chairman. 
When the report is received the committee is 
dissolved and cannot act further without new 
power. 

Any committee required or entitled to report 
upon a subject referred to them may make a ma¬ 
jority and minority report, while any member of 
such committee dissenting in whole or in part, 
from either the conclusion or the reasoning of 
both the majority and minority, may also present 
a statement of his reasons for such dissent, which 
should be received in connection with the reports. 

The committee of the whole is an expedient to 
simplify the business of legislative bodies. No 
record is made of its proceedings. The presiding 
officer puts the question, and, if same is carried, 
appoints some person as chairman and then va¬ 
cates the chair. 

Motions. —Propositions made to a deliberative 
assembly are called motions; when the proposition 
is put to vote it is called the question. A motion 
cannot be entertained or the question put, until 
the same has been seconded. After this it be¬ 
comes the property of the house, and cannot be 
withdrawn except by leave. It must be in writ¬ 
ing whenever the house or presiding officer re¬ 
quire it, and must be read upon demand. 


190 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


An exception to the rule requiring 1 a second to 
a motion is made in cases when the proposition 
is to proceed with or to execute an order of the 
house; as where it is moved to proceed with an 
order of the day, or where a call is made for the 
enforcement of some order relating to the ob¬ 
servance of decorum. 

No motion can be made while a speaker has 
the floor, nor while another motion is pending, 
except it be a question of privilege. 

Amendments. —A motion may be amended by 
inserting or adding words, or by striking out 
words, or by striking out and inserting words. An 
amendment takes precedence of the original ques¬ 
tion and must be first decided. So, too, an amend¬ 
ment to an amendment must be decided before 
the amendment. A motion may be made to 
amend, after which a motion will be to amend 
the amendment, but this is the full limit of the 
rule by which one motion may be put upon an¬ 
other. 

Questions of privilege cannot be amended, ex¬ 
cept that a motion to postpone can be amended 
as to time. 

The Question.— The question is first to be put 
on the affirmative and then on the negative side, 
the vote in most cases being by oral response. 
If there are doubts as to the voice of the majority, 
any one may call for a division. In all cases 
where the house is equally divided the question 
is lost, unless the presiding officer affirms it by a 
casting vote. 

When a division is had, those in the affirmative 
on the question should first rise and be counted, 
or, if there still be a doubt, or a count be called 
for, the chairman should appoint two tellers, one 
from each side, to make the count and report the 
same to the chairman, who should then declare 
the same to the house. 

In small matters of routine business or trifling 
importance, such as receiving reports, withdraw¬ 
ing motions, etc., the presiding officer may sup¬ 
pose the consent of the house where no objection 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 191 

is expressed, and need not give them the trouble 
of putting the question formally. 

A question should be stated by the chair before 
it is put, after which it is open to debate. Ques¬ 
tions may be stated by the chair while sitting, 
but he should rise to put a question, and should 
«use substantially this form: “As many as are 
of the opinion that (as the question may be) 
will say aye;” and, after the affirmative voice is 
expressed, “As many as are of a contrary opinion, 
will say no.” 

After a question has been put it is not debat¬ 
able, but after the affirmative is put any person 
who has not spoken before to the question may 
rise and speak before the negative is put. 

Division of Question. —Any person may call 
for the division of a question if it comprehend 
propositions in substance so distinct that, one 
being taken away, a substantive proposition shall 
remain for decision. 

When a question is divided, after the question 
on the first part, the second is open to debate 
and amendment. 

Privileged Questions. —When a question is un¬ 
der debate, no motion shall be received, except to 
adjourn; to lay on the table; for the previous 
question; to postpone to a day certain; to com¬ 
mit; to amend; to postpone indefinitely. These 
motions have precedence in the order in which 
they stand arranged, and are called privileged 
questions. 

A motion to adjourn is always in order and 
takes precedence of all other motions, and an 
order of the day takes the place of all questions 
except adjournment. 

When a matter has been laid on the table it 
may be taken up at any time afterward and con¬ 
sidered, but not at the same meeting or session 
at which it was tabled. Frequently this motion 
is made to finally dispose of the matter, and it 
always has this effect when no motion is after¬ 
ward made to take it up. The proper motion for 
proceeding with a matter that has been ordered 
to lie on the table, is, that the house do now pro- 


192 


0ONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


ceed to consider that matter, although it would 
be proper to move that the matter be taken up 
for consideration. 

There are several questions which, being in¬ 
cidental to every one, will take the place of every 
one, privileged or not; as, a question of order 
arising out of any question must be decided before 
that question. 

A motion for indefinite postponement is gener¬ 
ally resorted to in order to suppress a question 
or prevent its coming to vote. 

Previous Question. —When any question is be¬ 
fore the house any member may move that the 
question (called the main question) be now put, 
or, as it is usually termed, may move the previous 
question. If it pass in the affirmative, then the 
main question is to be put immediately, and no 
further debate is permitted. 

The previous question being moved and second¬ 
ed, the question from the chair should be, “Shall 
the main question be now put?” If the nays pre¬ 
vail the main question remains as the question 
before the house in the same stage of proceedings 
as before the previous question was moved. 

Equivalent Questions. —Where questions are 
perfectly equivalent, so that the negative of the 
one amounts to the affirmative of the other, and 
leaves no other alternative, the decision of the 
one necessarily concludes the other. Thus the 
negative of striking out amounts to the affirma¬ 
tive of agreeing; and, therefore, to put a question 
on agreeing after that of striking out, would be 
to put the same question in effect twice over. 

Questions of Order. —It is the duty of the 
chairman to decide all questions of order when¬ 
ever raised. Upon such questions no debate or 
discussion is in order, but if the decision is not 
satisfactory any one may object to it and appeal 
to the house. On appeal being taken, the question 
should be: “Shall the decision of the chair stand 
as the judgment of the house?” Whereupon the 
question may be debated and discussed the same 
as any other question. 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


193 


Commitment. —Any measure may be referred to 
a committee, on motion. This motion stands in 
the same degree with the previous question and 
postponement, and, if first made, takes preced¬ 
ence of them. A motion to commit may be 
amended by the substitution of one kind of com¬ 
mittee for another, or by enlarging or diminish¬ 
ing the number of the members of the committee, 
as originally proposed, or by instructions to the 
committee. 

After a measure has been committed and re¬ 
ported, it should not, in an ordinary course, be 
recommitted, but in cases of importance, and for 
special reasons, it is sometimes recommitted, and 
usually to the same committee. 

Reconsideration. —When a motion or question 
shall have been determined, either in the affirma¬ 
tive or negative, it is always in order for +nvone 
who voted with the majority, or in case * vote 
was equally divided, for one who vote' i the 
negative, to move for a reconsideratior ereof. 
Such motion must be made a £ the sam eeting 
at which the former vote was taken. - motion 
to reconsider, being put and lost, cannot be re¬ 
newed. 

Undebatable Motions. —A motion to adjourn, 
to lay on the table, and a call for the previous 
question, must be decided without debate. And 
all incidental questions of order, arising after a 
motion is made for either of the foregoing ques¬ 
tions, must be decided, whether on appeal or 
otherwise, without debate. 

Order in Debate.—W hen a person means to 
speak, he is to stand up in his place, uncovered, 
and address himself to the chair, who calls him 
by name, that all may take notice who it is that 
speaks. A person who is indisposed may be 
indulged to speak sitting. 

When a person rises to speak, no question is 
to be put, but he is to be heard undisturbed, 
unless overruled. 

If two or more rise to speak nearly together, 
the chair determines who was first up and calls 
him by name, whereupon he proceeds, unless he 


194 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

voluntarily sits down and yields the floor to the 
other. 

No one may speak morts than twice to the same 
question without the consent of the house, except 
merely to explain himself in some material part 
of his speech, or to the manner of the words in 
question, keeping himself to that only and not 
going into the merits of it. 

If the chairman rises to speak, the person 
standing must sit down, that the chair may be 
first heard. 

No one is to speak impertinently, or beside the 
question, or to use indecent language against 
the proceedings of the house. Nor should a 
person, in speaking, mention another then pres¬ 
ent by his name, but should describe him by his 
seat, or as “the gentleman who spoke last,” or, 
“on the other side of the question,” etc. 

Any one when called to order by another or 
by the chair, must sit dowm, and not proceed 
without leave until the question of order shall 
have been decided *by the chair. 

While the presiding officer is addressing the 
house or putting a question, no one should cross 
the floor or leave the room; nor while another is 
speaking, walk between him and the chair. 

Adjournment.—A motion to adjourn is not 
susceptible of amendment. If it is desirable to 
adjourn to any particular place or time, this may 
be accomplished by a previous resolution to that 
effect. 


Subterranean Heat 

The deepest coal mine in England is at Killing- 
worth, near Newcastle, and the mean annual tem¬ 
perature at 400 yards below the surface is 77 
degrees, and at 300 yards 70 degrees, while at 
the surface it is but 48 degrees, being 1 degree 
of increase for every 15 yards. This explains the 
origin of hot springs, for at 3,300 yards the heat 
would be equal to boiling water, taking 20 yards 
to a degree. The heat of the Bath waters is 116 
degrees, hence they would appear to rise 1,320 
yards. 



195 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 
USEFUL. CURES AND REMEDIES 

TO MEND RUBBER OVERSHOES. 

Rub the patch and shoe thoroughly with sharp 
sand paper. Smear both with liquid rubber five 
times, every time letting them dry. Do'this once 
more, and, before they dry, apply the patch, with 
pressure if possible, and the boot is mended. If 
liquid rubber is not obtainable, dissolve small 
pieces of pure rubber (not vulcanized), in warm 
spirits of turpentine, to the consistence of sirup. 

TO DRIVE FLIES FROM STABLES. 

Scatter chloride of lime on a board in a stable, 
to remove all kinds of flies, but more especially 
biting flies. Sprinkling beds of vegetables with 
even a weak solution, effectually preserves them 
from caterpillars, slugs, etc. A paste of one part 
powdered chloride of lime and a half part of some 
fatty matter, placed in a narrow band round the 
trunk of the tree, prevents insects from creeping 
up it. Even rats, mice, cockroaches, and crickets 
flee from it. 

TO KEEP FLIES FROM HORSES. 

Procure a bunch of smartweed, and bruise it 
to cause the juice to exude. Rub the animal thor¬ 
oughly with the bunch of bruised weed, especially 
on the legs, neck, and ears. Neither flies nor 
other insects will trouble him for twenty-four 
hours. The process should be repeated every day. 
A very convenient way of using it is, to make a 
strong infusion by boiling the weed a few min¬ 
utes in water. When cold it can be conveniently 
applied with a sponge or brush. Smartweed is 
found growing in every section of the country, 
usually on wet ground near highways. 

TO REMOVE THE SMELL OF ONIONS FROM THE BREATH. 

Parsley eaten with vinegar will remove the un¬ 
pleasant effects of eating onions. 

REMEDY FOR BAD BREATH. 

Bad breath or foul breath will be removed by 
taking a teaspoonful of the following mixture 
after each meal: One ounce liquor of potassa; 
one ounce chloride of soda; one and a half ounces 
phosphate of soda, and three ounces of water. 


196 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


TO EXTERMINATE RED ANTS. 

Grease a plate with lard and set it where the 
insects abound. They prefer lard to anything 
else, and will forsake sugar for it. Place a few 
sticks around the plate for the ants to climb up 
on. Occasionally turn the plate bottom up over 
the fire, and the ants will fall in with the melt¬ 
ing lard. Reset the plate, and in a short time 
you will catch them all. Powdered borax sprinkled 
around the infested places will exterminate both 
red and black ants. 

HOW TO DESTROY BED BUGS. 

Rub the bedsteads in the joints with equal parts 
of spirits of turpentine and kerosene oil, and the 
cracks of the surbase in the rooms where there 
are many. Filling up all the cracks with hard 
soap is an excellent remedy. March and April are 
the months when bedsteads should be examined 
to kill all the eggs. 

TO DESTROY BED BUGS IN PAPERED ROOMS. 

Clean the paint of the room thoroughly, and set 
in the center of the room a dish containing four 
ounces of brimstone. Light it, and close the room 
as tight as possible, stopping the keyhole of the 
door with paper, to keep the fumes of the brim¬ 
stone in the room. Let it remain for three or 
four hours, then open the windows and air thor¬ 
oughly. The brimstone will be found to have also 
bleached the paint, if it was a yellowish white. 

HOW TO REMOVE WARTS. 

A daily application of either of the three follow¬ 
ing remedies is effective in dispersing warts: 
Touch the wart with a little nitrate of silver, lq- 
nar caustic; or with nitric acid or aromatic vine¬ 
gar. The lunar caustic produces a black, and the 
nitric acid a yellow stain, which passes off in a 
short time; the vinegar scarcely discolors the 
skin. Sparks of frictional electricity, repeated 
daily, by applying the warts to the conductor of 
an electrical machine, have been also successfully 
employed as a cure for these troublesome and 
unsightly excrescences. 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


197 


HOW TO KEEP ICE IN SUMMER. 

On exposing a piece of ice weighing, say 25 
pounds, to the air at a temperature of 75 degrees, 
but so placed that it is perfectly drained, it will 
be found to have scarcely disappeared at the end 
of twenty-four hours. Wrap the same piece in 
three or four thicknesses of blanket or flannel, 
and place it in a small tub exposed to the same 
temperature, and as the water filters thrpugh the 
blanket the ice will stand in its own water, and 
will be all dissolved in five or six hours. Wrap 
the same piece of ice carefully in a blanket, and 
place it on a grating, or on four crossed sticks, 
so that no water can accumulate underneath, and 
at the end of three or even four days it will not 
have entirely melted. 

TO DESTROY INSECTS IN THE EAR. 

Insects may be destroyed by pouring a spoonful 
of warm olive oil, or camphorated oil, into the 
ear over night, retaining it there until the next 
morning by means of a piece of cotton wool, when 
it may be washed out with a little mild soap and 
warm water. 

TO PURIFY A SICK-CHAMBER. 

The nitrous acid vapor, so invaluable as a dis¬ 
infectant in contagious fevers, is obtained by de¬ 
composing nitre by means of heated sulphuric 
acid, in the following manner: Put half an ounce 
sulphuric acid in a crucible glass or china cup 
and warm it over a lamp or in heated sand, add¬ 
ing to it from time to time a little nitre. Several 
of these vessels must be placed in the sick cham¬ 
ber and in the neighboring apartments and pas¬ 
sages, at a distance of 20 feet or more from each 
other, according to the height of the ceiling and 
the virulence of the contagion. 

CURE FOR BONE FELON. 

As soon as the disease is felt, put directly over 
the spot a blister of Spanish fly, about the size 
of the thumb nail, and let it remain for six hours, 
at the expiration of which time, directly under 
surface of the blister will be seen the felon, 
which can be instantly taken out with the point 
of a needle or a lancet. 


198 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

TO CURE FELONS. 

Stir half a teaspoonful of water into one ounce 
Venice turpentine with a rough stick until the 
mixture appears like granulated honey. Wrap 
a good coating of it round the finger with a cloth. 
If the felon is only recent, the pain will be re¬ 
moved in six hours. 

HOW TO DISPERSE BLACK ANTS. 

A few leaves of green wormwood, scattered 
among the haunts of these troublesome insects, 
is said to be effectual in dislodging them. 

TO PURIFY WATER IN A CISTERN. 

Two ounces of permanganate of potassa thrown 
in a cistern will render the foulest water sweet 
and pure. 

HOW TO GET RID OF RATS. 

Get a piece of lead pipe and use it as a funnel 
to introduce about l x /z oz. of sulphide of potas¬ 
sium into any outside holes tenanted by rats; 
not to be used in dwellings. To get rid of mice 
use tartar emetic mingled with any favorite food; 
they will eat, sicken, and take their leave. 


Duration of Life of Various Animals 

Elephant, 100 years and upward; rhinoceros, 
20; camel, 100; lion, 25 to 70; tigers, leopards, 
jaguars, and hyenas (in confinement), about 25; 
beaver, 50; deer, 20; wolf, 20; fox, 14 to 16; 
llamas, 15; chamois, 25; monkeys and baboons, 
16 to 18; hare, 8; squirrel, 7; rabbit, 7; swine, 
25; stag, under 50; horse, 30; ass, 30; sheep, 
under 10; cow, 20; ox, 30; swans, parrots, and 
ravens, 200; eagle* 100; geese, 80; hens and 
pigeons, 10 to 16; hawks, 30 to 40; crane, 24; 
blackbird, 10 to 12; peacock, 20; pelican, 40 to 
50; thrush, 8 to 10; wren, 2 to 3; nightingale, 15; 
blackcap, 15; linnet, 14 to 23; goldfinch, 20 to 24; 
redbreast, 10 to 12; skylark, 10 to 30; titlark, 
5 to 6; chaffinch, 20 to 24; starling, 10 to 12; 
carp, 70 to 150; pike, 30 to 40; salmon, 16; cod¬ 
fish, 14 to 17; eel, 10; crocodile, 100; tortoise, 
100 to 200; whale, estimated, 1,000; queen bees 
live 4 years; drones, 4 months: worker bees, 6 
months. 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


199 


SOME HOWS AND WHYS 

Why Some Beverages Froth or Sparkle. 

When liquors are bottled they contain a cer¬ 
tain amount of sugar, which ferments through 
the action of minute spores or cells; they break 
the sugar up into alcohol and carbonic acid gas; 
when the cork is withdrawn the gas instantly 
makes its escape, and, rising in bubbles, produces 
effervescence and froth. 

Comparative Size of Sun and Earth. 

If the sun were hollow like an air-ball it would 
take 1,331,000 globes the size of our earth to 
fill it. 

How Rocks Are Cut by Water. 

The Palls of Niagara eat back the cliff at the 
rate of about one foot a year. In this way a deep 
cleft has been cut right back from Queentown, 
for a distance of seven miles, to the place where 
the falls now are. At this rate it has taken more 
than 35,000 years for that channel of seven miles 
to be made. 

Why a River Always Appears More Shallow Than 
It Really Is. 

Because the light proceeding from the bottom 
of the river is refracted as it emerges out of the 
water. A river is about one-third deeper than it 
seems to be. If, therefore, a river seems only 
4% feet deep, it is actually 6 feet deep. Many 
persons get out of their depth in bathing in con¬ 
sequence of this deception. 

Why a Small Needle Carefully Laid Upon the 
Surface of Water Will Float. 

Its weight is not sufficient to overcome the co¬ 
hesion of the particles of water constituting the 
surface, consequently it cannot pass through them 
and sink. For the same reason many light in¬ 
sects walk upon the surface of water without 
sinking or becoming wet. 

Why a Railway Train Makes More Noise When It 
Passes Over a Bridge That When on 
Solid Ground. 

The bridge is elastic and vibrates much more 
from the weight of the train than the solid earth, 


200 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


in consequence of which it produces more definite 
sound-waves. The bridge acts as a sounding 
board and the water or earth below it repeats 
or echoes the sound. 

Why a Soap Bubble Exhibits a Variety of Colors. 

Because the thickness of the film through 
which the rays pass is constantly varying. 

Why Water Expands When It Freezes. 

Ice is, really, crystallized water, and during its 
formation the particles arrange themselves in 
ranks and lines, which cross each other at angles 
of 60 and 120 degrees, and consequently occupy 
more space than when liquid. Cast-iron bomb¬ 
shells, thirteen inches in diameter and two inches 
thick, were filled with water and their apertures 
or fuse-holes firmly plugged with iron bolts. Upon 
exposure to a temperature of 19 degrees below 
zero, at the moment the water froze, the shells 
burst asunder, demonstrating the enormous in¬ 
terior pressure to which they were subjected by 
the water assuming its solid shape. 

Why Oil and Water Will not Unite. 

Because there is no affinity between the oil and 
the water. Affinity is the peculiar disposition 
which one body has to unite with a different body 
to the rejection of others which are dissimilar in 
their properties. In the case of the oil and water, 
the repulsion is overcome if we add a little pot¬ 
ash, the three uniting to form soap. 

Why Waves Are Calmed by Pouring Oil Upon 
the Water. 

Oil, from its inferior specific gravity, forms a 
floating film, which defends the surface of the 
water from contact with the currents of air, and 
the friction between the wind and the waves 
is greatly diminished, in the same manner that 
the friction between solids is by the application 
of oils. 

Why the Fur of a Cat Crackles When Rubbed 
uAth the Hand in Cold Weather. 

Because the friction between the hand and the 
fur produces an excitation of positive electricity 
in the hand and negative in the fur, and an inter- 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL, 201 

change of the two causes a spark with a slight 
noise. It is miniature thunder and lightning. 
Why Hot Iron Makes a Hissing Noise When 
Plunged Into Water. 

The hot iron converts into steam the particles 
of water which come in contact with it, and as 
the steam flies upward it passes by other par¬ 
ticles of water not yet evaporated; the collision 
produces very rapid vibrations in the air and a 
hissing noise is the result. 

Why in Traveling We Experience Less Dust in 
the Night Time Than During the Day. 

Because the dews of night moisten the dust and 
prevent its rising in the air, and as the surface 
of the earth is cooler than the air after sunset 
the currents of the wind will incline downward 
and tend rather to press the dust down than to 
buoy it up. 

Why Two or More Echoes Are Sometimes Heard. 

Because separate reverberating surfaces receive 
the sound and reflect in succession. At Glasgow 
is a remarkable echo. If a trumpeter plays a 
tune and stops, the echo will begin the same tune 
and repeat it all accurately; as soon as this echo 
has ceased, another will echo the same tune in 
lower tone; and after the second echo has ceased, 
a third will succeed with equal fidelity, though 
in a much feebler tone. At the Lake of Killarney 
there is an echo which plays an excellent “second” 
to any simple tune played on a bugle. 

Why Plaster of Paris Hardens When Moistened 
with Water. 

Plaster of Paris (calcined plaster), so called 
because immense beds of it are found in the 
vicinity of Paris, in which city it was first ex¬ 
tensively used as a plaster or cement, is pulver¬ 
ized rock. After being pulverized, it is strongly 
heated, until it loses one-fifth of its weight by 
the expulsion of moisture from its composition. 
When mixed with water, the anhydrous burnt 
gypsum again chemically combines with it and 
passes into a solid state. 


202 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

How Knowledge of the Velocity of Sound Is Made 
Applicable to the Measurement of Distance. 
Suppose a flash of lightning- be perceived, and 
on counting the seconds that elapse before the 
report of thunder is heard, we find them to 
amount to 3*4; then, as sound moves 1,142 feet 
in a second, it will follow that the thunder-cloud 
must be distant 1,142X3%=3,997 feet. 


Definition of Electrical Units 

Ohm—The unit of resistance. The resistance 
of a column of mercury 106.3 centimeters in 
length, having an area of cross-section of one 
square millimeter, at the temperature of ice (32 
degrees F. or zero C.). 

Ampere—The unit of current strength. It is 
the flow of electricity produced by the pressure 
of one volt against a resistance of one ohm. 

Volt—The unit of electromotive force. The 
pressure required to cause an ampere of current 
to flow through a resistance of one ohm. 

Coulomb—The unit of electrical quantity. That 
quantity of electricity which would pass in one 
second through a resistance of one ohm with a 
pressure of one volt. 

Farad—The unit of electrical capacity. The 
capacity of a surface which will retain one cou¬ 
lomb of electricity under a charging electromo¬ 
tive force of one volt. This is a capacity so 
enormous that the micro-farad—one-millionth of 
a farad—is the unit commonly employed. 

Joule—The unit of electrical energy or work. 
The work done, or electrical energy required, in 
maintaining a current of one ampere for one sec¬ 
ond through a resistance of one ohm. A watt- 
second. One joule equals 10,000,000 ergs. 

Watt—The unit of electric activity or power, 
equal to one joule per second. The number of 
watts is numerically equal to the product of the 
current in amperes, times the voltage which pro¬ 
duces that current. One volt times one ampere= 
one watt=l-746 horsepower. A kilowatt is 1,000 
watts. 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 203 

Antidotes to Poisons 

In nearly all cases of poisoning- the first thing 
to do is to excite copious vomiting by means of a 
powerful emetic, the action being promoted by 
large draughts of lukewarm water, tickling the 
throat with the finger, etc. If the vomiting can 
not be brought on by this means the stomach 
pump must be resorted to, but not till the simple 
methods have been tried. The vomiting should 
be kept up by giving albuminous liquids such 
as milk and water, barley water, or similar sub¬ 
stances, always administered when lukewarm. 
After the vomiting has removed the poisonous 
substance, a mild aperient draught may be given, 
and nervous exhaustion allayed by very small 
doses of ether or ammonia, or draughts of wine 
or hot spirits and water. Generally speaking, a 
tablespoonful of the flour of mustard mixed with 
warm water will serve as an effective emetic. 
Whenever medical aid is accessible it should be 
called immediately to a case of poisoning. For 
special antidotes, we take the following directions 
from a chemical journal, giving the substances 
most useful in counteracting the effects of poison¬ 
ous chemicals: “For phenic, sulphuric, nitric or 
nitro-muriatic acids, creosote, tincture of iodine, 
or phosphorus, use the white of an egg well 
beaten up in water, and a teaspoonful of mustard 
in warm water. In case sulphuric, nitric, or 
muriatic acid has been swallowed, it is necessary 
to take lime mixed with as small a quantity of 
water as possible. For chromic acid, the chro¬ 
mates and colors that have chromium for a base, 
the compounds of copper, and such preparations 
as have antimony for a base (such as tartar 
emetic), and the compounds of mercury and 
zinc, use the white of eggs in abundance, and 
as an emetic, mustard, which, however, is useless 
if the poisoning has been done by tartar emetic. 
For ammonia, soda, potassa, the silicates, and the 
alkaline hydrosulphates, use vinegar, and after¬ 
ward oil or milk. For prussic acid and its salts, 
the cyanides of potassium and mercury, the sul- 


204 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


phocyanides, oil of bitter almonds, or nitrobenzine, 
pour water on the patient’s head or spinal column, 
and put mustard plasters on the feet and the 
stomach. Do not let the patient go to sleep. 
For ether, petroleum, benzole, fruit essences, and 
concentrated alcohol, take strong mustard as an 
emetic, with much warm water, cold baths, and 
fresh air. Keep the patient awake. For the com¬ 
pounds of baryta or lead, use mustard as an 
emetic, with warm water, Epsom salts or Glau¬ 
ber's salts in water. For arsenic and its com¬ 
pounds, use mustard and dialyzed iron with mag¬ 
nesia, and afterward oil, mild, or mucilaginous 
liquids. For oxalic acid and its salts, use lime 
or lime water, and afterward castor oil. For 
nitrate of silver, use kitchen salt dissolved in 
water, and mustard as an emetic. For the nitrous 
fumes from the manufacture of the nitrate of 
iron, or of sulphuric acid, take acetic acid as 
strong as can be endured, in small quantities at 
a time." 


Effect of Heat on Various Substances 


Deg. Deg. 

Antimony melts at... 951. Zinc melts at.740. 

Bismuth “ ... 476. Ice “ 32. 

Brass “ ...1900. Mercury boils at.662. 

Copper “ ...2548. Naphtha “ .186. 

Glass “ ...2377. Fresh water boils at..212. 

Gold “ ...2590. Sea water “ ..213.2 

Cast Iron “ ...3479. Ether “ ..100. • 

Lead “ ... 594. Oil Turpentine boils 

Platinum “ ...3080. at .304. 

Silver “ ...1250. Linseed Oil boils at..640. 

Steel " ...2500. Sweet Oil “ ..412. 

Tin “ ... 421. 


Melting Temperature of Alloys 

deg. 

Lead 1 , Tin 1, Bismuth 4, Cadmium 1, melts at....155 


Lead 3, Tin 5, Bismuth 8 , “ ....208 

Lead 1, Tin 3, Bismuth 5, " ....212 

Lead 1, Tin 4, Bismuth 5, "... .240 

Tin 1 , Bismuth 1, “ ,...286 

Lead 2, Tin 3, “ ....334 

Tin, 2, Bismuth 1, “ ....338 

Lead 1. Tin 2, “ .360 

Tin 8 , Bismuth 1, “ ....392 

Lead 2, Tin 1. 475 















CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 205 

The Jewish Religion—Observances, Etc. 

In their religious observances modern Jews ad¬ 
here to the rules of the Mosaic dispensation. 
Their service consists chiefly in reading the law 
in their synagogues, together with a variety of 
prayers. They abstain from the meats prohibited 
by the Levitical law, and they continue to observe 
the ceremonies of the Passover, as nearly as 
possible. They offer prayers for the dead, because 
they believe that the souls of the wicked go to 
a place of temporary punishment, where they re¬ 
main under trial a year, and they think that very 
few will be condemned to suffer eternally. We 
give a summary of the confession of faith, in 
which all orthodox Jews must live and die. It is 
made up of thirteen articles, and was drawn up 
in the eleventh century by a celebrated rabbi 
named Maimonides. These articles declare in 
substance: (1) That there is one God, creator 
of all things, who may exist without any part 
of the universe, but without whom nothing can 
maintain existence; (2) that God is uncompound¬ 
ed and indivisible, but different from all other 
unities; (3) that God is an immaterial being, 
without any admixture of corporeal substance; 
(4) that God is eternal, but everything else had 
a beginning in time; (5) that God alone ought 
to be worshiped, without mediators or interces¬ 
sors; (6) that there have been inspired prophets, 
and may be more; (7) that Moses was the grand¬ 
est prophet that ever appeared; (8) that the law 
of Moses was, in every syllable, dictated by the 
Almighty, not only in its written letter but in 
traditionary exposition; (9) that this law is im¬ 
mutable, neither to be added to nor diminished; 
(10) that God knows all our actions and governs 
them as He will; (11) that the observance of the 
law is rewarded and its violation punished in this 
world, but in a greater degree in the next; (12) 
that a Messiah is yet to appear, the time of whose 
coming may not be prescribed or foretold; and 
(13) that God will raise the dead at the last day 
and pass judgment upon all. 


206 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

To Compute the "Volume of Square Timber 

When all the dimensions are in feet, multiply 
the breadth, depth, and length together, and the 
product will give the volume in cubic feet. 

When one of the dimensions is given in inches, 
multiply as before, and divide the product by 12. 

When any two of the dimensions are given in 
inches, multiply as before, and divide by 144. 

Example.—A piece of timber is 15 inches 
square, and 20 feet in length; required, its volume 
in cubic feet: 

15X15X20=4,500, and 4,500-M44=31.25 feet. 


Board and Timber Measure 

Rule.—Multiply the length by the breadth, and 
the product will give the surface required. 

If the dimensions are given in inches, multiply 
as above, and divide by 12. When all the dimen¬ 
sions are in inches, multiply as before, and divide 
the product by 144. 

Example.—What are the number of square feet 
in a board 15 feet in length and 16 inches in 
width? 

15X16=240, and 240^-12=20 feet. 


Relative Hardness of Woods 

Taking shellbark hickory as the highest stand¬ 
ard of our forest trees, and calling that 100, other 
trees will compare with it for hardness as fol¬ 
lows : 


Shellbark hickory. .100 

1 

Yellow oak.... 

.69 

Pignut hickory.. 

...96 

1 

White elm. 

. 58 

White oak. 

...84 

1 

Hard maple.... 


White ash. 

.. 77 

1 

Red cedar. 

.56 

Dogwood . 

...75 

! 

Wild cherry. .. 

.55 

Scrub oak. 

...73 

1 

Yellow pine... 


White hazel. 

..72 

1 

Chestnut . 

. 52 

Apple tree. 

...70 

i 

Yellow poplar. 


Red oak. 

...69 

l 

Butternut . . . . 

. 43 

White beech. 

...65 

l 

White birch. . . 

. 43 

Black walnut... 

...65 

! 

White pine.... 

. 30 

Black birch. 

...62 

1 





























CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 207 

TABLES OP WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 
CUBIC MEASURE. 

1,728 cubic inches 1 cubic foot, 27 cubic feet 1 
cubic yard, 128 cubic feet 1 cord (wood), 40 
cubic feet 1 ton (shipping), 2,150.42 cubic inch¬ 
es 1 standard busnel, 268.8 cubic inches 1 
standard gallon, 1 cubic foot four-fifths of a 
bushel. 

SURVEYOR’S MEASURE. 

7.92 inches 1 link, 25 links 1 rod, 4 rods 1 chain, 
10 square chains or 160 square rods 1 acre, 640 
acres, 1 square mile. 

LONG MEASURE—DISTANCE. 

3 barleycorns 1 inch, 12 inches 1 foot, 3 feet 1 
yard, 5 % yards 1 rod, 40 rods 1 furlong, 8 fur¬ 
longs 1 mile. 

DRY MEASURE. 

2 pints make 1 quart, 8 quarts make 1 peck, 4 
pecks make 1 bushel, 36 bushels make 1 chal¬ 
dron. 

LIQUID MEASURE. 

4 gills make 1 pint, 2 pints make 1 quart, 4 quarts 
make 1 gallon, 31% gallons make 1 barrel, 2 
barrels make 1 hogshead. 

APOTHECARIES’ WEIGHT. 

20 grains make 1 scruple, 3 scruples make 1 
drachm, 8 drachms make 1 ounce, 12 ounces 
make 1 pound. 

TROY WEIGHT. 

24 grains make 1 pennyweight, 20 pennyweight 
make 1 ounce. By this weight gold, silver and 
jewels only are weighed. The ounce and pound 
in this are same as in apothecaries’ weight. 

AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. 

16 drachms make 1 ounce, 16 ounces make 1 
pound, 25 pounds make 1 quarter, 4 quarters 
make 1 hundredweight, 2,000 pounds make 1 
ton. 

CIRCULAR MEASURE. 

60 seconds make 1 minute, 60 minutes make 1 
degree, 30 degrees make 1 sign, 90 degrees 
make 1 quadrant, 4 quadrants or 360 degrees 
make 1 circle. 


208 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


TIME MEASURE. 

60 seconds make 1 minute, 60 minutes make 1 
hour, 24 hours make 1 day, 7 days make 1 
week, 4 weeks make 1 lunar month, 28, 29, 30, 
or 31 days make 1 calendar month (30 days 
make 1 month in computing interest), 52 weeks 
and 1 day, or 12 calendar months, make 1 year, 
365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, and 49 seconds 
make 1 solar year. 

SQUARE MEASURE. 

144 square inches 1 square foot, 9 square feet 1 
square yard, 30% square yards 1 square rod, 
40 square rods 1 rood, 4 roods 1 acre, 640 acres 
1 square mile or section, 36 sections 1 town¬ 
ship. 

CLOTH MEASURE. 

2% inches 1 nail, 4 nails 1 quarter, 4 quarters 1 
yard. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

3 inches 1 palm, 4 inches 1 hand, 6 inches 1 span, 
18 inches 1 cubit, 21.8 inches 1 Bible cubit, 2% 
feet 1 military pace. 

What Constitutes an Acre 

A lot of any of the following dimensions meas¬ 
ures one acre: 

5 yards X 968 yards. 220 feet X 198 feet. 


10 “ 

x 484 

“ 440 “ 

X 99 “ 

40 “ 

x 121 

“ 110 “ 

X 396 “ 

80 “ 

X 

601/2 yards. 240 “ 

X 1811/2 feet. 

70 “ 

X 

691/7 “ 

Time 

at 

Whieh Money Doubles at Interest 

Rate per 

cent. 

Simple Interest. 

Compound Interest. 

10 . . . . 


10 

years. 

7 years 100 days. 

9 . . . ■ 


11 

years 40 days. 

8 years 16 days. 

8 . . . • 


12 Vz years. 

9 years 2 days. 

7 . . . • 


14 

years 104 days. 

10 years 89 days. 

6 . . . ■ 


16 

years 8 months. 

11 years 327 days. 

5 . . . . 


20 

years. 

15 years 75 days. 

4% .... 


22 

years 81 days. 

15 years 273 days. 

4 . . . . 


25 

years. 

17 years 246 days. 

3% .... 


28 

years 208 days. 

20 years 54 days. 

3 . . . . 


33 

years 4 months. 

23 years 164 days. 

2 y 2 .... 


40 

years. 

28 years 26 days. 

2 . . . . 


50 

years. 

35 years 1 day. 
















CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 209 

PRACTICAL, CALCULATIONS 

GRAIN MEASURE. 

To find the capacity of a bin or wagon-bed mul¬ 
tiply the cubic feet by .8 (tenths). For great ac¬ 
curacy, add § of a bushel for every 100 cubic feet. 

To find the cubic feet, multiply the length, 
width, and depth together. 

EAR CORN MEASURE. 

To find the contents of a corn crib, multiply the 
cubic feet by 4 and divide the product by 9. 

CISTERN MEASURE. 

To find the capacity of a round cistern or tank 
multiply the square of the average diameter by 
the depth, and take 3-16 of the product. For 
great accuracy, multiply by .1865 instead of tak¬ 
ing 3-16. 

For square cisterns or tanks multiply the cubic 
feet by .2% (tenths). 

LAND MEASURE. 

To find the number of acres in a body of land 
multiply the length by the width (in rods), and 
divide the product by 160. When the opposite 
sides are unequal, add them, and take half the 
sum, for the mean length or width. 

TABLES CONVENIENT FOR TAKING INSIDE 
DIMENSIONS. 

A box 24 in. x 24 in. x 14.7 will hold a barrel 
of 31% gallons. 

A box 15 in. x 14 in. x 11 in. will hold 10 gal¬ 
lons. 

A box 8% in. x 7 in. x 4 in. will hold a gallon. 

A box 4 in. x 4 in. x 3.6 in. will hold a quart. 

A box 24 in. x 28 in. x 16 in. will hold five bush¬ 
els. 

A box 16 in. x 12 in. x 11.2 in. will hold a 
bushel. 

A box 12 in. x 11.2 in. x 8 in. will hold a half 
bushel. 

A box 7 in. x 6.4 in. x 12 in. will hold a peck. 

A box 8.4 in. x 8 in. x 4 in. will hold a 
peck, or four dry quarts. 

A box 6 in. x 5 3-5 in., and 4 in. deep will hold 
a half gallon. 


21Q CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

A box 4 in. x 4 in., and 2 1-10 deep will hold a 
pint. 

To Find the Contents of a Corn Crib. 

Multiply the number of cubic feet by 4% and 
point off one decimal place; the result will be the 
answer in bushels. 

HAY MEASURE. 

About 500 cubic feet of well-settled hay, or 
about 700 of new mown hay, will make a ton. To 
estimate amount of hay in mow—Ten cubic yards 
of meadow hay weigh a ton. When hay is taken 
out of old stacks, 8 or 9 yards will make a ton. 
Eleven or twelve cubic yards of clover, when dry, 
make a ton. 


USEFUL RECIPES 

One of the best varnishes for smoke-stacks or 
steam-pipes is good asphaltum dissolved in oil 
of turpentine. 

Oxalic acid dissolved in soft water, say half an 
ounce to a pint, is one of the best known means 
for cleaning and brightening brass work. 

Iron or steel immersed warm in a solution of 
carbonate of soda (washing soda) for a few min¬ 
utes will not rust. 

Eighty parts of sifted cast iron turnings, two 
parts of powdered sal-ammoniac, and one part 
sulphur, made into a thick paste with water and 
mixed fresh for use, makes a good cement for 
stopping holes in castings. 

Put pure olive oil into a clear glass bottle with 
strips of sheet lead and expose it to the sun for 
two or three weeks, then pour off the clear oil and 
the result is a lubricant which will neither gum 
nor corrode. It is used for watches and fine ma¬ 
chinery of all kinds. 

Cement for Joints.—Paris white, ground, four 
pounds; litharge, ground, ten pounds; yellow 
ochre, fine, half a pound; half ounce of hemp, cut 
short; mix well together with linseed oil to a stiff 
putty. This cement is good for joints on steam 
or water pipes. It will set under water. 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 211 

FACTS OF VALUE TO HOUSEKEEPERS 

A little quicklime placed in the infested places 
will drive away any kind of ants. 

How to Make Leather Waterproof.—Saturate 
it with castor oil. 

A good cement for glass is made by dissolving 
an ounce of isinglass in 2 wine glasses of spirits 
of wine. 

How to Rfemove Clinkers from Stove or Fire¬ 
brick.—Put in about half a peck of oyster shells 
on top of a bright fire. This may need repeating. 

How to Remove Tar from Cloth.—Rub it well 
with turpentine, and every trace of tar will be 
removed. 

How to Remove Egg Stains from Spoons.—Rub 
with common salt. 

How to Remove the Stains of Fruit from the 
Hands.—Wash your hands in clear water, dry 
slightly, and while yet moist, strike a sulphur 
match and hold your hands around the flame. 
The stains will immediately disappear. 

How to Clean Furniture.—Rub with cotton 
waste, dipped in boiled linseed oil; then rub clean 
and dry with a soft flannel cloth. 

How to Test Whether an Article Is Gilt or 
Made of a Gold-Colored Alloy.—A solution of 
bichloride of copper makes a brown spot on alloy, 
but produces no effect on a surface of gold. 

How to Restore Gilt Frames.—Rub with a 
sponge moistened in turpentine. 

How to Clean Gloves.—Pour a little benzine 
into a basin and wash the gloves in it, rubbing 
and squeezing them until clean. If much soiled, 
they must be washed through clean benzine, and 
rinsed in a fresh supply. Hang up in the air to 
dry. 

How to Clean Hair Brushes.—Dissolve a little 
soda in warm water, and pour in a small amount 
of ammonia. Hold the brushes with the bristles 
downward, and avoid wetting the back as far as 
possible; shake until the grease is removed. Then 
rinse in cold water, and put in the air to dry. 

How to Clean Hair.—Wash well with a mixture 


212 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

of soft water, 1 pint, sal-soda, 1 ounce, cream 
tartar, % ounce. 

How to Remove Iron Rust and Ink Stains.— 
Rub lemon juice on the stain, then cover it with 
salt and lay the articles in the sun. If necessary 
repeat the process two or three times. Spots from 
most kinds of ink are similarly taken out. Vine¬ 
gar will sometimes do it. 

How to Remove Stains from Linen.—Wet the 
part stained, and lay on it some salt of worm¬ 
wood; then rub without diluting it with more 
water. 

How to Clean Marble.—Take 2 parts of common 
soda, 1 part of pumice-stone, and 1 part of finely 
powdered chalk; sift it through a fine sieve, and 
mix it with water; then rub it well all over the 
marble, and the stains will be removed; wash 
with salt and water. 

How to Remove Mildew from Cloth.—Put a tea¬ 
spoonful of chloride of lime into a quart of water, 
strain it twice, then dip the mildewed places in 
this weak solution; lay in the sun. If the mildew 
has not disappeared when dry, repeat. 

How to Cure Mosquito Bites.—Put 10 drops of 
refined carbolic acid into an ounce of rose water; 
shake well, and apply as needed. If you hold 
your breath when a mosquito has its bill in you 
it cannot withdraw it until you breathe again. 

How to Get Rid of Moths.—Sprinkle furniture 
and cushions thoroughly with benzine. It will 
not spot or injure the most delicate fabric, but 
it is sure death to moths. The work must be 
done in a place where there is neither a fire nor a 
lighted lamp, for the benzine is very explosive. 

How to Remove Oil or Grease Spots from Car¬ 
pets.—Lay a piece of blotting paper over the 
spot, and set a flat-iron on top, the iron just hot 
enough not to scorch. Change the paper as often 
as it becomes greasy. After most of the oil has 
been extracted, apply whiting; leave it on for a 
day or two, then brush off. 

How to Remove Paint from Dress Goods.— 
When the color of a fabric has been destroyed 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 213 

by an acid, ammonia is applied to neutralize t.'-e 
same; after which an application of chloroform 
will, in almost all cases, restore the original color. 

How to Color Dress Goods Red.—One ounce of 
cochineal, 1 ounce of muriate of tin, and a little 
cream of tartar for each pound of goods, dissolved 
in enough water to cover them. Boil the goods 
in this dye 10 minutes. Hang up to dry. 

How to Remove a Rusty Screw.—Apply a red- 
hot iron to the head for a short time, the screw¬ 
driver being applied immediately while the screw 
is hot. 

How to Clean Silverware.—When it wants pol¬ 
ish rub it with whiting on chamois skin. 

How to Prevent Starch from Souring When 
Boiled.—Add a little sulphate of copper. 

How to Raise the Pile on Velvet.—Cover a hot 
iron with a wet cloth, and hold the velvet over 
it. Brush it quickly while damp. 


Remarkable Rainstorms 

A continual rain in Scotland for five months, 
918; a violent one in London, 1222; again, 1233; 
so violent, the harvest did not begin until Michael¬ 
mas, 1330; so heavy that the corn was spoiled, 
1335; from the beginning of October to Decem¬ 
ber, 1338; from midsummer to Christmas, so 
that there was not one day or night dry together, 
1348; in Wales, which destroyed 10,000 sheep, 
September 19, 1752; in Languedoc, which de¬ 
stroyed the village of Bar le Due, April 26,1776; 
in the island of Cuba, June 21, 1791, when 3,000 
persons and 11,700 cattle perished. 


Fifteen Largest Cities of the World 

The fifteen largest cities of the world are as 
follows, in this order: (1) London; (2) New 
York; (3) Berlin; (4) Paris; (5) Chicago; (6) 
Tokyo; (7) Petrograd; (8) Vienna; (9) Mos¬ 
cow; (10) Philadelphia; (11) Buenos Aires; 
(12) Osaka; (13) Constantinople; (14) Rio de 
Janeiro; (15) Calcutta. See table elsewhere in 
this work for populations. 




214 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

Thermometers Compared 

There are three kinds of thermometers—Fah¬ 
renheit, Reaumur and Centigrade, the Fahrenheit 
being in general use in the United States. The 
freezing and boiling points on the scales com¬ 
pare as follows: 


Thermometer. Freezing pt. Boiling pt. 

Fahrenheit .32 degrees 212 degrees 

Reaumur. zero 80 degrees 

Centigrade . zero 100 degrees 


The degrees on one scale are reduced to their 
equivalents on another by these formulas: 

Fahrenheit to Reaumur—Subtract 32, multiply 
by four-ninths. 

Fahrenheit to Centigrade—Subtract 32, multi¬ 
ply by five-ninths. 

Reaumur to Fahrenheit—Multiply by nine- 
fourths, add 32. 

Reaumur to Centigrade—Multiply by five- 
fourths. 

Centigrade to Fahrenheit—Multiply by nine- 
fourths, add 32. 

Centigrade to Reaumur—Multiply by four- 
fifths. 


How to Tell the Weather with Aneroid 
Barometers 

A Rising Barometer. —A gradual rise indicates 
settled weather. A rapid rise indicates unsettled 
weather. A rise with dry air and cold increasing 
in summer indicates wind from the northward; 
and if rain has fallen, better weather may be 
expected. A rise with moist air and a low tem¬ 
perature indicates wind and rain from the north¬ 
ward. A rise with southerly winds indicates fine 
weather. 

A Steady Barometer.— With dry air and sea¬ 
sonable temperature indicates continuance of very 
fine weather. 

A Falling Barometer.— A rapid fall with west¬ 
erly wind indicates stormy weather from the 
northward. A rapid fall indicates stormy weath¬ 
er. A fall with a northerly wind indicates storm, 






CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 215 

with rain and hail in summer, and snow in win¬ 
ter. A fall with increased moisture in the air, 
and heat increasing-, indicates wind and rain from 
the southward. A fall with dry air and cold 
increasing in winter indicates snow. A fall after 
very calm and warm weather indicates rain with 
squally weather. The barometer rises for north¬ 
erly winds, for dry, or less wet weather, for less 
wind, or for more than one of these changes, 
except on a few occasions when rain, hail, or 
snow comes from the northward with strong wind. 
The barometer falls for southerly wind, for wet 
weather, for stronger wind or for moderate wind, 
with rain and snow, from the north. 


An Island That Floats 

One of the most picturesque and remarkable 
bodies of water in the world is Henry’s Lake, in 
Idaho. It is situated on the dome of the conti¬ 
nent in a depression in the Rocky Mountains 
called Targee’s Pass. It has an area of forty 
square miles, and all around it rise snow-capped 
peaks, some of them being the highest of the 
continent’s backbone. In the lake is a floating 
island about 300 feet in diameter. It has for its 
basis a mat of roots so dense that it supports 
large trees and a heavy growth of underbrush. 
These roots are covered with several feet of rich 
soil. The surface is solid enough to support the 
weight of a horse anywhere, and there are places 
where a house could be built. The wind blows 
the island about the lake, and it seldom remains 
twenty-four hours in the same place. 


Periods of Gestation 

In the horse and ass are about the same, or 
11 months each, camel 12 months, elephant 2 
years, lion 5 months, buffalo 12 months, in the 
human female 9 months, cow 9 months, sheep 5 
months, dog 9 weeks, cat 8 weeks, sow 16 weeks, 
she wolf from 90 to 95 days. The goose sits 30 
days, swans 42, hens 21, ducks 30, peahens and 
turkeys 28, canaries 14, pigeons 14, parrots 40. 




216 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


Time In Various Parts of the World When It Is 
Noon at Washington, D. C. 


Alaska . 7 

Albany .12 

Amsterdam, Hoi. 2 
Angra, India.... 3 
Atchison, K.as...lO 
Athens, Greece. . 6 

Atlanta, Ga.11 

Augusta, Me. .. .12 

Baltimore .12 

Bath, Me.12 

Berlin, Germany. 6 
Bombay, India. .10 

Boston .12 

Brussels, Belg’m. 5 
Buffalo, N. Y...11 
Cape Town, Afr. 6 
Cairo, Egypt.... 7 
Calcutta, India.. 11 
Canton, China... 12 
Cambridge, Mass.12 
Charleston, S. C.ll 

Chicago .11 

Cincinnati .11 

Cleveland, O. ... 11 
Columbus, S. C..11 
Constantinople . . 7 
Danville, Va....ll 
Denver, Colo.... 10 
Des Moines, la.. 10 
Detroit, Mich... 11 
Dubuque, Iowa.. 11 
Dublin, Ireland.. 4 
Edinburgh, Scot. 4 
Galveston, Tex. .10 
Halifax, N. S...12 
Hamilton, Ont...ll 
Hannibal, Mo... 11 
Hartford, Conn.. 12 
Havana, Cuba...11 
Houston, Texas. .10 
Indianapolis .... 11 
Jacksonville, 111.11 
Jefferson City,Mo.10 
Kalama, Wash. . 8 
Kansas City, Mo. 10 
Key West, Fla.. 11 
Knoxville, Tenn.ll 
Laramie, Wyo...l0 
Leavenworth, Ks.10 
Lisbon, Portugal. 4 
Lincoln, Neb.... 10 
Little Rock, Ark. 10 
London, England. 5 


23 a.m. 
13 p.m. 
58 p.m. 
19 p.m. 
47 a.m. 
43 p.m. 
40 a.m. 
29 p.m. 
02 p.m. 


Louisville, Ky. .. .11 

Macon, Ga.11 

Melbourne, Aus... 2 
Memphis, Tenn...ll 
Meridian, Miss... 11 


Mexico.10 

Milwaukee .11 

Minneapolis, Minn. 10 

Mobile, Ala.11 

29 p.m.|Monoton, N. B...12 
32 p.m.|Montreal, Canada.12 
00 p.m. I Moscow, Russia.. 7 

24 p.m. Nashville, Tenn. .11 

25 p.m. New Orleans.... 11 

52 a.m. New York.12 

22 p.m. Omaha, Neb.10 

13 p.m. Ottawa, Canada. .12 
01 p.m. Panama, C. A. .. .11 
41 a.m. Paris, France. ... 5 

29 p.m. Pensacola, Fla. . .11 
43 a.m. Philadelphia ... .12 
17 a.m. Pittsburg, Pa. .. .11 

30 a.m. Port Huron, Mich.ll 
41a.m. Portland, Me....12 
44a.m. Portland, Ore.,.. 8 
04 p.m. Portsmouth, Va. .12 
50 a.m. Providence, R. 1.12 
08a.m. Quebec, Canada.. 12 

53 a.m. Quincy, Ill.11 

36a.m. Raleigh, N. C....11 
05 a.m. Richmond, Va. .. .11 

43 p.m. Rio Janeiro,Brazil 2 

55 p.m. Rome, Italy. 5 

49 a.m. Rome, Ga.11 

54 p.m. San Francisco. ... 8 
49 a.m. Salt Lake City.. . 9 
07 a.m. Savannah, Ga. .. .11 

17 p.m. Selma, Ala.11 

38 a.m. Sioux City, Iowa. 10 

44 a.m. St. John, N. B...12 
24 a.m. St. Johns’, N. F. . 1 
07 a.m. St. Joseph, Mo...10 

59 a.m. St. Louis.11 

58a.m. St. Paul, Minn... 10 
49 a.m. Terre Haute, Ind.ll 
41 a.m. Toronto, Canada.il 
32 a.m. Vera Cruz, Mex. .10 
12 a.m. Vicksburg, Miss. .11 
49 a.m. Virginia City.Nev. 9 

31 p.m. Wheeling, W. Va.ll 
41 a.m. Wilmington, N.C.ll 
59 a.m.| Yankton, S. D. ... 10 
08 p.m.| 


a 

a 

a 

P 

P 

P 

a 

a 

P 


26 a 

37 a 
48 a 
08 a 
14 a 
32 a 
16 

55 
16 
48 

14 

38 
21 
08 
12 
44 a 
05 p 
50 a 

17 p 

19 a 
07 p 
48 a 
34 a 

27 p 

56 a 
03 p 

22 p 

23 p 
07 a 
50 a 
58 a 

15 p 
58 p 
32 a 
58 a 
40 a 
44 a 

20 a 

42 a 

44 E 

37 p 

50 a 
07 a 
56 a 

18 a 

51 

43 
05 
40 

45 
58 

38 a 


s' s' s s s s s s s' s' s' s' s s' s* s' s s s s' s s s' s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s 

























CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 217 

How to Tell Any Person’s Age 

There is a great deal of amusement in the fol¬ 
lowing magical table. It will enable you to tell 
how old the young ladies are. Just hand this 
table to a young lady, and request her to tell 
you in which column or columns her age is con¬ 
tained. Add together the figures at the top of 
the columns in which her age is found, and you 
have the great secret. 


1 

2 

4 

8 

16 

32 

3 

3 

5 

9 

17 

33 

5 

6 

6 

10 

18 

34 

7 

7 

7 

11 

19 

35 

9 

10 

12 

12 

20 

36 

11 

11 

13 

13 

21 

37 

13 

14 

14 . 

14 

22 

38 

15 

15 

15 

15 

23 

39 

17 

18 

20 

24 

24 

40 

19 

19 

21 

25 

25 

41 

21 

22 

22 

26 

26 

42 

23 

23 

23 

27 

27 

43 

25 

26 

28 

28 

28 

44 

27 

27 

29 

29 

29 

45 

29 

30 

30 

30 

30 

46 

31 

31 

31 

31 

31 

47 

33 

34 

36 

40 

48 

48 

35 

35 

37 

41 

49 

49 

37 

38 

38 

42 

50 

50 

39 

39 

39 

43 

51 

51 

41 

42 

44 

44 

52 

52 

43 

43 

45 

45 

53 

53 

45 

46 

46 

46 

54 

54 

47 

47 

47 

47 

55 

55 

49 

50 

52 

56 

56 

56 

51 

51 

53 

57 

57 

57 

53 

54 

54 

58 

58 

58 

55 

55 

55 

59 

59 

59 

57 

58 

60 

60 

60 

60 

59 

59 

61 

61 

61 

61 

61 

62 

62 

62 

62 

62 

63 

63 

63 

63 

63 

63 


218 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


Language of Flowers 


FLOWERS. SENTIMENTS. 

Acacia .Concealed love. 

Almond .Hope. 

Apple-Blossom .Preference. 

Arbutus. Trailing.Welcome. 

Bell Flower.Gratitude. 

Box .Constancy. 

Calla Lily.Feminine beauty. 

Cedar .I live for thee. 

China Aster.I will think of it. 

Chrysanthemum, Rose..I love. 

Clover, Red.Industry. 

Corn .Riches. 

Cowslip, American.You are my divinity. 

Daffodil .Chivalry. 

Dahlia .Forever thine. 

Daisy, Garden.I partake your sentiments. 

Daisy, White.Innocence. 

Daisy, Wild.I will think of it. 

Elm, American.Patriotism. 

Forget-me-not .True love. 

Fuchsia, Scarlet.Taste. 

Geranium, Apple.Present preference. 

Geranium, Ivy.Your hand for the next dance. 

Geranium, Rose.Preference. 

Gillyflower .Lasting beauty. 

Golden Rod.Encouragement. 

Hawthorn .Hope. 

Heliotrope, Peruvian...I love you; Devotion. 

Honeysuckle .Bond of love. 

Horse-chestnut .Luxury. 

Hyacinth .Jealousy. 

Mint .Virtue. 

Morning Glory.Coquetry. 

Myrtle .Love. 

Oats .Music. 

Orange .Generosity. 

Pansy .Think of me. 

Pink .Pure affection. 

Pink, Red.Pure, ardent love. 

Rose, Moss.Superior merit. 

Rose, Tea.Always lovely. 

Rose, White.I am worthy of you. 

Snowball .Winter. 

Tuberose .Dangerous pleasures. 

Verbena .Sensibility. 

Violet, Blue.Love. 

Violet, White.Modesty. 


Oldest Church in the United States 

The Church of San Miguel was erected at Santa 
Pe, New Mexico, seven years before the landing 
of the Pilgrims on Plymouth Rock, and fifty- 
three years after the landing of Columbus. 
















































219 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


FACTS ABOUT FOOD 


Average time required for the digestion of 
various articles of food: 


H M 

Apples, sweet (boiled).2 30 


Barley, boiled.2 

Beans, Lima (boiled). 2 30 

Beef (roasted).3 

Beef (fried).4 

Beef, salt (boiled).... 2 45 

Bread .3 30 

Butter .3 30 

Cheese .3 30 

Chicken (fricasseed).. 2 40 

Custard (baked).2 45 

Duck (roasted).4 

Eggs (raw). 

Eggs (soft boiled)....3 
Eggs (hard boiled)... 3 30 

Eggs (fried/.3 30 

Fish .2 44 

Fowl (roast).4 

Hashed meat & vege¬ 
tables .2 30 

Lamb (boiled).2 30 


H M 

Milk (raw).2 15 

Milk (boiled).^ . 2 

Mutton (boiled).3 

Mutton (roast).3 15 

Oysters (roast).3 15 

Oysters (stewed).3 30 

Pigs’ feet, soused 

(boiled) .1 

Potatoes (baked).2 30 

Pork, salt (stewed)...3 

Pork (roast).3 15 

Rice (boiled).1 

Sago (boiled).1 45 

Soup, barley.1 30 

Soup, chicken, etc. 

(average) .3 15 

Tripe, soused (boiled). 1 

Turkey (roast). 2 20 

Veal (boiled).4 

Veal (fried).4 30 


Fat, Water, and 

100 parts. WMF 
Cucumbers ...97.0 1.5 1.0 

Turnips .94.4 1.1 4.0 

Cabbage .90.0 4.0 5.0 

Milk, cow’s... 86.0 5.0 8.0 

Apples .84.0 5.0 10.0 

Eggs, yoke of. 79.0 15.0 27.0 

Potatoes .75.2 1.4 22.5 

Veal .68.5 10.116.5 

Eggs, white of.53.0 17.0 .0 

Lamb .50.5 11.0 35.0 

Beef .50.0 15.0 30.0 

Chicken .46.0 18.0 32.0 


Muscle Properties 


100 parts. 

W 

M 

F 

Mutton . . . . 

.44.0 

12.5 

40.0 

Pork . 

.38.5 

10.0 

50.0 

Beans . 

.14.8 

24.0 

57.7 

Buckwheat 

.14.2 

8.6 

75.4 

Barley . ... 

.14.0 

15.0 

68.8 

Corn . 

.14.0 

12.0 

73.0 

Peas . 

.14.0 

23.4 

60.0 

Wheat .. .. 

.14.0 

14.6 

69.4 

Oats . 

.13.6 

17.0 

66.4 

Rice . 

.13.5 

6.5 

79.5 

Cheese . 

.10.0 

65.0 

9.0 

Butter . 



100.0 


Percentage 


Raw Cucumbers. 2 

Raw Melons. 3 

Boiled Turnips. 4% 

Milk . 7 

Cabbage . 7% 

Currants .10 

Whipped Eggs.13 

Beets .14 

Apples ..16 

Peaches .20 

Boiled Codfish.21 

Broiled Venison.22 

Potatoes .22% 

Fried Veal.24 

Roast Pork.24 

Roast Poultry.26 


of Nutrition 

Raw Beef.26 

Raw Grapes.27 

Raw Plums.29 

Broiled Mutton.30 

Oatmeal Porridge.75 

Rye Bread.79 

Boiled Beans.87 

Boiled Rice.88 

Barley Bread.88 

Wheat Bread.90 

Baked Corn Bread.91 

Boiled Barley.92 

Butter .92 

Boiled Peas.93 

Raw Oils. 95 

















































































AJ^ALISIS OF VARIOUS ARTICLES OF FOOD 


220 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


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following points may help to determine the nature of a suspicious illness: 


222 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


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to 2 

'© *M 

ffl 


Small red pimples 3d day of fever or Small-pox - 14-21 Scabs form 9th or 

changing- to vesi- after 48 hours’ ill- 10th day, fall off 

cles, then pustules. ness . about 14th. 

Rose colored spots, 7th to 14th day. Typhoid Fever. 22-30 Accompanied by di- 

scattered. arrhea. 









CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


223 


DISCOVERIES AND SETTLING OF COUNTRIES 

Andreanoffsy Isles, between Asia and America, 
discovered 1760. 

Angola settled by Portugal, 1482. 

Anguilla, in the Caribbees, first planted by Eng¬ 
land, 1650. 

Antigua settled by the English, 1632. 

Archangel, passage to, discovered, 1553. 

Aruba Isle, planted by Holland, 1634. 

Azores Isles discovered by Portugal, 1419. 

Baffin’s Bay discovered 1622. 

Bahama Isles discovered, 1629; taken possession 
of by the English, December, 1718. 

Barbadoes discovered and planted, 1614. 

Barbuda Isle first planted by England, 1628. 

Barrington Isle, one of the Gallapagos, explored, 
June, 1793. 

Batavia, in the Island of Java, first fortified by 
Holland, 1618. 

Bermuda Isles discovered, 1527; settled, 1612. 

Boston, Mass., built, 1630. 

Botany Bay settlement first sailed from England, 
March 21, 1787. 

Bourbon (formerly Mascareen) Isle planted by 
France, 1672. 

Brazil discovered, 1486; settled by the Spaniards, 
1515; settled by Holland, 1624; taken from 
Holland by Portugal, 1654. 

Britain discovered to be an island about 90. 

Caledonia, in America, settled, 1699. 

California discovered by Cortez, 1543. 

Canada discovered by Cabot, 1499; explored by 
the French, 1508, 1524, and 1534; settled, 1540; 
Quebec built, 1603; taken first by England, 
1628. 

Canary Isles discovered 1344, and granted Spain; 
explored, 1393. 

Cape Blanco, on the coast of Africa, discovered, 
1441. 

Cape Breton discovered by the English, 1584; 
yielded to France, 1632; taken by England, 
1745; restored, 1748; again taken and kept, 
1758. 


224 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


Cape de Verd Islands discovered, 1447. 

Cape of Good Hope discovered, 1487; planted by- 
Holland, 1651. 

Cape Horn first sailed round, 1616. 

Carolina discovered, 1497; planted, 1629. 

Caribbee Isles discovered, 1595. 

Cat Isle, one of the Bahamas, the first discovery 
in America by Columbus, 1492. 

Cayenne Isle first planted by France, 1635. 

Ceylon, the Isle of, discovered, 1506. 

Chatham Isle, one of the Gallapagos, explored, 
June, 1793. 

Chile discovered by Spain, 1518. 

China first visited by the Portuguese, 1517; con¬ 
quered by the Eastern Tartars, 1635. 

St. Christopher’s, Isle of, discovered, 1595; set¬ 
tled by the English, 1626. 

Congou Kingdom discovered, 1482; settled by 
Portugal, 1486. 

Crimea settled by Russia, 1784. 

Cuba discovered, 1492; settled in 1511. 

Curacoa settled by the Dutch, 1634, 

Darien settled, 1700. 

Davis’ Straits discovered, 1586. 

De la Plate, river, discovered, 1512. 

Deseada Isle was discovered by Columbus, 1494. 

San Domingo, Isle of, discovered, 1492; city 
founded, 1494. 

Dominica discovered by Columbus, November 3, 
1493. 

Easter Isle discovered, 1722. 

East Indies discovered by the Portuguese, 1497; 
visited overland by some English, 1591; first 
Dutch voyage, 1595; first voyage of the English 
company, 1601; first from France, 1601; first 
voyage of the Danes, 1612. 

Faulkland, Isles of, discovered, 1592. 

Florida discovered by Cabot, 1500; settled in 1565. 

Frobisher’s Straits discovered, 1578. 

Fox Island, in North Pacific Ocean, discovered, 
1760. 

Galapagos Isles discovered, 1700; explored by 
Captain James Colnett, 1793. 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 225 

Georgia colony erected by General Oglethorpe, 
1739. 

Goree Isle, on the Guinea Coast, first planted by 
the Dutch, 1617. 

Granada Isle settled by France, 1652. 

Greenland was discovered in 1585; settled, 1721, 
1731. 

Guadaloupe Isle discovered by Columbus, 1493; 
planted by France, 1635. 

Guinea Coast discovered by the Portuguese, 1482; 
slave trade commenced here by Captain Haw¬ 
kins, an Englishman, 1563. 

Helena, St., discovered, 1502; first possessed by 
England, 1600; settled by the English, 1651. 

Hood’s Isle, one of the Galapagos, in the Pacific 
Ocean, explored, June, 1793. 

Hudson Bay discovered by Captain Hudson, 1607. 

Iceland discovered by a Danish pirate in 860. 

Jamaica discovered by Columbus, 1494; settled 
by the Spaniards, 1509. 

Japan discovered, 1542; visited by the English, 
1612. 

Kamtschatka discovered by the Russians, 1739. 

Ladrone Isles discovered, 1521. 

Le Roach Island, near Faulkland’s Island, dis¬ 
covered, 1657. 

Louisiana, west of the Mississippi, discovered by 
the French, 1633; settled by them, 1718; ceded 
to the United States, 1801. 

Madagascar discovered by the Portuguese, 1506. 

Madeira, Island of, discovered, 1344 and 1418. 

Magellan, Straits of, discovered, 1520. 

Marigalante Isle discovered, 1493. 

Maryland planted by Lord Baltimore at the ex¬ 
pense of £40,000, 1633. 

Mauritius Isle discovered, 1598; settled in 1721. 

Mexico conquered by the Spaniards under Cortez, 
1519-21. 

Montreal discovered, 1534; settled, 1629. 

Montserrat, in the West Indies, discovered by 
Columbus, 1493; planted by England, 1632. 

Nevis planted by England, 1628. 

New Caledonia discovered, 1774. 

New England planted by the Puritans, 1620. 


226 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

Newfoundland discovered by Cabot, 1497; settled, 
1614. 

New Guinea discovered, 1699. 

New Holland discovered by the Dutch, 1627; set¬ 
tled by the English, 1787. 

New Jersey planted by the Swedes, 1637. 

New Spain, or Mexico, discovered, 1518. 

New Zealand discovered, 1660; explored in 1769. 

New Plymouth built and settled, 1620. 

New York settled, 1664. 

Northeast passage to Russia discovered, 1553. 

Nova Scotia settled, 1622. 

Nova Zembla discovered, 1553. 

Otahelte, or George III.’s Island, discovered, June 
18, 1765. 

Owhy-he Island discovered, 1778, where Captain 
Cook was killed. 

Palmyra, ruins of, in the Deserts of Syria, dis¬ 
covered, 1678. 

Panama settled, 1516. 

Paraguay discovered, 1525. 

Pennsylvania, Penn's charter for planting, 1680. 

Peru discovered, 1518. 

Philippine Isles discovered by the Spaniards, 1521. 

Pitt’s Straits, in the East Indies, discovered, April 
30, 1760. 

Porto Rico discovered, 1497. 

Saba planted by the Dutch, 1640. 

Salem, Mass., settled, 1628. 

Sandwich Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, discov¬ 
ered, 1778. 

Savannah settled, 1732. 

Sierra Leone Coast discovered, 1460. 

Society Isles, in the Pacific Ocean, discovered, 
1765. 

Solomon’s Isles, in America, discovered, 1527. 

Somer’s Isles discovered, 1527. 

St. Eustatia Isle settled by Holland, 1632. 

St. Lawrence River discovered and explored by 
the French, 1508. 

San Salvador, Guanihani, or Cat Island, was the 
first land discovered in the West Indies, or 
America, by Columbus, October 12, 1492. 

Suffolk Isles discovered, 1764. 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


227 


Surinam planted by England, 1640. 

Surat settled, 1603. 

Tate Island, East Indies, discovered, June 29, 
1795. 

Tobago planted by the Dutch, 1642. 

Terceras Isles discovered by the Spaniards, 1583. 
Terra Pirma settled by the Spaniards, 1524. 
Trinidad, the Isle of, discovered, 1498. 

Ukraine settled by Russia, 1752. 

Virginia discovered by Sir Walter Raleigh, 1584; 
the settlement of the first permanent colony 
there, 1607; first marriage, 1608. 

West Indies discovered by Columbus, 1492. 


A Rule for Determining the Weight of Live 
Cattle by Measurement 
There are many rules for estimating the weight 
of cattle by measurement, but one of the author¬ 
ities on the subject says that “There is no rule 
that comes nearer than good guessing,” and that 
“no two animals will weigh alike according to 
measurement.” The same authority further re¬ 
marks that a rule, as good as any, is to find the 
superficial feet by multiplying the girth just be¬ 
hind the shoulderblade by the length from the 
fore part of the shoulderblade to the root of 
the tail. Thus an ox girthing seven feet nine 
inches and measuring six feet in length would 
contain seven and three-fourths times six or 46% 
superficial feet. For cattle, grassfed, the follow¬ 
ing is given as the weight per superficial foot: 


Girth less than 3 feet.11 pounds 

Girth 3 to 5 feet.16 pounds 

Girth 5 to 7 feet.23 pounds 

Girth 7 to 9 feet.31 pounds 


Thus the steer, as per above measurements, 
should weigh 46.50 by 31, or 1,441 pounds gross. 
Under this rule it is usual to deduct one pound in 
twenty on half-fatted cattle, from fifteen to 
twenty pounds on a cow having had calves, and 
if not fat an equal amount. The author of this 
rule suggests its use only when the scale is 
wanting, as the scale is the only true standard. 







228 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

U. S. Military Academy at West Point 

The United States military academy at West 
Point, N. Y., is a school for the practical and 
theoretical training of cadets for the military 
service of the United States. The maximum 
number of cadets at present permitted by law 
is 742. The corps of cadets consists of two for 
each Senator, Congressional District and Terri¬ 
tory (including Porto Rico, Alaska, Hawaii), four 
from the District of Columbia, and eighty from 
the United States at large, all appointed by the 
President. 

Appointments are usually made one year in 
advance of date of admission, by the Secretary 
of War, upon the nomination of the Senator or 
Representative. These nominations may either 
be made after competitive examination or given 
direct, at the option of the Representative. The 
Representative may nominate a legally qualified 
second candidate, to be designated the alternative. 
The alternative will receive from the War De¬ 
partment a letter of appointment, and will be ex¬ 
amined with the regular appointee, and if duly 
qualified will be admitted to the Academy in the 
event of the failure of the principal to pass the 
prescribed preliminary examinations. Appointees 
to the Military Academy must be between seven¬ 
teen and twenty-two years of age, free from any 
infirmity which may render them unfit for mil¬ 
itary service, and able to pass a careful exam¬ 
ination in reading, writing, orthography, arithme¬ 
tic, grammar, geography and history of the 
United States. 

The course of instruction, which is quite thor¬ 
ough, requires four years, and is largely mathe¬ 
matical and professional. The principal subjects 
taught are mathematics, French, drawing, drill 
regulations of all arms of the service, natural and 
experimental philosophy, chemistry, chemical 
physics, mineralogy, geology, electricity, history, 
international, constitutional and military law, 
Spanish, civil and military engineering, art and 
science of war, and ordnance and gunnery. About 
one-fourth of those appointed usually fail to pass 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


229 


the preliminary examinations, and but little over 
one-half the remainder are finally graduated. The 
discipline is very strict—even more so than in the 
army—and the enforcement of penalties for of¬ 
fences is inflexible rather than severe. Academic 
duties begin Sept. 1 and continue until June 1. 
Examinations are held in each January and June, 
and cadets found proficient in studies and cor¬ 
rect in conduct are given the particular standing 
in their class to which their merits entitle them, 
while those cadets deficient in either conduct or 
studies are discharged. 

From about the middle of June to the end of 
August cadets live in camp, engaged only in mil¬ 
itary duties and receiving practical military in¬ 
struction. Cadets are allowed but one leave of 
absence during the four years’ course, and this 
is granted at the expiration of the first two years. 
The pay of a cadet is $709.50 per year, and, with 
proper economy, sufficient for support. The num¬ 
ber of students at the Academy is usually about 
425. 

Upon graduating, cadets are commissioned 
as second lieutenants in the United States Army. 
The whole number of graduates from 1802 to 
1916, inclusive, has been five thousand six hun¬ 
dred and one (5,601). It is virtually absolutely 
necessary for a person seeking an appointment 
to apply to his Senator or Member of Congress. 
The appointments by the President are usually 
restricted to sons of officers of the army and 
navy, who, by reason of their shifting residence, 
due to the necessities of the service, find it next 
to impossible to obtain an appointment otherwise. 

The Academy was established by act of Con¬ 
gress in 1802., An annual Board of Visitors is 
appointed, seven being appointed by the Presi¬ 
dent of the United States, two by the President 
of the Senate, and three by the Speaker of the 
House of Representatives. They visit the Acad¬ 
emy in June, and are present at the concluding 
exercises of the graduating class of that year. 

The Academy is on a plain 160 feet above the 


230 CONK LIN-EDISON MANUAL 

river Hudson, surrounded by the bold scenery of 
one of the finesf' river passes in the world. 


U. S. Naval Academy at Annapolis 

There are allowed at the Academy three mid¬ 
shipmen for each Senator, Representative or 
Delegate in the House of Representatives, two 
for the District of Columbia, and fifteen at large. 
The appointment of cadets at large and for the 
District of Columbia is made by the President. 
The Secretary of the Navy, as soon after March 
5 in each year as possible, must notify, in writing, 
each member and Delegate of the House of Rep¬ 
resentatives of any vacancy that may exist in his 
district. The nomination of a candidate to fill 
the vacancy is made, on the recommendation of 
the Member or Delegate, by the Secretary. Can¬ 
didates must be actual residents of the districts 
from which they are nominated. 

The course for midshipmen is four years, nine 
months of which are spent at sea. Candidates 
at the time of their examination for admission 
must not be under sixteen nor over twenty years 
of age and physically sound, well formed and of 
robust constitution. They are examined men¬ 
tally by the academic board in reading, writing, 
spelling, arithmetic, geography, English grammar, 
United States history, algebra through quadratic 
equations, and plane geometry (five books of 
Chauvenet’s Geometry, or an equivalent). De¬ 
ficiency in any one of these subjects may be suffi¬ 
cient to insure the rejection of the candidate. They 
enter the Academy immediately after passing the 
prescribed examinations, and are required to sign 
articles binding themselves to serve in the United 
States Navy during the pleasure of the President 
of the United States (including the time of pro¬ 
bation at the Naval Academy), unless sooner dis¬ 
charged. The pay of a midshipman is $600 a year, 
beginning at the date of admission. 

Appointments to fill all vacancies that may 
occur during a year in the lower grades of the 
Line of the Navy and of the Marine Corps will 
be made from the midshipmen, graduates of the 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 231 

year, at the conclusion of their four years’ course, 
in the order of merit as determined by the Aca¬ 
demic Board of the Naval Academy. 

The Academy was founded in 1845 by Hon. 
George Bancroft, Secretary of the Navy in the 
administration of President Polk. It was for¬ 
mally opened October 10-of that year, with Com¬ 
mander Franklin Buchanan as Superintendent. 
During the Civil War it was removed from An^ 
napolis, Md., to Newport, R. I., but was returned 
to the former place in 1865. It is under the 
direct supervision of the Bureau of Navigation. 


Origin of “The Old Oaken Bucket” 

Samuel Woodworth, the author of “The Old 
Oaken Bucket,” was a printer by trade, who 
served his apprenticeship at Boston in the office of 
Major Russell, the publisher of the Sentinel. The 
beautiful and popular ballad had its origin under 
the following circumstances : He was employed in 
an office on the corner of Chestnut and Cham¬ 
bers street, New York. One day, with a group 
of typos, he dropped into Mallory's on Franklin 
street for the purpose of taking “some brandy 
and water,” for which the place was noted. The 
liquor was excellent and Woodworth seemed in¬ 
spired by it, for after taking a draught he set 
his glass upon the table and, smacking his lips, 
declared that Mallory’s eau de vie was superior 
to anything he had ever tasted. “No,” said a 
comrade, “you quite mistake; there is one thing 
which in both our estimations far surpassed this 
in the way of drink.” “What was that?” asked 
Woodworth, dubiously. “The draught of pure, 
cold water that we used to drink from the old 
oaken bucket which hung in the well, after our 
return from the labors of the field on a sultry 
day in summer.” The teardrop glistened for a 
moment in Woodworth’s eye. “True, true,” he 
replied, and soon after quitted the place. He 
returned to the office, grasped his pen, and in 
half an hour “The Old Oaken Bucket” was ready 
in manuscript. 



232 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

ARCHITECTS’ AND BUILDERS’ TABLES AND 
ESTIMATES 
Roof Elevations. 

By the “pitch” of a roof is meant the relation 
which the height of the ridge above the level of 
the roof-plates beara to the span, or the distance 
between the studs on which the roof rests. The 
length of rafters for the most common pitches 
can be found as follows, from any given span : 

If % pitch, multiply span by .559, or 7-12 
nearly. 

If 1/3 pitch, multiply span by .6, or 3-5 nearly. 

If % pitch, multiply span by .625, or % nearly. 

If % pitch, multiply span by .71, or 7-10 
nearly. 

If % pitch, multiply span by .8, or 4-5 nearly. 

If full pitch, multiply by 1.12, or 1% nearly. 

To lengths thus obtained must be added amount 
of projection of rafters at the eaves. 

As the rafters must be purchased of even 
lengths, a few inches more or less on their lengths 
will make a difference to the pitch so slight that 
it cannot be detected by the eye. 

Ex.—To determine the length of rafters for a 
roof constructed one-half pitch, with a span of 
24 feet—24 X .71=17.04; or, practically, just 17 
feet. A projection of one foot for eaves makes 
the length to be purchased 18 feet. 

Shingles Required in a Roof. 

To the square foot it takes 9 if exposed four 
inches; 8 if exposed 4y 2 inches, and 71-5 if ex¬ 
posed 5 inches to the weather. 

Find the number of shingles required to cover 
a roof 38 feet long, and the rafters on each side 
14 feet. Shingles exposed 4% inches. 

28 X 38=1064 (square feet) X8=8512 shingles. 
Ans. 

To find the length of rafters, giving the roof 
one-third pitch; take three-fifths of the width 
of the building. If the building is 30 feet wide 
they must be 18 feet long, exclusive of pro¬ 
jection. 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


233 


ASTRONOMICAL FACTS 
How to Find the Constellations 

The Great Bear, whose seven brightest stars 
are visible every clear night in our hemisphere, 
is called Ursa Major, and the Little Bear Ursa 
Minor. The star at the tip of the Little Bear’s 
tail is our Pole Star; it is named Polaris. It is 
almost immediately overhead at the North Pole 
of the earth. Its appearance is very useful to 
seamen and landsmen alike, because from it 
they can determine their position on sea or land. 
When they observe any known star to be over¬ 
head, and calculate that star’s angular distance 
from the Pole Star, they ascertain their terres¬ 
trial distance south of the earth’s pole. 

The following easy method will enable any one 
to find the Pole Star: Observe how a straight 
line from the two outer stars in the Great Bear, 
if extended, leads directly to the end star in 
the Little Bear. Trace this line on the sky, and 
the Pole Star can never afterwards be forgotten. 

Cassippeia can easily be found; the constella¬ 
tion is near the Bear, and has five bright stars 
assuming the form of an irregular “W.” “Cyg- 
nus” (The Swan), has five bright stars in the 
form of a cross, just to the right of Vega, the 
principal star in the Lyre. 

Equator 

The Terrestrial Equator is an imaginary great 
circle, equally distant from the poles of the earth, 
and dividing it into two equal hemispheres. The 
Celestial Equator is simply the Terrestrial Equa¬ 
tor extended outward to the heavens. 

Equinoxes 

The two points where the equator and ecliptic 
intersect each other. At these times day and 
night are equal over the world. Spring equinox 
occurs on March 21, and autumnal equinox, Sep¬ 
tember 22. 

Halo 

A colored circle of light, about 45 deg. diameter, 
round the sun or moon, and formed by the re¬ 
fraction of the rays from the luminaries named. 


234 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


Harvest and Hunter’s Moon 

The former term is applied to the full moon 
which happens on or nearest to the 21st Septem¬ 
ber, because it rises on several consecutive nights 
more nearly after sunset than any other full 
moon of the year, and is specially favorable for 
harvesting work in the evening. The “hunter’s” 
moon is the first full moon following the harvest 
moon. 

Gravity 

is the force or tendency in material bodies to fall 
toward each other. This force varies inversely 
as the squares of the distances separating them, 
and is directly proportional to the mass. 

Planet 

A wandering or moving body. Planets are dis¬ 
tinguished from fixed stars by their variations of 
position, and by the comparative steadiness of 
their luster. Inferior planets are those planets 
situated within the Earth’s orbit—viz., Mercury 
and Venus. Superior planets are those revolving 
outside the Earth’s orbit—viz., Mars, Jupiter, 
Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. There are 8 major 
pjanets, 20 satellites, and 278 planetoids known 
at the present time. The Earth has 1 satellite, 
Mars 2, Jupiter 4, Saturn 8, Uranus 4, Neptune 1. 
The planetoids are small bodies often termed 
minor planets, revolving between the orbits of 
Mars and Jupiter. 

Neptune 

The farthest known planet from the sun. Dis¬ 
covered by Leverrier and Adams, 1846. 

Mean distance from the Sun. .2,772,000,000miles 


Period of revolution.164% years 

Real diameter.35,000 miles. 


Mars 

A major planet, and the fourth in the order of 
distance from the Sun : 

Mean distance from the Sun. .140,000,000miles 

Period of revolution.687 days. 

Period of rotation.24h. 37m. 22%s 

Real diameter.5,000 miles. 







CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL. 


235 


Mercury 

The nearest planet to the Sun: 

Mean distance from the Sun.. 36,000,000 miles. 

Period of revolution..88 days. 

Real diameter.3,000 miles. 

Jupiter 

The largest planet of the solar system: 

Mean distance from the Sun. .484,000,000 miles. 

Period of revolution.nearly 12 years. 

Period of rotation...9h. 55m. 37s. 

Real diameter.88,000 miles. 

Saturn 

was regarded as the outermost orb of the solar 
system before the discovery of Uranus in March, 
1781. 

Mean distance from the Sun. .878,000,000 miles. 

Period of revolution.29 % years. 

Period of rotation.lOh. 14m. 23.8s. 

Real diameter.74,600 miles. 

Real diameter of luminous ring. 166,000 miles. 
Rings of Saturn 

A unique luminous appendage to the planet 
Saturn. Galileo first saw it, but Hughens, in 
1654, was the first to discover its real aspect. It 
is a very thin structure, though extending a con¬ 
siderable distance in a direction away from the 
planet, and lies parallel with the equator. It is 
divided into several separate rings, and becomes 
practically invisible once in about 15 years, being 
then turned edgewise toward the earth. 

Uranus 

A major planet discovered by W. Herschel in 
1781. 

Mean distance from the Sun. .1,774,000,000miles. 

Period of revolution.84 years. 

Real diameter.31,000 miles. 

Venus 

The morning and evening star, and the most 
lustrous object in the sky, the Sun and Moon 
excepted. 

Mean distance from the Sun. .67,000,000miles. 

Period of revolution.224 7/10 days. 

Period of rotation.23h. 21m. 

Real diameter.7,400 miles. 















236 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

The Sun 

The great central luminary of our system, and 
the source of light and heat 
Mean distance from the Earth. 92,393,000 miles. 

Real diameter.861,600 miles. 

Apparent diameter.32 min. of arc. 

Rotation .25 % days. 

Sun Spots 

Dark and bright spots are visible on the Sun, 
and are rapidly variable. They attain a maximum 
about every 11 years. The dark spots consist of 
a penumbra with an interior umbra, and some¬ 
times a black nucleus. They are most abundant 
in zones N. and S. of the equator. Red hydrogen 
flames are constantly evolved from the solar 
surface. 


Meteors 

The records of meteors are certainly wonder¬ 
ful. It is related that at Crema, Italy, one day in 
the 15th century, the sky at noonday became 
dark—a cloud of appalling blackness overspread¬ 
ing the heavens. Upon this cloud appeared the 
semblance of a great peacock of fire flying over 
the town. This suddenly changed to a huge pyra¬ 
mid, that rapidly traversed the sky. Thence 
arose awful lightnings and thunderings, amid 
which there fell upon the plain great rocks, some 
of which weighed 100 pounds. In 1803 a brilliant 
fire-ball (meteor) was seen traversing Normandy 
with great velocity, and some moments after, 
frightful explosions, like the noise of cannon or 
roll of musketry, were heard coming from a sin¬ 
gle black cloud hanging in a clear sky; they were 
prolonged for five or six minutes. These dis¬ 
charges were followed by a great shower of 
stones, some weighing over twenty-four pounds. 
In 1814 a meteor was witnessed in Massachu¬ 
setts and Maryland, the diameter of which was 
estimated at half a mile. Its height was thought 
to be about twenty-five miles. In July, 1860, a 
brilliant fireball passed over the State of New 






CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 237 

York from west to east, and finally was seen to 
fall into the sea off Sandy Hook. 

One of the earliest accounts of star-showers is 
that which relates how in 472 the sky at Con¬ 
stantinople appeared to be alive with flying stars 
and meteors. In some Eastern annals we are told 
that in October, 1202, “the stars appeared like 
waves upon the sky. They flew about like grass¬ 
hoppers, and were dispersed from left to right.” 
It is recorded that in the time of King William 
II. there occurred in England a wonderful shower 
of stars, which “seemed to fall like rain from 
heaven. An eye-witness seeing where an aerolite 
fell, cast water upon it, which was raised in steam 
with a great noise of boiling.” 


Aerolites 

The fall of aerolites is frequently mentioned 
and well authenticated. Chinese records tell of 
one as long ago as in 616 B. C., which in its fall, 
broke several chariots and killed ten men. A 
block of stone, equal to a full wagon-load, fell 
in the Hellespont, B. C. 465. By the ancients, 
these stones were held in great repute. The Em¬ 
peror Jehangire, it is related, had a sword forged 
from a mass of meteoric iron which fell in the 
Punjab in 1620. In 1795, a mass was seen by a 
plowman, to descend toward the earth at a spot 
not far from where he was standing. It threw 
up the soil on every side, and penetrated some 
distance into the solid rock beneath. In 1807, a 
shower of stones, one weighing 200 pounds, fell 
at Weston, Conn. These aerolites are sometimes 
seen to plunge downward into the earth, and are 
found while yet glowing. A mass thus fell in 
South America, which was estimated to weigh 
15 tons. When first discovered, it was so hot 
as to prevent all approach. Upon its cooling, 
many efforts were made, by some travelers who 
were present, to detach specimens, but its hard¬ 
ness was too great for any tools which they pos¬ 
sessed. There is a mass of meteoric iron in the 
university collection at Yale, weighing 1,635 
pounds. 



238 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


Yellowstone Park 

The Yellowstone National Park extends sixty - 
five miles north and south and fifty-five miles 
east and west, comprising- 3,575 square miles, and 
is 6,000 feet or more above sea level. Yellow¬ 
stone lake, twenty miles by fifteen, has an alti¬ 
tude of 7,788 feet. The mountain ranges which 
hem in the valleys on every side rise to the 
height of 10,000 to 12,000 feet, and are always 
covered with snow. This great park contains 
the most striking of all the mountains, gorges, 
falls, rivers, and lakes in the whole Yellowstone 
region. The springs on Gardiner’s River cover 
an area of about one square mile, and three or 
four square miles thereabout are occupied by the 
remains of springs which have ceased to flow. 
The natural basins into which these springs flow 
are from 4 to 6 feet in diameter and from 1 to 
4 feet in depth. The principal ones are located 
upon terraces midway up the sides of the moun¬ 
tain. The banks of the Yellowstone River abound 
with ravines and canons, which are carved out 
of the heart of the mountains through the hardest 
rocks. The most remarkable of these is the canon 
of Tower Creek and Column Mountain. The lat¬ 
ter, which extends along the eastern bank of the 
river for upward of two miles, is said to resemble 
the Giant’s Causeway. The canon of Tower Creek 
is about ten miles in length and is so deep and 
gloomy that it is called “The Devil’s Den.” Where 
Tower Creek ends the Grand Canon begins. It 
is twenty miles in length, impassable throughout, 
and inaccessible at the water’s edge except at a 
few points. Its rugged edges are from 200 to 
500 yards apart, and its depth is so profound 
that no sound ever reaches the ear from the bot¬ 
tom. The Grand Canon contains a great multi¬ 
tude of hot springs of sulphur, sulphate of cop¬ 
per, alum, etc. In the number and magnitude 
of its hot springs and geysers, the Yellowstone 
Park surpasses all the rest of the world. There 
are probably fifty geysers that throw a column 
of water to the height of from 50 to 200 feet, 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 239 

and it is stated that there are not fewer than 
5,000 springs; there are two kinds, those deposit¬ 
ing- lime and those depositing silica. The tem¬ 
perature of the calcareous springs is from 160 to 
170 degrees, while that of the others rises to 200 
or more. The principal collections are the upper 
and lower geyser basins of the Madison River 
and the calcareous springs on Gardiner’s River. 
The great falls are marvels. 


Famous American Caves 
The Mammoth Cave is in Edmonson County, 
near Green River, about seventy-five miles from 
Louisville. It was discovered in 1809 by a hunter 
named Hutchins, while in pursuit of a wounded 
bear. Its entrance is reached by passing down 
a wild, rock ravine through a dense forest. The 
cave extends some nine miles. To visit the por¬ 
tions already traversed, it is said, requires 150 to 
200 miles of travel. The cave contains a succes¬ 
sion of wonderful avenues, chambers, domes, 
abysses, grottoes, lakes, rivers, cataracts, and 
other marvels, which are too well known to need 
more than a reference. One chamber—the Star— 
is about 500 feet long, 70 feet wide, 70 feet high, 
the ceiling of which is composed of black' gypsum, 
and is studded with innumerable white points that 
by a dim light resemble stars, hence the name 
of the chamber. There are avenues one and a 
half and even two miles in length, some of which 
are incrusted with beautiful formations, and pre¬ 
sent the appearance of enchanted palace halls. 
There is a natural tunnel about three-quarters 
of a mile long, 100 feet wide, covered with a 
ceiling of smooth rock 45 feet high. There is a 
chamber having an area of from four to five 
acres, and there are domes 200 and 300 feet high. 
Echo River is some three-fourths of a mile in 
length, 200 feet in width at some points, and from 
10 to 30 feet in depth, and runs beneath an 
arched ceiling of smooth rock about 15 feet high; 
while the Styx, another river, is 450 feet long, 
from 15 to 40 feet wide, and from 30 to 40 feet 



2*4U CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

deep, and is spanned by a natural bridge. Lake 
Lethe has about the same length and width as 
the river Styx, varies in depth from 3 to 40 feet, 
lies beneath a ceiling some 90 feet above its sur¬ 
face, and sometimes rises to a height of 60 feet. 
There is also a Dead Sea, quite a somber body 
of water. There are several interesting caves in 
the neighborhood, one three miles long. 

Wyandotte Cave is in Jennings Township, 
Crawford County, Ind., near the Ohio River. It 
is a rival of the great Mammoth Cave in grandeur 
and extent. Explorations have been made for 
many miles. It excels the Mammoth Cave in 
the number and variety of its stalagmites and 
stalactites, and in the size of several of its cham¬ 
bers. One of these chambers is 350 feet in length, 
245 feet in height, and contains a hill 175 feet 
high on which are three fine stalagmites. Epsom 
salts, niter and alum have been obtained from the 
earth of the cave. 

Howe’s Cave is situated thirty-nine miles from 
Albany, N. Y., and, after the Luray Cave, Vir¬ 
ginia, and the Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, is prob¬ 
ably the most remarkable cavern known. Lester 
Howe, for whom it was named, discovered it in 
the year 1842. It is also called the Otsgaragee 
Cave. Howe, it is related, penetrated to a dis¬ 
tance of eleven or twelve miles, but visitors do 
not generally go farther than about four miles. 
The cave is lighted by gas as far as a body of 
water called the Stygian Lake. The entrance is 
about fifty feet above the valley, and the rock 
chambers known as the Reception Room, Wash¬ 
ington Hall, the Bridal Chamber, and the Chapel, 
are successively reached. Then the Harlequin 
Tunnel is traversed and the visitor passes through 
Cataract Hall, Ghost Room, and Music Hall. The 
Stygian Lake is 10 feet deep, and is 30 by 20 
feet In extent. Fine stalagmites appear both 
above and below the lake. The visitor crosses 
the lake in a small boat, landing on Plymouth 
Rock, whence the path follows a small brook, 
and traverses the chambers and passages known 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 241 

as Devil’s Gateway, Museum, Geological Room, 
Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Giants’ Study, Pirates’ Cave, 
Rock Mountains and Valley of Jehoshaphat. Then 
the Winding Way is succeeded by the Rotunda. 
The stalactites and stalagmites are abundant and 
beautiful. 


In What Way and by Whom Coal Oil Was 
Discovered 

Like many other similar discoveries, that of 
coal oil has been traced simultaneously to several 
localities and persons. It is certain, however, 
that for many years oil had been observed float¬ 
ing on the surface of the water in a well not far 
from Titusville, Pa., and while it was used it was 
merely in a small way, and for medicinal pur¬ 
poses. In the year 1853 Dr. Brewer suggested 
its use for lighting and lubricating, and in 1854 
the first of the oil companies was formed, but 
the dull times came and the operations of the 
concern were in a rather indifferent condition. 
However, Messrs. Drake and Bowditch, of the 
company referred to, concluded that they would 
sink a well, and they were at once satisfied by 
seeing from 400 to 1,000 gallons of oil a day being 
the product. The “boom” thus given caused 
thousands to flock to the oil regions, and in two 
or three years experiment had shown pretty 
nearly the boundaries and capacity of the oil- 
producing region. Up to 1861 the wells found 
were those where the oil had to be pumped out 
by various methods, all the way from the common 
pump up to the most improved machinery, and 
in quantities varying with the apparatus em¬ 
ployed. But in the year just indicated the first 
large flowing well was struck, and the oil rose so 
plenteously as to flow over the surface, yielding 
from 800 to 1,000 barrels daily. The oil region 
of the Keystone State is but one of several exten¬ 
sive districts on this continent which are very 
productive, and the assertion may be ventured 
that we know very little of the boundless supplies 
which a Great First Cause has hidden away in 
the earth until we need them. 



242 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

Age and Growth of Trees 

An oak tree in three years grows 2 feet 10 ^ 
inches. A larch 3 feet 7*4 inches; at seventy 
years it is full grown, and a tree of seventy-nine 
years was 102 feet high and 12 feet girth, con¬ 
taining 253 cubic feet. Another of eighty years 
was 90 feet and 17 feet, and 300 cubic feet. An 
elm tree in three years grows 8 feet 3 inches. 
A beech, 1 foot 8 inches. A poplar, 6 feet. A 
willow, 9 feet 3 inches. An elm is full grown in 
150 years and it lives 500 or 600. Ash is full 
grown in 100 and oak in 200. The mahogany is 
full grown in 200 years to a vast size. A Polish 
oak 40 feet round had 600 circles. An oak in 
Dorsetshire in 1755 was 68 feet round; two near 
Cranborne Lodge are 38 feet and 36 feet. There 
are yews from 10 to 20 feet in diameter, whose 
age is from 1,000 to 2,000 years. A lime in the 
Crisons is 51 feet round and about 600 years old. 
An elm in the Pays de Vaud is 18 feet in diam¬ 
eter and 360 years old. The African baobab is 
the patriarch of living organizations; one speci¬ 
men by its circles is estimated at 5,700 years old 
by Adamson and Humboldt. The trunk is but 
12 or 15 feet to the branches, and often 75 feet 
round. A cypress in Mexico is 120 feet round, 
and is estimated by De Candolle to be older than 
Adamson’s baobab. The cypress of Montezuma is 
41 feet round. Strabo wrote of a cypress in Per¬ 
sia as being 2,500 years old. The largest tree in 
Mexico is 127 feet round and 120 high, with 
branches of 30 feet. A chestnut tree on Mount 
Etna is 106 feet round close to the ground, and 
five of its branches resemble great trees. De Can¬ 
dolle says there are oaks in France 1,500 years 
old. The Wallace oak near Paisley is nearly 800 
years old. The yew trees at Fountain’s Abbey are 
about 1,200 years old. That at Crowhurst, 1,500. 
That at Fortingal, above 2,000. That at Bra- 
burn, 2,500 to.3,000. Ivies reach 500 or 600 years. 
The larch the same. The lime 600 or 700 years. 
The trunk of a walnut tree 12 feet in diameter, 
hollowed out, and furnished as a sitting-room, 
was imported from America and exhibited in 


C'ONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 243 

London. The trunk was 80 feet high without 
a branch, and the entire height 150 feet, the bark 
twelve inches thick, and the branches from three 
to four feet in diameter. The California pine is 
from 150 to 200 feet high and from twenty to 
sixty feet in circumference. The forests in watered, 
tropical countries are formed of trees from 100 
to 200 feet high, which grow to the water’s edge 
of rivers, presenting a solid and impenetrable 
barrier of trunks ten or twelve feet in diameter. 
The dragon tree is in girth from 40 to 100 feet, 
and 50 or 60 feet high. 


The Search for the North Pole 

Captain Roald Amundsen sailed on June 17, 
1903, from Christiania, Norway, in the sloop Gjoa, 
entered the ice pack in the North Atlantic, and 
three years later emerged into the North Pacific— 
the first man that ever accomplished the North¬ 
western Passage from ocean to ocean. During 
his trip he also discovered the magnetic pole. 

The centuries’ record of the quest of the north 
pole is a history of romance, hardship and death. 
More than 750 men have offered up their lives 
in various expeditions. Hardly an expedition has 
sailed into the unending night of the arctic 
autumn that did not leave some one buried un¬ 
der the snow and ice before it returned. Many 
entire expeditions were lost and the clustered 
skeletons found in after years by other explor¬ 
ers were the only records of their miserable 
end. 

The search for the pole started in the ninth 
century. Before that the ancients knew vaguely 
of the frozen regions of the north, and their 
mythologies refer to it. Runic stones that are 
found as far north as the seventy-third degree 
show that it was inhabited in 1235. The Norse¬ 
men had colonized Iceland at that time, and 
one of the expeditions from that country has 
left a record of reaching 75 degrees 36 seconds 
in 1246. 

After the discovery of America the voyages 



2 44 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

northward started in earnest Belief that a 
northern route to India might be found was 
the lure that attracted the early explorers. In 
1553 Sir Hugh Willoughby led an expedition that 
Sebastian Cabot promoted. The knight and his 
sixty-two men perished to a man from exposure. 
Richard Chancellor, who commanded the other of 
the two ships in the expedition, reached Russia, 
and polar discovery did not lag. 

GO IN SEARCH OF GOLD. 

Three years later Sir Martin Frobisher dis¬ 
covered what he believed to be gold and a score 
of expeditions were fitted out in England. Fro¬ 
bisher perished with forty men. In 1845 Sir 
John Franklin with an elaborate expedition sailed 
to his death with 145 men. 

American expeditions have been less tragic. 
Lieutenant De Long, in 1879, lost twenty-three 
men, and A. W. Greeley managed to return after 
frightful hardships with a loss of twenty men. 
The Duke de Abruzzi, a nephew of the king of 
Italy, had only a small loss in his successful ex* 
pedition. Andre, who sailed in a balloon, 1897, 
never has been heard from. 

Walter Wellman attempted a flight to the pole 
in a balloon from Spitzbergen, Aug. 15, 1909, but 
descended in the sea because of defective machin¬ 
ery. There were four passengers aboard and all 
were saved. 

Robert E. Peary attained the North Pole April 
6, 1909. 


Is the Moon Inhabited? 

From what is now t known of the moon it Is 
certain that if that body is inhabited it must be 
by beings organized very differently from the 
human race or any animals on the earth. The 
moon is without water and withput atmosphere; 
and, owing to the fact that it revolves on its axis 
but once a month, so that the lunar days and 
nights are each nearly thirty times as long as 
our days and nights, the extremes of heat and 
cold range every month from 400 degrees Fahren¬ 
heit above zero to 300 below. 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


245 


The Catacombs of Rome 

Many of the catacombs are of great antiquity, 
probably having been hewn long before the 
Rome of Romulus and Remus was founded, 
and so extended, in course of time, that every 
one of the seven hills on which the city stood 
was perforated and honeycombed by passages, 
dark galleries, low corridors and vaulted halls. 
What generally facilitated the work was the 
light and soft nature of the material to be quar¬ 
ried, and the workmen were thus enabled to shape 
the shafts and galleries as they pleased. As the 
city grew in extent and wealth, these quarries 
were enlarged or new ones opened, until the de¬ 
cline of the empire began, and then old edifices 
were made to supply the materials to build new 
ones. But little is to be gleaned from the ancient 
writers as to the uses to which these subterranean 
recesses were put when they ceased to be quar¬ 
ried. Horace says of the caverns under the Es- 
quilline Hill, that it “was the common sepulchre 
of the miserable plebeians.” The catacombs were 
crowded with the Christians during the persecu¬ 
tions under Nero, Domitian, Trajan, Hadrian, 
Severus, Maximinius, and Diocletian, who found 
there retreats which saved them from the tyranny 
of the Roman royal pagans. It is held by some 
modern writers that though the quarries were 
used to some extent as sepulchres, it is evident 
that the greater part of the catacombs were orig¬ 
inally constructed as places of interment for the 
dead. Each catacomb forms a network of pas¬ 
sages, or galleries, intersecting each other at right 
angles, but sometimes diverging from a common 
center; these galleries, or passages, are usually 
about eight feet high, and from three to five 
feet wide. The graves are in tiers on the sides, 
and when undisturbed are found closed with mar¬ 
ble slabs or tiles, on which are often inscriptions 
or Christian emblems. It has been estimated 
that the entire length of the catacombs is not 
less than 580 miles and that they contain about 
6,000,000 bodies. From being the refuge of per- 


246 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


secuted Christians, they became about the thir¬ 
teenth century the hiding places of outlaws and 
assassins, who were, however, finally driven out 
or the entrances to their retreats closed. Many 
interesting and valuable works have been written 
on the subject, and fathers of the Christian 
church have spent their lives in investigating 
these wonderful caverns. 


Air-Line Distances from Washington to Various 
Parts of the World 


Miles. 

Alexandria, Egypt...5,275 
Amsterdam, Holland.3,555 


Athens, Greece.5,005 

Auckland, N. Zeal’d. .8,290 

Algiers, Algeria.3,425 

Berlin, Prussia.3,847 

Berne, Switzerland. .. 3,730 
Brussels, Belgium.... 3,515 

Batavia, Java.11,118 

Bombay, Hindustan. .8,548 
Buenos Ayres, A. R.,5,013 
Bremen, Germany.... 3,500 
Constantinople, Trky.4,880 


Copenhagen, Denmark. 3,8 95 
Calcutta, Hindostan. .9,348 

Canton, China.9,000 

Cairo, Egypt.5,848 

Cape Town,Cape Clny.6,684 
Cape of Good Hope. .6,734 
Caracas, Venezuela.. .1,058 
Charlotte Town, P.E.I. 820 

Dublin, Ireland.3,076 

Delhi, Hindostan. .. .8,368 
Edinburgh, Scotland..3,275 
Frederickton, N. B... 670 

Gibraltar, Spain.3,150 

Glasgow, Scotland. .. .3,215 
Halifax, Nova Scotia. 780 
Hamburg, Germany.. 3,570 

Havana, Cuba.1,139 

Honolulu, S. 1.4,513 

Jerusalem, Palestine.5,495 
Jamestown, St.Helena6,150 

Lima, Peru.3,515 

Lisbon, Portugal.3,190 

Liverpool, England. .3,228 

London, England.3,315 

City of Mexico, Mex..1,867 
Montevideo, Uruguay. 5,003 
Montreal, Canada. .. . 471 
Madrid, Spain.3,485 


Miles. 

Manila, Phil. Isl.9,360 

Mecca, Arabia.6,598 

Muscat, Arabia.7,600 

Morovia, Liberia.3,645 

Morocco, Morocco. .. .3,305 
Mourzouk, Fezzan.... 5,525 
Mozambique, Mozam.7,348 

Ottawa, Canada. 642 

Panama .1,825 

Parana, A. R.4,733 

Petrograd, Russia. . .4,296 
Port au Prince, Hayti.1,429 

Paris, France. ? 485 

Pekin, China.8,783 

Quebec, Canada. 601 

Quito, Ecuador.2,531 

Rio Janeiro, Brazil. . .4,280 

Rome, Italy.4,365 

Stockholm, Sweden. ..4,055 

Shanghai, China.8,600 

Singapore, Malay... .11,300 


St. John’s, Newfound . 1,340 
San Domingo. San D. 1,300 
San Juan, Nicaragua. 1,740 


San Salvador, C. A...1,650 

Santiago, Chile.4,970 

Spanish Town,Jam’ca.l,446 

Sidney, C. B. 1. 975 

Sidney, Australia.8,963 

St. Paul de Loanda. .5,578 
Timbuctoo, Soudan. ..3,395 

Tripoli, Tripoli.4,425 

Tunis. Tunis.4,240 

Toronto, Canada. 343 

Venice, Italy.3,835 

Vienna, Austria.4,115 

Valparaiso, Chile.4,934 

Vera Cruz, Mexico. . .1,680 

Warsaw, Poland.4,010 

Yeddo, Japan.7,530 

Zanzibar, Zanzibar... 7,078 








































CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


247 


The Death of J. Wilkes Booth 

After the shot in the theater at Washington 
which resulted in the death of President Lincoln, 
Booth had scarcely escaped from the theater 
when special detectives and a squad of United 
States cavalry were upon his track, for he had 
been recognized by some as he appeared for a 
moment after the shot. After being deluded sev¬ 
eral times, his pursuers finally learned that, ac¬ 
companied by Harold, who had held his horse at 
the door of the theater, Booth had gone thirty 
miles into Maryland, and there had his broken 
leg dressed by a Doctor Mudd, who had also given 
him a crutch. For ten days longer he escaped, 
hiding in swamps and thickets; but he was at 
length traced to Garrett’s barn, on Bowling Green, 
about twenty miles from Fredericksburg. The 
pursuing party, twenty-eight in number, reached 
the barn at dusk, and ordered Booth and Harold 
to surrender. The latter, after a short parley, 
yielded, but Booth declared that he would never 
be taken alive. In hope of driving him out, fire 
was set to some straw about the barn, but unin¬ 
timidated he stood his ground, and was in the act 
of firing at one of his besiegers, when Colonel 
Conger commanded Sergeant Boston Corbett to 
shoot. The ball entered Booth’s head, and two 
hours and a half later he died in great agony. 
Booth’s body was originally buried in the grounds 
of the arsenal at Washington, under some willow 
trees, and the grave was unmarked, even by a 
mound. Very few people knew where it lay, and 
various stories of its disposition were current. In 
1866 Edwin Booth, the actor, applied to President 
Johnson, through Mr. Weaver, the sexton of 
Christ Church, Baltimore, for the possession of 
his brother’s remains. An order was issued by 
the President directing the commandant at the 
arsenal to exhume and deliver the remains to 
Mr. Weaver, which was done in a very secret 
manner, for fear of public interference. The 
body was taken to a cemetery in Baltimore, 
where it was buried beside the elder Booth and 


248 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

other members of the family. The removal was 
not generally known for a long time afterward. 
Booth’s brain and heart, and some bones that 
were taken from his leg are on exhibition at the 
Army Medical Museum at Washington—the same 
building in which the assassination took place. 

The conspiracy resulted as follows: Harold, 
Payne, Atzerot, and Mrs. Surratt were hung; 
Arnold, Mudd and McLaughlin were imprisoned 
for life, and Spangler for six years. Doctor Mudd 
was pardoned a few years later. 


The Catacombs of Paris 

The so-called catacombs of Paris were never 
catacombs in the ancient sense of the word, and 
were not devoted to purposes of sepulture until 
1784. In that year the Council of State issued 
a decree for clearing the Cemetery of the Inno¬ 
cents, and for removing its contents, as well as 
those of other graveyards, into the quarries 
which had existed from the earlier times under 
the city of Paris and completely undermined the 
southern part of the city. April 7, 1786, the con¬ 
secration of the catacombs was performed with 
great solemnity, and the work of removal from 
the cemeteries was immediately begun. The work 
was all performed by night; the bones were 
brought in funeral cars, and when they reached 
the catacombs the bones were shot down the 
shaft. As the cemeteries were cleared by order 
of the government, their contents were removed 
to this place of general deposit. At first the 
bones were heaped up without order, except that 
those from each cemetery were kept separate, 
but in 1810 a regular arrangement was com¬ 
menced and the skulls and bones were built up 
along the wall. It is estimated that the remains 
of 3,000,000 human beings lie in this receptacle. 
Admission to these Catacombs is forbidden. 


New Orleans Cemeteries, Etc. 

As the soil in New Orleans is almost semi-fluid 
three feet below the surface, there are no graves 
in the cemeteries, bpt the dead are all buried in 




CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 249 

tombs above ground. Some of these are costly 
and beautiful structures of marble, iron, etc., but 
the most are large vaults of masonry, consisting 
of rows of cells superimposed on each other, gen¬ 
erally to the height of seven or eight feet. Each 
cell is barely large enough to admit the coffin, 
and is hermetically bricked up at its narrow en¬ 
trance as soon as the funeral rites have been 
performed. In most cases a marble tablet ap¬ 
propriately inscribed is placed over the brickwork 
by which the tomb is closed. These tombs are 
locally called "ovens." As for cellars, most build¬ 
ings have none, though a part of the city has 
been imperfectly drained to admit of shallow ex¬ 
cavations for this purpose. The water works of 
New Orleans, which were constructed in 1836, 
conduct the river water through the city for 
domestic purposes. The majority of the dwellings 
have also cisterns for the reception of rain water, 
which is generally preferred to the water of the 
river. 


The Origin of the Shot-Tower 

A mechanic in Bristol, England, whose name 
was Watts, by trade a shot-maker, invented the 
shot-tower. Watts had to take bars of lead and 
pound them out into sheets of thickness about 
equal to the diameter of the shot he desired to 
make; then he cut the sheets into little cubes, 
which he rolled in a revolving barrel until the 
corners were worn off from the constant fric¬ 
tion. One night he dreamed he was out, when 
it began to rain shot—beautiful globules of lead 
falling at his feet. In the morning when he 
arose he remembered his dream, and wondered 
what shape molten lead would take in falling a 
distance through the air. At last he carried a. 
ladleful of the hot metal up into the steeple of 
the church of St. Mary of Redcliff, and dropped 
it into the mote below. Descending, he took 
from the shallow pool several handfuls of perfect 
shot. He had conceived the idea of a shot- 
tower. 



250 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


Native Lands of Plants 

Spinach is a Persian plant. 

Horseradish is a native of England. 

Melons were found originally in Asia. 

Filberts originally came from Greece. 

Quinces originally came from Corinth. 

The turnip originally came from Rome. 

The peach originally came from Persia. 

Sage is a native of the south of Europe. 

Sweet marjoram is a native of Portugal. 

Damsons originally came from Damascus. 

The nasturtium came originally from Peru. 

The pea is a native of the south of Europe. 

Ginger is a native of the East and West Indies. 

The gooseberry is indigenous to Great Britain. 

Coriander seed came originally from the East. 

Apricots are indigenous to the plains of Amer¬ 
ica. 

The cucumber was originally a tropical veg¬ 
etable. 

The walnut is a native of Persia, the Caucasus 
and China. 

Capers originally grew wild in Greece and 
northern Africa. 

Pears were originally brought from the East 
by the Romans. 

The clove is a native of the Malacca Islands, as 
is also the nutmeg. 

Cherries were known in Asia as far back as the 
seventeenth century. 

Garlic came to us first from Sicily and the 
shores of the Mediterranean. 

Asparagus was originally a wild sea-coast plant, 
and is a native of Great Britain. 

The tomato is a native of South America, and 
it takes its name from a Portuguese word. 

Parsley is said to have come from Egypt, and 
mythology tells us it was used to adorn the head 
of Hercules. 

Apples were originally brought from the East 
by the Romans. The crab apple is indigenous to 
Great Britain. 

The onion was almost an object of worship with 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 251 

the Egyptians 2,000 years before the Christian 
era. It first came from India. 

Cloves came to us from the Indies, and take 
their name from the Latin clauvis, meaning a 
nail, to which they have a resemblance. 

The cantaloupe is a native of America, and so 
called from the name of a place near Rome, where 
it was first cultivated in Europe. 

Lemons were used by the Romans to keep 
moths from their garments, and in the time of 
Pliny they were considered an excellent poison. 
They are natives of Asia. 


Trade of the United States 1876-1018 


Foreign 

Year 

Ending: Exports. Total 

June 30 Domestic. Foreign. Exports. Imports. 

1876.. 525,582,247 14,302,424 540,384,671 460 741 190 

1877.. 589,670,224 12,804,996 602,475,220 451,323,’l26 

1878.. 680,709,268 14,156,498 694,865,766 437 051 532 

1879.. 698,340,790 12,098,651 710,439,441 445 777 775 

1880.. 823,946,353 11,692,305 835,638,658 667,’954 746 

1881.. 883,925,947 18,451,399 902,377,346 642,664,628 

1882.. 733,239,732 17,302,525 750,542,257 724 639 574 

1883.. 804,223,632 19,615,770 823,839,402 723,180,’914 

1884.. 724,964,852 15,548,757 740,513,609 667,697,693 

1885.. 726,682,946 15,506,809 742,189,755 577,527,329 

1886.. 665,964,529 13,560,301 679,524,830 635,436,136 

1887.. 703,022,923 13,160,288 716,183,211 692,319,768 

1888.. 683,862,104 12,092,403 695,954,507 723 957 114 

1889.. 730,282,609 12,118,766 742,401,375 745,131,652 

1890.. 845,293,828 12,534,856 857,828,684 789,310,409 

1891.. 872,270,283 12,210,527 884,480,810 844,916,196 

1892. .1,015,732,011 14,546,137 1,030,278,148 827,402,462 

1893.. 831,030,785 16,634,409 847,665,194 866,400,922 

1894.. 869,204,937 22,935,635 892,140,572 654,994 622 

1895.. 793,392,599 14,145,566 807,538,165 731,969,965 

1896.. 863,200,487 19,406,451 882,606,938 779,724,674 

1897. .1,032,007,603 18,985,953 1,050,993,556 764,730,412 

1898. .1,210,291,913 21,190,417 1,231,482,330 616,050,654 

1899. .1,203,931,222 23,992,086 1,227,023,302 697,148,489 

1900. .1,370,763,751 23,719,511 1,394,483,082 849,941,184 

1906. .1,717,953,382 25,911,118 1,743,864,500 1,226,562,446 

1910. .1,710,083,998 34,900,722 1,744,984,720 1,557,819,988 

1911. .2,013,549,025 35,771,174 2,049,320,199 1,527,226,105 

1912. .2,170,319,828 34,002,581 2,204,322,409 1,653,264,934 

1913. .2,428,506,358 37,371,791 2,465,884,149 1,813,008,234 

1914. .2,329,684,025 34,895,123 2,364,579,148 1,893,925,657 

1915. .2,716,178,465 52,410,875 2,768,589,340 1,674,169,740 

1916. .4,272,177,579 61,305,306 4,333,482,885 2,197,883,510 

1917. .6,227,164,050 62,884,344 6,290,048,394 2,659,355,185 

1918. .5,847,159,678 81,125,863 5,928,285,644 2,946,059,403 



252 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

Ancient Engineering Feats 

Babel, now called Birs Nimroud, built at Baby¬ 
lon by Belus, was used as an observatory and 
as a Temple of the Sun. It was composed of 
eight square towers, one over the other, in all 
670 feet high, and the same dimensions on each 
side on the ground. 

The Coliseum at Rome, built by Vespasian for 
100,000 spectators, was in its longest diameter 
615.5 feet, and in the shortest 510, embraced 5^ 
acres, and was 120 feet high. 

Eight aqueducts supplied ancient Rome with 
water, delivering 40 millions of cubic feet daily. 
That of Claudia was 47 miles long and 100 feet 
high, so as to furnish the hills. Martia was 41 
miles, of which 37 were on 7,000 arches 70 feet 
high. These vast erections would never have 
been built had the Romans known that water 
always rises to its own level. 

The Temple of Diana, at Ephesus, was 425 feet 
long and 225 feet broad, with 127 columns, 60 
feet high, to support the roof. It was 220 years 
in building. 

Solomon’s Temple, built 1014 B. C., was 60 
cubits or 107 feet in length, the breadth 20 
cubits or 36 feet, and the height 30 cubits or 54 
feet. The porch was 36 feet long and 18 wide. 

The largest one of the Egyptian pyramids is 
543 feet high, 693 feet on the sides, and its base 
covers 11 acres. The layers of stones are 208 
in number. Many stones are over 30 feet long, 
4 broad and 3 thick. 

The Temple of Ypsambul, in Nubia, is enor¬ 
mously massive and cut out of the solid rock. 
Belzoni found in it 4 immense figures, 65 feet 
high, 25 feet over the shoulders, with a face of 
7 feet and the ears over 3 feet. 

Sesostris erected in the temple in Memphis 
immense statues of himself and his wife, 50 feet 
high, and of his children, 28 feet. 

In the Temple .of the Sun, at Baalbec, are 
stones more than 50 feet long, 24 feet thick and 
16 broad, each embracing 23,000 cubic feet, cut, 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 253 

squared, sculptured and transported from neigh¬ 
boring quarries. Six enormous columns are each 
72 feet high, composed of 3 stones 7 feet in 
diameter. Sesostris is credited with having trans¬ 
ported from the mountains of Arabia a rock 32 
feet wide and 240 feet long. 

The engineering appliances used by the an¬ 
cients in the movement of these immense masses 
are but imperfectly understood today. 


The Big Trees of California 

The big trees of Calaveras and Mariposa Coun¬ 
ties, in California, belong to the same genus as 
the common redwood. This giant of the Sierras 
is not a handsome tree, either when young or 
aged; the branches are short, the spray less 
graceful than the coast redwood, the leaves small 
and awl-shaped, but the cones are several times 
larger, and the wood is of a duller reddish hue. 
The forests were first seen by white men in the 
spring of 1852, when a hunter named Dowd con¬ 
ducted a party of miners to the locality where 
the big trees grew. In the several groves where 
they have been found, there are many trees from 
275 to 335 feet high, and from 25 to 34 feet in 
diameter. The area of Mariposa Grove is two 
miles square, and it contains 427 of the monster 
trees. The largest in the Calaveras Grove is 
“The Keystone State,” and is 325 feet high, and 
its girth six feet from the ground is 45 feet. 
There are some in the Mariposa Grove which 
are not so high, but which have a greater cir¬ 
cumference, “The Grizzly Giant,” for example, 
being 93 feet at the ground, and over 64 eleven 
feet above. Some dozen miles south of the Mari¬ 
posa Grove is the Fresno Grove, which is said 
to contain about 600 trees, the largest 81 feet 
in circumference; while about fifty miles north 
of the Calaveras, in Placer County, a small grove 
has been discovered. Careful computations have 
been made of the ages of these trees and some 
cautious scientists admit, in regard to one of 
them, that “its age cannot have exceeded 1,300 
years!” 



254 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


A LIST OP GOOD BOOKS 

In compiling - the following list no attempt has 
been made to name the hundred best books, for 
such a list would always be open to question. 
The following books are all of a high standard 
of merit, and can be recommended to provida 
diversity, entertainment, instruction, and to 
cover most branches of literature: 

Adam Bede. By George Eliot. 

Addison’s Essays. 

^Esop’s Fables. 

Alice in Wonderland. By Lewis Carroll. 

All Sorts and Conditions of Men. By Sir Walter 
Besant. 

Anderson’s Fairy Tales. 

Arabian Nights, The. 

Autocrat of the Breakfast Table, The. By Oli¬ 
ver Wendell Holmes. 

Bacon’s Essays. 

Barchester Towers. By Anthony Trollope. 

Bible, The. 

Bible in Spain, The. By George Borrow. 
Boswell’s Life of Johnson. 

Browning, Elizabeth. Poems. 

Burns’ Poems. 

Byron’s Childe Harold. 

Cloister and the Hearth, The. By Charles Reade. 
Compleat Angler, The. By Walton. 

Coral Island. By R. M. Ballantyne. 

Count of Monte Cristo, The. By A. Dumas. 
Cranford. By Mrs. Gaskell. 

Cruise of the Cachalot, The. By Frank T. Bullen. 
David Copperfield. By Dickens. 

Deemster, The. By Hall Caine. 

Descent of Man, The. By Darwin. 

Don Quixote. By Cervantes. 

Drink. By Emile Zola. 

East Lynne. By Mrs. Henry Wood. 

Emerson’s Essays. 

Far from the Madding Crowd. By Thos. Hardy. 
Fox’s Book of Martyrs. 

Goethe’s Faust. 

Gibbon’s Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


255 


Grimm’s Fairy Tales. 

Gulliver’s Travels. By Dean Swift. 

Handy Andy. By Samuel Lover. 

Helen's Babies. By J. Habberton. 

History of England. By Macaulay. 

Innocents Abroad, The. By Mark Twain. 
Ivanhoe. By Sir Walter Scott. 

Jane Eyre. By Charlotte Bronte. 

John Inglesant. By J. H. Shorthouse. 

Josephus, Works of. 

Kidnapped. By R. L. Stevenson. 

Lambs’ Tales from Shakespeare. 

Les Miserables. By Victor Hugo. 

Little Minister, The. By J. M. Barrie. 

Little Women. By L. M. Alcott. 

Livingston’s Travels. 

Locke on the Human Understanding. 

Lorna Doone. By R. D. Blackmore. 

Macaulay’s Essays. 

Many Cargoes. By W. W. Jacobs. 

Micah Clarke. By Conan Doyle. 

Midshipman Easy. By Marryat. 

Milton’s Poems. 

Monsieur Lecoq. By Emil Gaboriau. 

Natural History of Selborne. By Gilbert White. 
Opium Eaters, The. By Thomas De Quincey. 
Ordeal of Richard Feverel, The. By George 
Meredith. 

Origin of Species, The. By Darwin. 

Past and Present. By T. Carlyle. 

Pickwick Papers. By Dickens. 

Pilgrim’s Progress, The. By John Bunyan. 
Prisoner of Zenda, The. By Anthony Hope. 
Resurrection. By Count Tolstoy. 

Robinson Crusoe. By D. Defoe. 

Scarlet Letter. By N. Hawthorne. 

Self Help. By Samuel Smiles. 

Seven Lamps of Architecture, The. By John 
Ruskin. 

Shakespeare’s Works. 

She. By H. Rider Haggard. 

Soldiers Three. By Rudyard Kipling. 

Story of the Heavens. By Sir Robert S. Ball. 


256 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


Study in Scarlet, A. (Sherlock Holmes). By Sir 
A. Conan Doyle. 

Swiss Family Robinson, The. 

Tennyson’s Poems. 

Tom Brown’s School Days. By Thomas Hughes. 
Tom Jones. By Harry Fielding. 

Treasure Island. By Stevenson. 

Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea. By 
Jules Verne. 

Uncle Tom’s Cabin. By Mrs. H. Beecher Stowe. 
Under the Red Robe. By Stanley Weyman. 
Vanity Fair. By W. M. Thackeray. 

Vicar of Wakefield, The. By Oliver Goldsmith. 
Westward Ho! By Charles Kingsley. 
Wordsworth’s Poems. 


Religion of the Presidents 

Washington, Garfield, Harrison and McKinley 
were church members, and all the Presidents, 
one excepted, were men who revered Christian¬ 
ity. Adams married a minister’s daughter, and 
was inclined to Unitarianism. Jefferson was not 
a believer; Lincoln and Johnson were liberals. 
Madison’s early connections were Presbyterian. 
Monroe is said to have favored the Episcopal 
Church. John Quincy Adams was like his 
father. Jackson was a Presbyterian and died in 
the communion of that church. Van Buren was 
brought up in the Reformed Dutch Church, but 
afterward inclined to the Episcopal Church. 
Harrison leaned toward the Methodist Church 
and Tyler was an Episcopalian. Polk was bap¬ 
tized by a Methodist preacher after his term of 
office expired. Taylor inclined to the Episcopal 
communion. Fillmore attended the Unitarian 
Church and Franklin Pierce was a member of 
a Congregational church. Buchanan, Benjamin 
Harrison and Cleveland were Presbyterians. Gen. 
Grant attended the Methodist Church, President 
Garfield the Church of the Disciples. Cleveland 
attended the Presbyterian. McKinley was a 
Methodist; Roosevelt, Dutch Ref.; Taft, Unita¬ 
rian; Wilson, Presbyterian; Harding, Baptist. 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 257 

Freezing', Melting and Boiling Points 

Degrees of Heat ABOVE ZERO at which the 
following articles Melt. 

Cast Iron. 3,500 

Glass . 2,400 

Copper . 2,160 

Gold . 1,983 

Brass . 1,900 

Silver . 1,850 

Antimony . 950 

Zinc . 780 

Lead . 590 

Bismuth. 476 

Tin . 420 

Gutta Percha. 150 

Lard . 96 

Ice . 35 

Degrees of Cold ABOVE ZERO at which the 

following articles Freeze. 

Turpentine (Spirits) . 15 

Strong Wine. 20 

Milk . 29 

Water . 32 

Degrees of Heat ABOVE ZERO at which the 

following articles Boil. 

Blood Heat . 98 

Alcohol . 175 

Water. 210 

Petroleum .. 305 

Linseed Oil. 600 

Quicksilver . 630 


Proportions of Various Compositions in Common 

Use 


Babbitt’s Metal.Tin 89, Copper 3.7, Antimony 7.3. 

Fine Yellow Brass. .. .Copper 66, Zinc 34. 

Gun .Metal, Valves, &c.Copper 90, Tin 10. 

White Brass.Copper 10, Zinc 80, Tin 10. 

German Silver.Copper 33.3, Zinc 33.4, Nickel 33.3. 

Church Bells.Copper 80, Zinc 5.6, Tin 10.1, Lead 

4.3. 

Gongs .Copper 81.6, Tin 18.4. 

Lathe Bushes.Copper 80, Tin 20. 

Machinery Bearings. .Copper 87.5, Tin 12.5. 

Vluntz Metal.Copper 60, Zinc 40. 


Sheathing Metal.Copper 56, Zinc 44. 


































258 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


Largest Islands in the World 



Area, sq. mi. Population 

New Guinea . 

.313,000 

634,579 

Borneo .. 

.290,000 

700,000 

Madagascar . 

.228,570 

3,000,000 

Sumatra . 

.168,000 

5,000,000 

Great Britain . 

. 87,464 

46,089,000 

Celebes . 


4,000,000 

Java . 

. 50,260 

29,500,000 

Saghalien (used as 

penal 


settlement only) ..., 

. 47,500 

13,500 

New Zealand—No. Island.. 44,750) 

1,100,000 

South Island. 

. 55,2241 


Cuba . 


2,627,536 

Nippon (Japan). 


2,000,000 

Newfoundland . 


257,000 

Luzon (Philippines).. 

.41,000 

3,800,000 

Iceland . 


85,183 

Jesso . 


163,355 

Ireland . 


5,174,838 

Haiti or San Domingo. 

. 29,830 

2,500,000 

Tasmania . 


130,541 

Ceylon . 


4,000,000 

Tierra del Fuego. 

. 21,260 

2,000 


Quantity 

of Seed 

Required per 

Acre 


Wheat . 

m to 2 bu. 

Beets . 


lbs. 

Rye . 

1% 

Carrots . 

. . .2 


Oats. 

3 

Ruta bagas. .. 

. . . % 

« 

Barley . 

.2 

Millet .: 


bu. 

Peas . 

2 to 3 “ 

Clover, white. 

. . .4 

qts. 

White beans... . 

1% 

Clover, red. .. . 



Buckwheat 

% 

Timothy . 

. .6 

«« 

Corn, broadcast. 

. 4 “ 

Orchard grass 

. . .2 

bu. 

Corn in drills. . 

2 to 3 “ 

Red top. 


Corn in hills... 

4 to 8qts. 

Blue grass. . . 

. . .2 

bu. 

Broom corn. .. . 

% bu. 

Mixed lawn grass. 1 to 2 


Potatoes . 

.10 to 15“ 

Tobacco . 

. . .2 

oz. 


Hills in an Acre of Ground 


40 

feet apart... 

. 27 

hills. 

8 feet 

apart. 

35 

“ ... 

. 35 

“ 

6 

•• 

30 


. 48 

“ 

5 

«< 

25 

11 ... 

. 69 

‘t 

3% 

•• 

20 

it 

.108 

a 

3 


15 

“ ... 

.193 


2 % 


12 


.302 


2 


10 

44 ... 

.435 

“ 

1 

“ 


. 680 hills. 

. 1,210 * 

. 1,732 “ 

. 3,556 “ 

. 4,840 “ 

. 6,969 “ 

.10,890 “ 

.43,560 ” 















































CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 259 

Wood for Fuel 

In regard to the relative values of woods as 
heat-producers, different woods vary some by dif¬ 
ferent methods of experimenting. The most ac¬ 
curate would be their value as steam producers. 
The following test was made from a fire tubular, 
horizontal boiler: 


Shellbark hickory.. 

100 

Hard maple. 

... 59 

Pignut hickory.... 

95 

White elm. 


White oak. 

84 

Red cedar. 

.. 56 

White ash. 

77 

Wild cherry. 

.. 55 

Dogwood . 

75 

Yellow pine. 

.. 54 

Shrub oak. 

73 

Chestnut . 


White hazel. 

72 

Yellow poplar.... 

.. 51 

Apple tree. 

70 

Butternut . 

.. 43 

Red oak. 

. 67 

White birch. 

.. 43 

White beech. 

65 

White pine. 

.. 30 

Yellow oak. 

. 60 




These figures are from air-dried wood. No ac¬ 
curate result could be obtained from greenwood, 
as it is not in a proper condition, and would vary 
considerably from any figures made. 


Number of Shrubs 

No. of 

Dist. apart. Plants. 

3 inches by 3 inches. 696,960 

4 inches by 4 Inches. 392,040 
6 inches by 6 inches. 174,240 
9 inches by 9 inches. 77,440 

1 foot by 1 foot_ 43,560 

1% feet by 1 % feet. 19,360 

2 feet by 1 foot_ 21,780 

2 feet by 2 feet.... 10,890 
2% feet by 2% feet. 6,960 

3 Teet by 1 foot_ 14,520 

3 feet by 2 feet_ 7,260 

3 feet by 3 feet_ 4,840 

3% feet by 3% feet. 3,555 

4 feet by 1 foot_ 10,890 

4 feet by 2 feet.... 5,445 
4 feet by 3 feet.... 3,630 

4 feet by 4 feet.... 2,722 

4% feet by 4% feet. 2,151 

5 feet by 1 foot.... 8,712 

5 feet by 2 feet. . . . 4,356 

5 feet by 3 feet.... 2,904 

5 feet by 4 feet.... 2,178 

5 feet by 5 feet_ 1,742 

5% feet by 5% feet. 1,417 


or Plants per Acre 


No. of 

Dist. apart. Plants. 

6 feet by 6 feet.1,210 

6% feet by 6% feet.. 1,031 

7 feet by 7 feet. 881 

8 feet by 8 feet...... 680 

9 feet by 9 feet. 637 

10 feet by 10 feet.... 435 

11 feet by 11 feet. . . . 860 

12 feet by 12 feet.... 302 

13 feet by 13 feet.... 257 

14 feet by 14 feet.... 222 

15 feet by 15 feet.... 193 

16 feet by 16 feet.... 170 

16% feet by 16% feet. 160 

17 feet by 17 feet.... 150 

18 feet by 18 feet.... 134 

19 feet by 19 feet.... 120 

20 feet by 20 feet. ... 108 

25 feet by 25 feet.... 69 

30 feet by 30 feet.... 48 

33 feet by 33 feet_ 40 

40 feet by 40 feet.... 27 

50 feet by 50 feet.... 17 

60 feet by 60 feet.... 12 

66 feet by 66 feet.... 10 



























260 


conklin.-edison manual 


Number of Years Seeds Retain Their Vitality 

Vegetables. Years. 

Melon.8 to 10 


Vegetables. Years. 

Artichoke .5 to 6 

Asparagus .2 to 3 

Beans .2 to 3 

Beets .3 to 4 

Broccoli .5 to 6 

Cucumber .8 to 10 

Cauliflower.5 to 6 

Cress .3 to 4 

Carrots .2 to 3 

Celery .2 to 3 

Corn (on cob).. 2 to 3 

Endive .5 to 6 

Egg Plant.1 to 2 

Leek .2 to 3 

Lettuce .3 to 4 


Mustard ... 


4 

Okra. 

... .3 to 

4 

Onion . 


3 

Pea . 


6 

Pumpkin ... 

.. ..8 to 10 

Parsley .... 


3 

Parsnip . ... 


4 

Pepper . 

... .2 to 

3 

Rhubarb ... 


4 

Squash .... 

....8 to 10 

Spinach .... 

... .3 to 

4 

Turnip . 

... .3 to 

6 

Tomato .... 

....2 to 

3 


Strength of Ice 
Thickness Strength. 

2 inches—Will support a man. 

4 inches—Will support a man on horseback. 

5 inches—Will support an 80-pound gun. 

8 inches—Will support a battery of artillery. 
10 inches—Will support an army. 


History of Tin 

Pure tin is an elementary metal, as much so 
as lead, iron, silver, or gold. The principal tin- 
producing country is England. The Phoenicians 
traded with England for tin 1,100 years before 
the Christian era. There is reason to believe 
that they got tin from Spain also; but England 
was depended on for nearly all the tin used in 
Eurppe until this ore was discovered in Germany 
in 1240. It was discovered in Northern Africa, 
in the Barbary States, in 1640, in India in 1740, 
in New Spain in 1782. Tin was mihed in Mexico 
before the Spanish conquest, and used in T- 
shaped pieces for money, and in a bronze comr 
position for sharp tools, the principal mines being 
at Tasco. 
































CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 261 

Population of the United States 

Census of 1920 

(For population of the outlying possessions of 

the United States see page 182.) 

Alabama . 2,348,174 

Arizona . 333,903 

Arkansas . 1,752,204 

California . 3,426,861 

Colorado . 939,629 

Connecticut . 1,380,631 

Delaware . 223,003 

District of Columbia. 437,571 

Florida. 968,470 

Georgia . 2,895,832 

Idaho . 431,866 

Illinois . 6,485,280 

Indiana . 2,930,390 

Iowa . 2,404,021 

Kansas. 1,769,257 

Kentucky . 2,416,630 

Louisiana . 1,798,509 

Maine . 768,014 

Maryland . 1,449,661 

Massachusetts . 3,852,356 

Michigan . 3,668,412 

Minnesota . 2,387,125 

Mississippi . 1,790,618 

Missouri. 3,404,055 

Montana . 548,889 

Nebraska. 1,296,372 

Nevada . 77,407 

New Hampshire .. 443,083 

New Jersey . 3,155,900 

New Mexico . 360,350 

New York. 10,384,829 

North Carolina .. 2,559,123 

North Dakota . 645,680 

Ohio . 5,759,394 

Oklahoma . 2,028,283 

Oregon . 783,389 

Pennsylvania. 8,720,017 

Rhode Island . 604,397 

South Carolina . 1,683,724 









































262 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


South Dakota . 636,547 

Tennessee . 2,337,885 

Texas . 4,663,228 

Utah . 449,396 

Vermont . 352,428 

Virginia . 2,309,187 

Washington . 1,356,621 

West Virginia . 1,463,701 

Wisconsin . 2,632,067 

Wyoming . 194,402 


Total 


... .105,708,771 

i 


White anil Negro Populations (1910 Census) 

White. Negro. 

1,228,832 908,282 


State. 

Alabama . 

Arizona. 

Arkansas . 

California. 

Colorado. 

Connecticut. 

Delaware . 

District of Columbia 

Florida. 

Georgia. 

Idaho . 

Illinois . 

Indiana . 

Iowa . 

Kansas .. 

Kentucky . 

Louisiana . 

Maine . 

Maryland . 

Massachusetts . 

Michigan ... 

Minnesota .. 

Mississippi . 

Missouri . 

Montana. 

Nebraska .. 

Nevada . 


171,468 2,009 

1,131,026 442,891 

2,259,672 21,645 

783,415 11,453 

1,098,897 15,174 

171,102 31,181 

236,128 94,446 

443,634 308,669 

1,431,802 1,176,987 

319,221 651 

5,526,962 109,049 

2,639,961 60,320 

2,209,191 14,973 

1,634,352 54,030 

2,027,951 261,656 

941,086 713,874 

739,995 1,363 

1,062,639 232,250 

3,324,926 38,055 

2,785,247 17,115 

2,059,227 7,084 

786,111 1,009,487 

3,134,932 157,452 

360,580 1,834 

1,180,293 7,689 

74,276 513 










































CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

263 

New Hampshire. 

. 429,906 

564 

New Jersey. 

. 2,445,894 

89,760 

New Mexico. 

. 304,594 

1,628 

New York. 

. 8,966,845 

134,191 

North Carolina. 

. 1,500,511 

697,843 

North Dakota. 

. 569,855 

617 

Ohio . 


111,452 

Oklahoma . 

. 1,444,531 

137,612 

Oregon . 

. 655,090 

1,492 

Pennsylvania . 

. 7,467,713 

193,919 

Rhode Island. 

. 532,492 

9,529 

South Carolina. 

. 679,161 

835,843 

South Dakota. 

. 563,771 

817 

Tennessee . 

.1,711,432 

473,088 

Texas . 

. 3,204,848 

690,049 

Utah . 


1,144 

Vermont.. 

. 354,298 

1,621 

Virginia . 

. 1,389,809 

671,096 

Washington . 

. 1,109,111 

6,058 

West Virginia. 

.1,156,817 

64,173 

Wisconsin . 

. 2,320,555 

2,900 

Wyoming. 

. 140,318 

2,235 

Total. 

.81,731,957 

9,827,763 


Specific 

Gravities 

of Various Metals 


41uminum . . . . 

. 2.6 

Meteoric iron. 


Antimony, cast. 

. 6.712 

Lead, cast. 

. .11.352 

Arsenic . 

. 5.763 

Lead, milled. 

. .11.4 

Bismuth, cast. . 


Mercury, common. 

at 

Brass, cast. . . . 

.../ 7.8 

32° . 



\ 8.4 

Mercury, pure. .. . 

. .14. 

Brass wire.... 

. 8.544 

Mercury, solid. .. . 

. .15.6 

Bronze . 

. 8.218 

'Nickel . 

.. 8.279 

Cobalt, cast.... 

. 7.812 

Palladium . 

. .11.8 

Copper, cast... 

. 8.788 

Pewter . 

. . 7.471 

Bopper coin. . . . 

. 8.915 

Platinum .J 

21. 

Jopper wire and sheet 8.878 

\ 

22. 

Bold, coin. 

.17.647 

Rhodium . 

. .11. 

Bold trinket. . . 

.15.609 

Silver coin. 

. .10.534 

Bure gold, cast. 

.19.258 

Silver pure, cast. . 

. .10.744 

Pure gold, hammered. 19.316 


7.8 

Gun metal. .. . 

. 8.784 


7.9 

Iridium . 

.23. 

Tin, cast. \ 

7.3 

!ron, wrought., 


/ 

7.5 


1 7.8 

Type Metal. 


ron, wrought average 7.698 

J 

7.19 



Zinc ..{ 

6.8 




























































264 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


Presidential Elections from 1S80 

Popu- Elect- 


Tear. Candidates. 

Party. 

lar oral 
Vote. Vote. 

1880 

James A. Garfield... 

.Republican . 

.4,449,053 

214 

1880 

Winfield S. Hancock 

.Democrat ... 

.4,442,035 

155 

1880 

James B. Weaver. . . 

.Greenback .. 

. 307,306 

• . . 

1884 

Grover Cleveland. . . 

. Democrat ... 

.4,911,017 

219 

1884 

James C. Blaine. 

.Republican . 

.4,848,334 

182 

1884 

Benj. F. Butler. 

.Greenback .. 

. 133,825 

• . . 

1884 

John P. St. John.... 

.Prohibition . 

. 151,809 

. . . 

1888 

Benjamin Harrison. 

.Republican . 

.5,430,607 

233 

1888 

Grover Cleveland.... 

.Democrat ... 

.5,538,045 

168 

1888 

Fisk . 

.Prohibition . 

. 257,243 

• . . 

1888 

Labor Vote. 


. 114,623 

• • • 

1892 

Grover Cleveland. .. 

.Democrat ... 

.5,556,918 

277 

1892 

Benjamin Harrison. 

.Republican . 

.5,176,108 

145 

1892 

Weaver. 

.People’s .... 

.1,041,028 

22 

1892 

Bidwell. 

.Prohibition . 

. 264,133 

• • • 

1892 

Wing. 

.Labor . 

21,164 

• . • 

1896 

William McKinley. .. 

.Republican . 

.7,105,959 

271 

1896 

William J. Bryan. . . . 

.Democrat .. . 

.6,454,943 

176 

1896 

Palmer . 

.Gold Dem. . . 

. 132,878 

... 

1896 

Levering .*. 

.Prohibition . 

. 131,748 

... 

1896 

Matchett . 

.Social-Labor 

36,260 

... 

1900 

William McKinley. . . 

.Republican . 

.7,220,193 

292 

1900 

William J. Bryan. . . . 

.Democrat ... 

.6,357,431 

155 

1900 Wooley . 

.Prohibition . 

. 207,125 

... 

1900 

Debs . 

.Social Dem.. 

85,344 

. . ( 

1904 

Theod. Roosevelt.... 

.Republican . 

.7,621,985 

336 

1904 

Parker . 

.Democrat ... 

.5,098,225 

140 

1904 

Debs . 

.Social Dem. . 

. 386,955 


1904 

Swallow . 

.Prohibition . 

. 254,923 

... 

1908 

Wm. H. Taft. 

.Republican . 

.7,678,908 

321 

1908 

William J. Bryan. . . . 

. Democrat ... 

.6,409,104 

162 

1908 

Eugene V. Debs. 

. Socialist .... 

. 420,793 


1908 

Eugene Chafin. 

.Prohibition . 

. 253,840 


1908 

Thos. E. Watson. 

.People’s .... 

. 29,100 


1908 

August Gillhaus. 

.Social Labor. 

13,825 


1908 

Theo. L. Hisgen. 

.Independent 

82,872 


1912 

Woodrow Wilson. . . . 

.Democrat ... 

.6,293,019 

435 

1912 

Wm. H. Taft. 

‘.Republican . 

.3,484,956 

8 

1912 

Theo. Roosevelt. 

.Progressive . 

.4,119,507 

88 

1912 

Eugene V. Debs. 

.Socialist .... 

. 901,873 


1912 

Eugene W. Chafin... 

.Prohibition . 

. 207,928 


1912 

Arthur E. Reimer. . 

.Social Labor 

29,259 


1916 

Woodrow Wilson. . . . 

.Democrat .. . 

.9,129,269 

277 

1916 

Clias. E. Hughes. . . . 

.Republican . 

.8,547,328 

254 

1916 

Allan J. Benson. 

. Socialist 

. 590,579 


1916 

J. Frank Hanly. 

.Prohibition . 

. 221,329 


1916 

Arthur E. Reimer... 

.Social Labor 

14,180 


1920 

Harding . 

• Republican . 

16,140,585 

404 

1920 

Cox . 

.Democrat . 

.9,141,621 

127 

1920 

Debs . 

. Socialist .... 

. 914.98n 

1920 

Christensen . 

.Farmer-Labor. 272'002 


1920 

Watkins . 

.Prohibition . 

. 188,678 

. . 






















































CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 265 

What Causes Water to Flow Out of an Artesian 
Well 

The theoretical explanation of the phenomenon 
is easily understood. The secondary and tertiary 
geological formations often present the appear¬ 
ance of immense basins, the boundary or rim of 
the basin having been formed by an upheaval 
of adjacent strata. In these formations it often 
happens that a porous stratum, consisting of 
sand, sandstone, chalk, or other calcareous mat¬ 
ter, is included between two impermeable layers 
of clay, so as to form a fiat, porous U tube, con¬ 
tinuous from side to side of the valley, the out¬ 
crop on the surrounding hills forming the mouth 
of the tube. The rain filtering down through the 
porous layer to the bottom of the basin forms 
there a subterranean pool, which, with the liquid 
or semi-liquid columns pressing upon it, consti¬ 
tutes a sort of huge natural hydrostatic bellows. 
Sometimes the pressure on the superincumbent 
crust is so great as to cause an upheaval or dis¬ 
turbance of the valley. It is obvious, then, that 
when a hole is bored down through the upper 
impermeable layer to the surface of the lake, the 
water will be forced up by the natural law of 
water seeking its level to a height above the 
surface of the valley, greater or less, according 
to the elevation of the level in the feeding col¬ 
umn, thus forming a natural fountain on pre¬ 
cisely the same principle as that of most artificial 
fountains, where the water supply comes from a 
considerable height above the jet. 


United States Presidents Not Inaugurated 
March 4 

George Washington, April 30, 1789; James 
Monroe, second term, March 5, 1821; John Tyler, 
April 6, 1841; Zachary Taylor, March 5, 1849; 
Millard Fillmore, July 10, 1850; Andrew Jack- 
son, April 15, 1865; R. B. Hayes, March 5, 1877; 
Chester A. Arthur, Sept. 20, 1881; Wm. McKin¬ 
ley, second term, March 5, 1901; Theo. Roose¬ 
velt, Sept. 14, 1901. 



266 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

The Dimensions of the Great Wall of China, aiul 
of What It Is Built 

It runs from a point on the Gulf of Liantung, 
an arm of the Gulf of Pechili in northeastern 
China, westerly to the Yellow River, thence makes 
a great bend to the south for nearly 100 miles, 
and then runs to the northwest for several hun¬ 
dred miles to the Desert of Gobi. Its length is 
1,500 miles. For the most of this distance it 
runs through a mountainous country, keeping 
on the ridges, and winding over many of the 
highest peaks. In some places it is only a for¬ 
midable rampart, but most of the way it is com¬ 
posed of lofty walls of masonry and concrete, 
or impacted lime and clay, from 12 to 16 feet 
in thickness, and from 15 to 35 feet in height. 
The top of this wall is paved for hundreds of 
miles, and crowded with crenellated battlements, 
and towers 30 to 40 feet high. In numerous 
places the wall climbs such steep declivities that 
its top ascends from height to height in flights 
of granite steps. An army could march on the 
top of the wall for weeks and even months, mov¬ 
ing in some places ten men abreast. 


Standard and Local Time 

As the standard time sections cover each 15 
degrees of longitude, equivalent to one hour, it 
is evident that standard and local time can agree 
only in the places lying in the middle of each 
section, as in Denver, Col., and New Orleans, La. 
The following table shows approximately how 
much must be added to ( + ) or substracted from 
(—) standard time to get the local time: 


Baltimore, Md.+ 6 

Boston, Mass.—16 

Buffalo, N. Y.+16 

Chicago, Ill.— 9 

Cincinnati, O.—22 

Cleveland, O.+27 

Detroit, Mich.—28 

Lincoln, Neb. ....—22 
Los Angeles, Cal ..— 7 


Louisville, Ky. .. . .—18 
New York, N. Y. 4 

Omaha, Neb.+14 

Philadelphia, Pa...+ 1 
Pittsburgh, Pa.... + 20 
Salt Lake City, U.. +28 
San Francisco Cal.+10 
Tacoma, Wash.... + 9 
Washington, D. C.. + 8 












CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


267 


Civil Service Commission 

The purpose of the civil service act, as de¬ 
clared in its title, is “to regulate and improve the 
civil service of the United States.” It provides 
for the appointment of three commissioners, not 
more than two of whom shall be adherents of 
the same political party, and makes it the duty 
of the commission to aid the President, as he 
may request, in preparing suitable rules for 
carrying the act into effect. The act requires 
that the rules shall provide, among other things, 
for open competitive examinations for testing the 
fitness of applicants for the classified service, the 
making of appointments from among those pass¬ 
ing with highest grades, an apportionment of 
appointments in the departments at Washington 
among the states and territories, a period of 
probation before absolute appointment, and the 
prohibition of the use of official authority to 
coerce the political action of any person or body. 
The act also provides for investigations touching 
the enforcement of the rules, and forbids, under 
penalty of fine or imprisonment, or both, the 
solicitation by any person in the service of the 
United States of contributions to be used for 
political purposes from persons in such service, 
or the collection of such contributions by any 
person in a Government building. 

The commission was organized on March 9, 
1883. The first classification of the service ap¬ 
plied to the departments at Washington and to 
post offices and customhouses having as many 
as 50 employees, embracing 13,294 employees. 
The commission then consisted of three com¬ 
missioners, the chief examiner, secretary, ste¬ 
nographer, and messenger boy. It is estimated 
that on June 30, 1918, there were 693,228 officers 
and employees in the executive civil service, of 
whom 583,736 held positions subject to competi¬ 
tive examination under the civil service rules. 
Examinations are held in the principal cities 
throughout the country through the agency of 
local boards of examiners, of which there are 


268 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


approximately 3,000. The members of these 
boards are detailed from other branches of the 
service. During- the fiscal year ended June 30, 
1918, the commission examined 617,894 persons, 
and of this number 242,173 were appointed. 

The commission also holds examinations in 
Hawaii, Porto Rico, and the Philippine Islands. 
Under the rules, it is required to render all 
practicable assistance to the Philippine Civil 
Service Board. 

Appointments of unskilled laborers in the de¬ 
partments at Washington and in the large cities 
are required to be made in accordance with regu¬ 
lations promulgated by the President, restricting 
appointments to applicants who are rated high¬ 
est in physical condition. This system is outside 
the civil service act, and is auxiliary to the civil 
service rules. 


Kings of Ireland 

This line (or rather lines) of native sovereigns 
is a very long one; some Irish historians have 
traced the succession to about the period of the 
Flood, “before which time there were many 
princes,” but, unfortunately, the records have 
not been preserved. According to Keating, the 
first sovereigns after the Milesian Conquest, of 
whom there is any “absolute certainty,” were 
Heber and Heremon, Milesian princes from Ga¬ 
licia in Spain, who conquered Ireland, and gave 
to its throne a race of 171 kings. These two 
princes reigned jointly from the year 1300 B. C. 
till 1291, when Heremon alone ruled. Of their 
successors, who reigned from the year 1285 B. C. 
to the Christian Era, about 169 in number, only 
15 died comfortably in their beds; four died of 
the plague or some malignant distemper, the 
rest being assassinated, killed in battle, or dying 
other violent deaths. Home Rule was in exist¬ 
ence from the earliest times till after the Con¬ 
quest of Ireland by Henry II. in 1172; the rulers, 
however, appear to have had anything but a 
peaceable, quiet time. 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 269 

How Waste Time Has Been Utilized 

Baxter wrote his “Saint’s Everlasting Rest” on 
a bed of sickness (1615-91). 

Bloomfield composed “The Farmer’s Boy” in 
the intervals of shoemaking (1766-1823). 

Braman (Joseph), a peasant’s son, occupied 
his spare time when a mere boy in making mu¬ 
sical instruments, aided by the village blacksmith. 
At the age of 16 he hurt his ankle while plow¬ 
ing and employed his time while confined to the 
house in carving and making* woodware. In an¬ 
other forced leisure from a severe fall he em¬ 
ployed his time in contriving and making useful 
inventions, which ultimately led him to fame and 
fortune (1749-1814). 

Bunyan wrote his “Pilgrim’s Progress” while 
confined in Bedford jail (1628-1688). 

Burritt (Elihu) made himself acquainted with 
ten languages while plying his trade as a village 
blacksmith (Hebrew, Greek, Syriac, Spanish, Bo¬ 
hemian, Polish, Danish, Persian, Turkish, and 
Ethiopic). His father was a village cobbler, and 
Elihu had only six months’ education, and that 
at the school of his brother (1811-1879). 

Carey, the missionary and Oriental translator, 
learned the rudiments of Eastern languages while 
employed in making and mending shoes (1761- 
1834). 

Clement (Joseph), son of a poor weaver, was 
brought up as a thatcher, but, by utilizing his 
waste moments in self-education and works of 
skill, raised himself to a position of great note, 
giving employment to thirty workmen (1779- 
1844). 

Cobbett learned grammar in the waste time 
of his service as a common soldier (1762-1835). 

D’Aguesseau, the great French chancellor, ob¬ 
serving that Mme. D’Aguesseau always delayed 
ten or twelve minutes before she came down to 
dinner, began and completed a learned book of 
three volumes (large quarto) solely during these 
“waste minutes.” This work went through sev¬ 
eral editions (1668-1751). 

Etty utilized indefatigably every spare moment 


270 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

he could pick up wh%n a journeyman printer 
(1787-1849). 

Ferguson taught himself astronomy while tend¬ 
ing sheep in the service of a Scotch farmer 
(1710-1776). 

Franklin, while working as a journeyman 
printer, produced his “Dissertation on Liberty 
and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain” (1706-1790). 

Miller (Hugh) taught himself geology while 
working as a mason (1802-1856). 

Paul worked as a tentmaker in intervals of 
travel and preaching. 


Vassar College 

Vassar College is on the east bank of the Hud¬ 
son, near Poughkeepsie, N. Y. It was founded 
in 1861. In that year Matthew Vassar, a wealthy 
brewer of Poughkeepsie, gave to an incorporated 
board of trustees the sum of $408,000 and 200 
acres of land for the endowment of a college for 
women. The building was constructed from 
plans approved by him, at a cost of about $200,- 
000. The college was opened in September, 1865, 
with eight professors and twenty other instruc¬ 
tors, and three hundred students. The first 
president of the college was Professor Milo P. 
Jewett; the second, Dr. John H. Raymond; the 
third, the Rev. Samuel Caldwell. The college 
has a fine library, with scientific apparatus and 
a museum of natural history specimens. It is 
said to have been the first woman’s college to 
recognize the woman smoker as a fact. 


How to Engrave On Eggs 

The art of engraving on eggs is very puzzling 
to the uninitiated, but in reality it is very sim¬ 
ple. It merely consists in writing upon the egg¬ 
shell with wax or varnish, or simply with tallow, 
and then immersing the egg in some weak acid, 
such, for example, as vinegar, dilute hydro¬ 
chloric acid, or etching liquor. Wherever the 
varnish or wax has not protected the shell, the 
lime of the latter is decomposed and dissolved 
in the acid and the writing or drawing remains 
in relief. 




CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


271 


Financial Panics of Nineteenth Century 

During - the nineteenth century there were four 
panics, namely in 1837, 1857, 1873, and 1897. 
In the month of May, 1837, the New York hanks 
suspended and a crash was precipitated which 
had been impending for some time. The con¬ 
dition of firms and houses of big credit was alarm¬ 
ing; many corporations closed up their work, 
hundreds of business firms were ruined, even 
States became bankrupt, and the President of 
the United States could not always obtain his 
salary when it fell due. The panic was imme¬ 
diately traceable to fever of speculation, and 
there had been large importations of foreign 
goods under the compromise tariff act, and much 
American capital had been driven out of busi¬ 
ness. The panic of 1857 began with the failure 
of the “Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company”; 
the number of bank failures was very large; pub¬ 
lic confidence was greatly shaken; land specula¬ 
tion had assumed reckless proportions; “paper” 
cities were numerous, and many unproductive 
railroads were undertaken. The panic of 1873 
opened Sept. 19 by the failure of Jay Cooke & 
Co., and it required nearly four years to restore 
public confidence. The panic of 1907 is recent 
enough to be familiar to most readers. 


Three Black Fridays 

September 24, 1869, Jay Gould and James Fisk, 
Jr., attempted to create a corner in the gold 
market by buying all the gold in the banks of 
New York City, amounting to $15,000,000. For 
several days the value of gold rose steadily and 
the speculators aimed to carry it from 144 to 
200. Friday the whole city was in a ferment, the 
banks were rapidly selling, gold was at 162% 
and still rising. Men became insane and every¬ 
where the wildest excitement raged, for it seemed 
probable that the business houses must be closed, 
from ignorance of the prices to be charged for 
their goods. But in the midst of the panic it 
was reported that Secretary Boutwell of the 
United States Treasury had thrown $4,000,000 on 



272 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


the market, and at once gold fell, the excitement 
ceased, leaving Gould and Fisk the winners of 
$11,000,000. The day noticed above is what is gen¬ 
erally referred to as Black Friday in this coun¬ 
try, but the term was first used in England, being 
applied in the first instance to the Friday on 
which the news reached London that the young 
Pretender, Charles Edward, had arrived at Derby, 
creating a terrible panic; and finally to May 11, 
1866, when the failure of Overend, Guerney & 
Co., London, the day before, was followed by a 
widespread financial ruin. 


Politics of the Presidents 

The subjoined table will be found interesting as 
a reference to many of our readers. Of course 
the name of Washington heading the list does not 
mean that he was the candidate of any party or 
faction, but is placed there to complete the roll: 


Name. 

Inauguration. 

Politics. 

George Washington. 


1789.. 

. .Unanimous 

John Adams . 


4, 

1797. 

. .Federal 

Thomas Jefferson. 


4, 

1801. . 

.Democrat 

James Madison. 


4, 

1809 . 

. Democrat 

James Monroe. 


4, 

1817. 

. Democrat 

John Quincy Adams. 


4, 

1825 . 

. Federal 

Andrew Jackson. 


4, 

1829. 

.Democrat 

Martin Van Buren. 


4, 

1837. 

. Democrat 

William Henry Harrison. , 

. . March 

4, 

1841 . 

.Whig 

John Tyler . 


6, 

1841. . 

.Whig 

James K. Polk.. 


4, 

1845. . 

.Democrat 

Zachary Taylor. 


5, 

1849. . 

.Whig 

Millard Fillmore. 

....July 

9, 

1850. . 

.Whig 

Franklin Pierce. 


4, 

1853. . 

.Democrat 

James Buchanan. 


4, 

1857. . 

. Democrat 

Abraham Lincoln. 


4, 

1861. . 

.Republican 

Andrew Johnson. 


1865. . 

.Republican 

U. S. Grant . 


4, 

1869. . 

.Republican 

R. B. Hayes. 


5, 

1877.. 

. Republican 

James A. Garfield. 


4, 

1881. . 

. Republican 

Chester A. Arthur. 


1881. . 

.Republican 

Grover Cleveland. 


4, 

1885. 

.Democrat 

Benj. Harrison. 


4, 

1889. 

.Republican 

Grover Cleveland. 


4, 

1893 . 

.Democrat 

William McKinley. 


4, 

1897. 

.Republican 

William McKinley. 


5, 

1901 . 

.Republican 

Theodore Roosevelt. 


1901. 

. Republican 

William H. Taft. 


4, 

1909 . 

.Republican 

Woodrow Wilson. 


4. 

1913 . 

.Democrat 

Warren G. Harding. 


4, 

1921. 

.Republican 
































C'ONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 273 

Area Occupied by, and Early Settlement of the 
United States 

The greatest length of the territory from the 
Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, occupied by the 
United States, on the parallel of 42°, is 2,768 
miles; and its greatest breadth, from Point Isa¬ 
bel, Tex., to the northern boundary of North 
Dakota, is 1,650 miles. The Mexican boundary 
line is 1,500 miles in length. The boundary line 
separating the United States from the British 
possessions is about 3,400 miles long. 

The first attempt at civilized settlement, in the 
United States, was made on the island of Roan¬ 
oke, off the coast of North Carolina, where a 
colony from England was placed, under the com¬ 
mand of Sir Richard Grenville, in 1585. Having 
trouble with the Indians, several of the settlers 
were killed, and the remainder returned to Eng¬ 
land. In 1587 John White landed a party of 108 
persons, and returned to England after founding 
the city of Raleigh, named after Sir Walter Ral¬ 
eigh. Here Virginia Dare, the first white child 
native of the United States, was born. In 1590 
John White returned with a fleet, but all traces 
of the colonists, left three years before, had van¬ 
ished. Their fate has never been ascertained. 

In 1540 French fur-traders founded a settle¬ 
ment on Manhattan Island, where the city of 
New York now stands, but the next year they 
abandoned the country. A party of Huguenots, 
driven from France, sought refuge in South Caro¬ 
lina, where they built Port Royal, in 1562; but 
subsequent famine compelled them to abandon 
the colony. In 1565 the Spaniards, on the east 
coast of Florida, founded St. Augustine, the old¬ 
est existing town in the United States. The first 
permanent English settlement was made at 
Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607; the colony con¬ 
sisting of 105 emigrants, more than one-half of 
whom died within six months, from privation or 
at the hands of the Indians. Newly arrived 
immigrants from England, however, swelled the 
number of colonists to 200 in the year 1610. 


274 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

Hendrick Christaenson, a Hollander, in 1612, 
made a small redoubt enclosing- four log- huts, as 
a place in which to live and receive furs, on 
Manhattan Island, on the site where is now 
located No. 29 Broadway, New York City. A 
Dutch settlement, in 1614, was founded at Al¬ 
bany, N. Y. In 1620 the Puritans, a company of 
British refugees, numbering- 102 persons, landed 
at Plymouth, Mass., at a point known as Plym¬ 
outh Rock. In 1623 the Virginia colonists, then 
numbering 2,500, feeling themselves strong 
enough, attacked the Indians; this resulted in a 
desultory warfare which continued for 24 years. 


Julius Caesar’s Wives 

Julius Caesar had four wives. The first was 
named Cossutia, and he must have married her 
when very young, for when he was 17 years old, 
in the year 83 B. C., he divorced her in order 
to marry Cornelia, the daughter of Cinna, a leader 
of the democratic party. His aunt Julia having 
married Marius, the foremost chief of the peo¬ 
ple's party, young Caesar was doubly allied to 
that faction. Sulla, the patrician leader, endeav¬ 
ored to induce the young man to repudiate his 
wife, and as he would not do this, took from him 
both his fortune and his office. Sulla was induced 
by influence to withdraw his proscription, though 
unwilling, remarking that he saw "in that per¬ 
fumed youth a hundred Mariuses,” but Caesar did 
not return to Rome until after the tyrant’s death. 
Cornelia died in 68 B. C., and the following year 
Caesar married Pompeia, a relative of Pompey, 
and a granddaughter of Sulla. She was divorced 
in B. C. 61, under the following circumstances: 
The Roman women held annually on the first of 
May a festival to the Goddess of Earth, or the 
Bona Dea. No men were allowed to be present 
at these festivals under pain of death. In the 
year mentioned the matrons met at the house of 
Caesar, and a young man named Publius Clodius 
managed to obtain admittance in the disguise of 
a female musician. He was, of course, detected. 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 275 

and as Pompeia was known to be friendly to the 
young - man, it was supposed that she had con¬ 
nived at the sacrilege, and had admitted the youth 
for criminal purposes. Caesar made no charge 
against either his wife or Clodius, and when the 
latter was brought to trial for impiety, he would 
not give any testimony against him; nor would 
he admit to his friends that he believed the par¬ 
ties to be guilty, but he put away his wife, say¬ 
ing: “The wife of Caesar should be above sus¬ 
picion." The last wife of the great Roman was 
Calpurnia, the daughter of Lucius Piso, whom 
he married B. C. 59, and who survived him. 


The History of Plymouth Rock 

A flat rock near the vicinity of New Plymouth, 
now Plymouth, Mass., is said to have been the 
one on which the great body of the Pilgrims 
landed from the Mayflower. The many members 
of the colony who died in the winter of 1620-21 
were buried near this rock. About 1738 it was 
proposed to build a wharf along the shore there. 
At this time there lived in New Plymouth an 
old man over 90 years of age named Thomas 
Faunce, who had known some of the Mayflower’s 
passengers when a lad, and by them had been 
shown the rock on which they had landed. On 
hearing that it was to be covered with a wharf 
the old man wept and it has been said that his 
tears probably saved Plymouth Rock from ob¬ 
livion. After the Revolution it was found that 
the rock was quite hidden by the sand washed 
upon it by the sea. The sand was cleared away 
but in attempting to take up the rock it was split 
in two. The upper half was taken to the village 
and placed in the town square. In 1834 it was 
removed to a position in front of Pilgrim Hall 
and inclosed in an iron railing. In September, 
1880, this half of the stone was taken back to 
the shore and reunited to the other portion. A 
handsome archway was then built over the rock 
to protect it in part from the depredations of relic 
hunters. 



276 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

Time on Shipboard 

On the sea, time is divided into periods called 
Bells. The first bell is 12:30 a. m.; 2 bells, 1 
o’clock: 3 bells, 1:30 p. m.; 4 bells, 2 p. m.; 
5 bells, 2 :30 p. m.; 6 bells, 3 p. m.; 7 bells, 3 :30 
p. m., and 8 bells, 4 a. m. It will be observed, 
therefore, that the time between bells is a half- 
hour, and that the highest number of bells is 
eight. The four hours covered by the eight bells 
are repeated six times in twenty-four hours. The 
first bell in the second period coming at 4:30 
a. m.; the next period, 8:30 p. m.; the next 
period at 12:30 p. m.; the next peribd at 4:30 
a. m., and the last period at 8:30 a. m. The 
crew is mustered in two divisions, “the starboard 
watch” and “the port watch.” The day com¬ 
mences at noon. The afternoon watch continues 
from noon to 4 p. m.; the first dog watch from 
4 p. m. to 6 p. m.; second dog watch from 6 
p. m. to 8 p. m. First watch from 8 p. m. to 
midnight; middle watch from 12 to 4 a. m.; 
morning watch, 4 to 8 a. m.; forenoon watch, 
8 a. m. to noon. There are, therefore, seven 
watches, which the crew keep alternately. The 
watch which goes on duty at noon one day has 
the afternoon next day, and the men who have 
only four hours off duty one night have eight 
hours the next. 


Duration of Dreams 

It is very certain that the majority of dreams 
are only of momentary duration, though ex¬ 
tended occasionally to the length of a minute. 

In proof of this Dr. Sholz tells the following 
story from his experience: “After excessive bod¬ 
ily fatigue and a day of mental strain of a not 
disagreeable kind, I betook myself to bed after 
I had wound my watch and placed it on the 
night table. Then I lay down beside a burning 
lamp. Soon I found myself on the high sea on 
board a well-known ship. I was again young, 
and stood on the lookout. I heard the roar of 
water, and golden clouds floated around me. How 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 277 

long I stood so I did not know, but it seemed 
a very long time. 

“Then the scene changed. I was in the coun¬ 
try, and my long-lost parents came to greet me; 
they sent me to church, where the loud organ 
sounded. I was delighted, but at the same time 
wondered to see my wife and children there. 
The priest mounted the pulpit and preached, but 
I could not understand what he said for the 
sound of the organ, which continued to play. I 
took my son by the hand, and with him ascended 
the church tower, but again the scene was 
changed. Instead of being near my son I stood 
near an early-known but long-dead officer. I 
ought to explain that I was an army surgeon 
during the maneuvers. I was wondering why 
the major should look so young, when quite 
close in my ears a cannon sounded. 

“Terrified, I was hurrying off, when I woke 
up and noticed that the supposed cannon shot 
had its cause in the opening of the bedroom door 
through some one entering. It was as if I had 
lived through an eternity in my dream, but when 
I looked at my watch I saw that since I had 
fallen asleep, not more than one minute had 
elapsed—a much shorter time than it takes to 
relate the occurrence.” 


Percentage of Alcohol In Various Liquors 


Scotch Whisky. ..54.53 

Irish Whisky.53.9 

Rum .53.68 

Gin .51.6 

Brandy.53.39 

Burgundy .14.57 

Cape Muscat.18.25 

Champagne (still) 13.80 
Champagne (spar¬ 
kling) .12.61 

Cider .5.2 to 9.8 

Constantia .19.75 

Gooseberry Wine. 11.48 


Currant Wine... .20.50 

Port .22.90 

Madeira .22.27 

Teneriffe .19.79 

Sherry .19.17 

Claret .15.1 

Elder.8.79 

Ale. 6.87 

Porter. 4.02 

Malaga .17.26 

Rhenish .12.8 

Small Beer. 1.28 























278 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


Twelve Great Wonders in America 

City Park, Philadelphia, largest in the world. 

Yellowstone National Park. 

Lake Superior, the largest lake in the world. 

Mammoth Cave in Kentucky. 

Colorado Canon, with walls 6,500 feet high. 

Niagara Falls, three-quarters of a mile wide, 
175 feet high. 

Natural Bridge over Cedar Creek, in Virginia. 

New State Capitol at Albany, N. Y. 

New York and Brooklyn Bridge. 

The Central Park in New York City. 

Washington Monument, Washington, D. C., 
555 feet high. 

Yosemite Valley, California; 57 miles from 
Coulterville. A valley from 8 to 10 miles long 
and about one mile wide. Has very steep slopes 
about 3,500 feet high; has a perpendicular prec¬ 
ipice 3,089 feet high; a rock almost perpen¬ 
dicular, 3,270 feet high; and waterfalls from 
700 to 1,000 feet high. 


The South Sea Bubble 

The “South Sea bubble,” as it is generally 
called, was a financial scheme which occupied the 
attention of prominent politicians, communities, 
and even nations, in the early part of the eight¬ 
eenth century. Briefly, the facts are: In 1711, 
Robert Hartley, Earl of Oxford, then Lord Treas¬ 
urer, proposed to fund a floating debt of about 
£10,000,000 sterling, the interest, about £600,000, 
to be secured by rendering permanent the duties 
upon wines, tobacco, wrought silks, etc. Pur¬ 
chasers of this fund were to become also share¬ 
holders in the “South Sea Company,” a corpora¬ 
tion to have the monopoly of the trade with 
Spanish South America, a part of the capital 
stock of which was to be the new fund. But 
Spain, after the treaty of Utrecht, refused to 
open her commerce to England, and the privi¬ 
leges of the “South Sea Company” became worth¬ 
less. There were many men of wealth who were 
stockholders and the company continued to flour¬ 
ish while the ill success of its trading operations 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 279 

was concealed. Even the Spanish war of 1718 
did not shake the popular confidence. Then in 
April, 1720, Parliament, by large majorities in 
both houses, accepted the company's plan for 
paying the national debt, and after that a frenzy 
of speculation seized the nation and the stock 
rose to £300 a share, and by August had reached 
£1,000 a share. Then Sir John Blunt, one of the 
leaders, sold out, others followed, and the stock 
began to fall. By the close of September the 
company stopped payment and thousands were 
beggared. An investigation ordered by Parlia¬ 
ment disclosed much fraud and corruption, and 
many prominent persons were implicated, some 
of the directors were imprisoned, and all of them 
were fined to an aggregate amount of £2,000,000 
for the benefit of the stockholders. A great part 
of the valid assets was distributed among them, 
yielding a dividend of about 33 per cent. 


Food in an Egg 

An egg contains as much nourishment as a 
pound and an ounce of cherries, a pound and a 
quarter of grapes, a pound and a half of russet 
apples, two pounds of gooseberries and four 
pounds of pears, and 114 pounds of grapes, 127 
pounds of russet apples, 192 pounds of pears, and 
327 pounds of plums are equal in nourishment 
to 100 pounds of potatoes. 


Races of the World 

The six great races of mankind according to 
Whitaker's Almanac are divided as follows: 

Race. Number. 

Mongolian . 655,000,000 

Caucasian . 645,000,000 

Negro . 100,000,000 

Semitic . 81,000,000 

Malayan . 52,000,000 

Red Indian . 23,000,000 


Total 


1,646,000,000 












280 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

Postal Savings Statistics 

The first month of the present Postal Savings 
System’s operation, Jan. 1911, showed 48 offices 
in operation and deposits of $61,805. In June, 
1918, there were 5,948 offices and 730 branches 
and stations, making 6,678 depositories in all. 
Depositors numbered 612,188, and total deposits 
amounted to $148,471,499, making the average 
amount on deposit $242.53. According to prelim¬ 
inary reports, Postal Savings deposits amounted 
to approximately $171,870,000 on Jan. 31, 1919, 
an increase of about $23,400,000 in seven months, 
despite the billions paid by the American public 
for Liberty bonds during that period. 


Founding of Noted Colleges 

The University of Oxford has the reputation 
of having been founded by King Alfred in 872; 
but it is not confirmed by any documentary evi¬ 
dence. 

The University of Paris was founded by King 
Philip II about 1200. 

The first college of the University of Cam¬ 
bridge was founded by Hugo, Bishop of Ely, in 
1257. 

The first university in the German Empire 
was at Prague, Bohemia, 1348. 

Trinity College, Dublin, was incorporated by 
royal charter in 1591. 

The University of Edinburgh was founded in 
1582 by a charter granted by King James VI 
of Scotland. 

Harvard University had its beginning at New¬ 
town, afterward Cambridge, Mass., in 1636. 

Yale University had its beginning at Saybrook, 
Ct., in 1700, and was removed to New Haven 
in 1716. 

William and Mary College; first steps taken 
toward establishing it in 1617, erected at Wil¬ 
liamsburg, Va., and charter granted in 1693. 

The first common schools established by leg¬ 
islation in America were in Massachusetts, 1645; 
but the first town school was opened at Hart¬ 
ford, Ct., prior to 1642. 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 281 

Table Etiquette for Children 

Here are a few good old rules that can safely 
be followed: 

Give the child a seat that shall be strictly its 
own. 

Teach it to take its seat quietly. 

To use its napkin properly. 

To wait patiently to be served. 

To answer promptly. 

To say “thank you.” 

If asked to leave the table for a forgotten arti¬ 
cle, or for any purpose, to do so at once. 

Never to interrupt and never to contradict. 

Never to make remarks about the food. 

Teach the child to keep his plate in order. 

Not to handle the bread nor to drop food on 
the cloth and floor. 

To always say “excuse me, please,” to the 
mother when at home, and to the lady or hostess 
when visiting, if leaving the table before the 
rest of the party. 

To fold its napkin and to put back its chair 
or push it close to the table before leaving. 

And after leaving the table not to return. 

Children who observe every one of these rules 
are well behaved, delightful companions, and 
owe it to their mother’s careful training. 


Porcelain Tower of China 

The beautiful porcelain tower in Nankin, China, 
was one of the wonders of the world. It was of 
octagonal form, 260 feet high, in nine stories, 
each having a cornice and a gallery without. It 
cost $4,000,000, and was nineteen years in build¬ 
ing, being completed in A. D. 1430. The outer 
face of this unique structure was covered with 
slabs of porcelain of various colors, principally 
green, red, yellow, and white. At every one of 
its nine stories the projecting roof of the gallery 
was covered with green tiles, and a bell was sus¬ 
pended from each corner. There were 152 bells 
in all, which gave sweet sounds when there was 
a brisk wind. One hundred and twenty-eight 



282 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL, 

lamps were hung on the outside. On the top was 
a pinnacle in the shape of a pineapple, sur¬ 
mounted by a gilded ball. A spiral staircase led 
to the summit. This building was constructed 
for a gift to the empress, and the government 
kept it in repair. In 1801 it was struck by light¬ 
ning and its three upper stories broken or thrown 
down, but the government repaired the injury. 
In 1856, however, the Taiping rebels blew it up 
and carried away the materials, fearing that the 
magic influence of its bells and lamps would work 
against the success of their cause. 


Curiosities of the Bible 

The Bible contains 3,566,480 letters, 773,746 
words, 31,173 verses, 1,189 chapters, and 66 books. 
The word "and” occurs 46,277 times. The word 
"Lord” occurs 1,855 times. The word “reverend” 
occurs but once, which is in the 9th verse of the 
111th Psalm. The middle verse is the 8th verse 
of the 118th Psalm. The 21st verse of the 7th 
chapter of Ezra contains all the letters of the 
alphabet except the letter J. The 19th chapter 
of II Kings and the 37th chapter of Isaiah are 
alike. The longest verse is the 9th verse of the 
8th chapter of Esther. The shortest verse is the 
35th verse of the 11th chapter of St. John. There 
are no words or names of more than six syllables 
In the original Hebrew manuscripts of the Old 
Testament a division of the matter into para¬ 
graphs was early introduced for convenience in 
reading. Larger divisions into sections suitable 
for Sabbath readings were made about the middle 
of the fifteenth century. The gospels were divid¬ 
ed into sections for a similar purpose as early as 
the third century. The present arrangement of 
the Scriptures into chapters, however, originated 
in the thirteenth century with Cardinal Hugo, 
who devised it while making a Latin concordance. 
The division into verses was introduced by the 
celebrated printer, Robert Stephens, in his Greek 
Testament (1551), and in his Latin Bible 
(1556-7). 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 283 

Interest Table 

The following 1 will be found convenient in the 
absence of extended interest tables: 

To find the interest on a given sum, for any 
number of days, at any rate of interest. 

At 5 per cent, multiply the principal by the 
number of days, point off two decimals, 


and divide by.72 

At 6 per cent, as above, and divide by.60 

At 7 per cent, as above, and divide by.52 

At 8 per cent, as above, and divide by.45 

At 9 per cent, as above, and divide by.40 

At 10 per cent, as above, and divide by.36 

At 12 per cent, as above, and divide by.30 

At 15 per cent, as above, and divide by.24 

At 20 per cent, as above, and divide by.18 


The Wandering Jew 

There are various versions of the story of “The 
Wandering Jew,” the legends of whom have 
formed the foundations of numerous romances, 
poems and tragedies. One version is that this 
person was a servant in the house of Pilate and 
gave the Master a blow as He was dragged out 
of the palace to go to His death. A popular tra¬ 
dition makes the wanderer a member of the tribe 
of Naphtali, who, some seven or eight years pre¬ 
vious to the birth of the Christ-child, left his 
father to go with the wise men of the East whom 
the star led to the lowly cot in Bethlehem. It 
runs, also, that the cause of the killing of the 
children can be traced to the stories this person 
related when he returned to Jerusalem of the 
visit of the Wise Men, and to the presentation 
of the gifts they brought to the Divine Infant 
when he was acknowledged by them to be the 
king of the Jews. He was lost sight of for a 
time, when he appeared as a carpenter who 
was employed in making the cross on which the 
Saviour was to be lifted up before the eyes of 
all men. As Christ walked up the way to Calvary 
He had to pass the workshop of this man, and 
when He reached its doors, the soldiers, touched 












284 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL, 


by the sufferings of the Man of Sorrows, be¬ 
sought the carpenter to allow Him to rest there 
for a little, but he refused, adding insult to a 
want of charity. Then it is said that Christ pro¬ 
nounced his doom, which was to wander over the 
earth until the second coming. Since that sen¬ 
tence was uttered he has wandered, courting 
death, but finding it not, and his punishment 
becoming more unbearable as the generations 
come and go. He is said to have appeared in 
the sixteenth, seventeenth, and even as recently 
as the eighteenth century, under the names of 
Cartaphilus and Ahasuerus, by which the Wan¬ 
dering Jew has been known. 


U. S. Educational Statistics 

(1916) 

Total number of children 5 to 18 years of age.26,846,976 

Pupils in common schools (enrolled).20,351,687 

Pupils in common schools (actually attend¬ 
ing) .15,358,927 

Pupils in public high schools (boys). 660,641 

Pupils in public high schools (girls). 795,420 

Pupils in private high schools (boys). 73,415 

Pupils in private high schools (girls). 81,706 

Students in public normal schools (men).... 21,016 

Students in public normal schools (women).. 83,698 

Students in private normal schools (men)... 1,924 

Students in private normal schools (women). 5,034 

Students in universities, colleges, technical 

schools, etc. (preparatory—men). 33,319 

Students in universities, colleges, technical 

schools, etc. (preparatory—women). 19,155 

Students in same (collegiate—men). 152,860 

Students in same (collegiate—women). 90,181 

Students in theological schools . 12,051 

Students in law schools . 22,993 

Students in medical schools . 14,767 

Students in dental schools. 10,715 

Students in pharmacy schools . 6,034 


U. S. Church Statistics 


Denominational groups with membership of one mil¬ 
lion or more in 1916: 


Roman Catholic . .. 

Baptist . 

Methodist . 

Lutheran . 

Presbyterian . 

Disciples of Christ. 
Protestant Episcopal 


15,742,262 communicants 
7,236,650 
7,165,986 
2,463,265 
2,257,439 

1,231,404 «• 

1,098,173 *• 


























CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


285 


Tips on Banking 

Your bank is the best commercial reference 
you can give. 

Your money in bank is safe from fire and 
thieves. 

Date your checks the day they are made. 

Do not anticipate deposits. 

Do not overdraw your bank account; it is 
illegal. 

To stop payment of a check, notify your bank 
at once, giving number, date, and name of payee. 

Certified checks are charged to your account 
at once by the bank. If not used, they should 
be re-deposited as cash. To destroy a certified 
check will cause delay and much trouble to have 
money refunded. 


Origin of Visiting Cards 
As is the case in many other instances, we 
owe the invention of visiting cards to the Chi¬ 
nese. So long ago as the period of the Tong 
dynasty (618-907), visiting cards were in com¬ 
mon use in China, and that is also the date of 
the introduction of the “red silken cords” which 
figure so conspicuously on the engagement cards 
of that country. From very ancient times to the 
present day the Chinese have observed the strict¬ 
est ceremony with regard to the paying of visits. 
The cards which they use for this purpose are 
very large, and usually of a bright red color. 
When a Chinaman desires to marry his parents 
intimate that fact to a professional “match¬ 
maker,” who thereupon runs through a list of 
her visiting acquaintances and selects one whom 
she considers a fitting bride for the young man; 
and then she calls upon the young woman’s par¬ 
ents, armed with the bridegroom’s card, on which 
are inscribed his ancestral name and the eight 
symbols which denote the day of his birth. If 
the answer is an acceptance of his suit, the bride’s 
card is sent in return; and should the oracles 
prophesy good concerning the union, the partic¬ 
ulars of the engagement are written on two large 
cards, tied together with the red cords. 



286 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


Save a Little 

Every man who is obliged to work for his liv¬ 
ing should make a point to lay up a little money 
for that “rainy day" which we are all liable to 
encounter when least expected. The best way 
to do this is to open an account with a savings 
bank. Accumulated money is always safe; it is 
always ready to use when needed. Scrape to¬ 
gether five dollars, make your deposit, receive 
your bank book, and then resolve to deposit a 
given sum, small though it be, once a month, or 
once a week, according to circumstances. No¬ 
body knows without trying it, how easy a thing 
it is to save money when an account with a bank 
has been opened. With such an account a man 
feels a desire to enlarge his deposit. It gives 
him lessons in frugality and economy, weans him 
from habits of extravagance, and is the very best 
guard in the world against intemperance, dis¬ 
sipation and vice. 


New York’s Nearly 2,000,000,000 Passengers a 
Year 

The subways, surface and elevated lines in 
New York City collected 1,975,482,316 fares dur¬ 
ing the fiscal year ending June 30, 1918, an in¬ 
crease of 56,670,087 over the figures of the pre¬ 
vious year, which in turn showed an increase 
of 20,076,611 over those of the year before. And 
this increase was in spite of the absence of men 
caused by the war. 


First Aerial Weather Forecast 

The first U. S. aerial weather forecast was is¬ 
sued by the Weather Bureau at Washington on 
Dec. 2, 1918, in co-operation with the aerial mail 
service. It was as follows: 

“New York to Cleveland—Cloudy, 8 p. m., snow 
near Lake Erie, winds moderate, northwest to 
north-northwest east of the Alleghenies up to 

6.500 feet, and moderate south winds west of 
Alleghenies, shifting to west southwest at about 

1.500 feet.” 




CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


287 


The Life of Eugene Aram 

Eugene Aram, whose story has been immor¬ 
talized by Sir Bulwer Lytton, was born at Rams- 
gill, in Yorkshire, in 1704. At an early age he, 
married and continued his work as a teacher, 
living at Knaresborough. The sudden and mys¬ 
terious disappearance of a shoemaker named 
Clark caused excitement, and finally the convic¬ 
tion of foul play became prevalent, the more 
because Aram’s wife frequently dropped remarks 
to the effect that Eugene and a man named 
Houseman knew more about the affair than they 
cared to admit. In 1759 a skeleton was exhumed 
near Knaresborough, which was supected to be 
Clark’s, and Houseman was at once confronted 
with some of the bones; but he denied vehemently 
that they were Clark’s. Finally, upon House¬ 
man’s testimony that Aram and Terry were the 
murderers, the former <was arrested, after the 
skeleton of Clark had been found in a place des¬ 
ignated by Houseman. Aram ably defended him¬ 
self, and eloquently denounced the practice of 
conviction on circumstantial evidence, but never¬ 
theless he was sentenced to be hung three days 
later. Before his execution he confessed his guilt 
to a minister. 

Sending Vessels Over Niagara Falls—When It 
Was Done and Why 

There have been three such instances. The 
first in 1827. Some men got an old craft which 
had been pronounced unseaworthy. They put 
aboard a bear, a fox, a buffalo, a dog and some 
geese and sent it over the cataract. The bear 
jumped from the vessel before it reached the 
rapids, swam toward the shore and was rescued 
by some humane persons. The geese went over 
the falls and came to the shore below alive and, 
therefore, became objects of great interest and 
were sold at high prices to visitors at the falls. 
The dog, fox and buffalo were not heard of or 
seen again. Another condemned vessel, the De¬ 
troit, that had belonged to Commodore Perry’s 
victorious fleet, was started over the cataract in 


288 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

the winter of 1841, but grounded about midway 
in the rapids and lay there until knocked to 
pieces by the ice. A picturesque instance was 
sending a vessel over the Canada side in 1837. 
It was set on fire, then cut loose from its moor¬ 
ings. All in flames, it went glaring and hissing 
down the rapids and over the precipice, and 
smothered its ruddy blaze in the boiling chasm 
below. This was described as a most magnificent 
sight. 


Great Plagues 

The whole world visited by a plague, 767 before 
Christ; in Rome, when 10,000 persons died in a 
day, 78; in England, 762; in Chichester, when 
34,000 died, 772; in Canterbury, 788; in Scotland, 
which swept away 40,000 inhabitants, 954; in 
England, 1025, 1247, and 1347; in England, when 
50,000 died in London, 1500; in Germany, which 
cut off 90,000 people, 1348; in Paris and London, 
very dreadful, 1367; again, 1379; in London, 
which killed 30,000 persons, 1407; again, when 
more were destroyed than in fifteen years of war 
before, 1477; again, when 30,000 died in London, 
1499; again, 1548 and 1594; which carried off 
in London a fourth part of its inhabitants, 1604; 
at Constantinople, when 200,000 persons died, 
1611; at London, when 35,417 died, 1625 and 
1631; at Lyons, France, 60,000 died, 1632; again, 
at London, which destroyed 68,000 persons in 
1665; at Messina, February, 1743; at Algiers, 
1755; in Persia, when 80,000 persons perished at 
Passorah, 1773; at Smyrna, that carried off about 
20,000 inhabitants, 1784; and at Tunis, 32,000, 
1784; in the Levant, 1786; at Alexandria, Smyrna, 
etc., 1791; In Egypt, in 1792, where near 800,000 
died; the yellow fever destroyed 2,000 at Phila¬ 
delphia, in 1793; on the coast of Africa, particu¬ 
larly at Barbary, 3,000 died daily; at Fez, 247,000 
died in June, 1799; 1,800 died at Morocco in 1800, 
in one day; in Spain and at Gibraltar, where great 
numbers died, in 1804 and 1805; ten plagues of 
Egypt, 1494 before Christ. 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


2S9 


The Education of the Presidents 

Washington—Fair English education. 
Adams, John—Harvard. 

Jefferson—William and Mary. 

Madison—Princeton. 

Monroe—William and Mary. 

Adams, J. Q.—Harvard. 

Jackson—Limited education. 

Van Buren—Academic course. 

Harrison, W. H.—Hampden College. 
Tyler—William and Mary. 

Polk—University of North Carolina. 
Taylor—Slight rudiments. 

Fillmore—Limited education. 

Pierce—Bowdoin. 

Buchanan—Dickinson. 

Lincoln—Education limited. 

Johnson—Self-education. 

Grant—West Point. 

Hayes—Kenyon College. 

Garfield—Williams College. 

Arthur—Union College. 

Cleveland—Hamilton College. 

Benj. Harrison—Miami University. 
McKinley—Poland Academy. 

Roosevelt—Private tutoring ; Harvard. 
Taft—Yale. 

Wilson—Princeton. 

Harding—Ohio Central. 


Periodic Comets 

The two best known periodic comets, or com¬ 
ets which return to the view of earth at regular 
intervals, are Halley’s and Encke’s. The for¬ 
mer has been observed since 240 B. C., its re¬ 
turn being every 76.8 years. The latest visit of 
Halley’s comet (the 29th historical return) was 
in April, 1910. Encke’s comet pays us more fre¬ 
quent visits than any other, its period being 
about 40 months. It has been observed regu¬ 
larly, without a single break, from January 1819 
to March 1918. It made thirty-one visits during 
that period. 



'90 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

Genius of Youth 

Handel had produced an opera before he was 
15. 

Corneille had planned a tragedy before he was 

10 . 

Auber wrote an operetta for the stage before 
he was 14. 

Pitt was Chancellor of the Exchequer before 
he was 25. 

Schiller was widely known as a poet before 
the age of 20. 

Kaulbach at 17 was pronounced the first ar¬ 
tistic genius in Germany. 

Kant began his philosophical and metaphys¬ 
ical speculations before the age of 18. 

Goethe had produced a considerable number* 
of poems and several dramas before he was 20. 

Raphael showed his artistic abilities at the 
early age of 12, when he wds widely known as 
an artist in oil. 


The World’s Great Bells 

Russia is in the lead in the line of bells, some 
of her manufacture being the most famous of 
the world. It is said that in Moscow alone, be¬ 
fore the great fire, there were no fewer than 
1,706 large bells. One called the Giant, which was 
cast in the sixteenth century and broken by falling 
from its support, and recast in 1654, was so large 
that it required twenty-four men to ring it; its 
weight was estimated at 288,000 pounds. It was 
suspended from an immense beam at the foot 
of a bell tower, but it again fell during the fire 
ot June 19, 1706, and was a second time broken 
to fragments, which were used with additional 
materials in 1732 in casting the King of Bells, 
still to be seen in Moscow. Some falling timbers 
in the fire of 1737 broke a piece from its side, 
which has never been replaced. This bell is esti¬ 
mated to weigh 443,732 pounds; it is nineteen 
feet three inches high, and measures around the 
margin sixty feet nine inches. Its value in metal 
alone is estimated to amount to upward of .$300,. 




CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 291 

000. St. Ivan’s, also in Moscow, is forty feet 
nine inches in circumference, sixteen and one- 
half inches thick, and weighs 127,830 pounds. The 
bells of China rank next to those of Russia in 
size. In Pekin' there are seven bells, each of 
which, according to Father Le Compte, weighs 
120,000 pounds. The weight of the leading great 
bells of the world may be seen in the following: 


Pounds. 

King of Bells (Moscow). .443,732 

St. Ivan’s (Moscow).127,830 

Pekin .120,000 

Vienna. 40,200 

Olmutz (Bohemia) . 40,000 

Rouen (France) . 40,000 

St. Paul’s . 38,470 

“Big Ben” (Westminster). 30,350 

Montreal . 28,560 

St. Peter’s (Rome).. 18,600 


Mason anil Dixon’s Line 

A name given to the southern boundary line of 
Pennsylvania, which formerly separated it from 
the slave states of Maryland and Virginia. It 
was run—with the exception of about twenty-two 
miles—by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, 
two English surveyors, between Nov. 15, 1763, 
and Dec. 26, 1767. During the excited debate in 
Congress, in 1820, on the question of excluding 
slavery from Missouri, John Randolph of Roan¬ 
oke made great use of this phrase, which was 
caught up and re-echoed by every newspaper in 
the land. 


Fastest Growing Cities 

From 1900 to 1910 the fastest growing city in 
the United States was Oklahoma City, Okla., 
with a percentage of increase of 539.7; the sec¬ 
ond was Muskogee, Okla., with a percentage of 
494.2. Birmingham, Ala., was third with 245.4 
per cent.; Pasadena, Cal., fourth, with 232.2 per 
cent., and Los Angeles fifth, with 211.5. In all, 
there were twenty-two cities with increases of 
more than 100 per cent. 














292 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

How to Read Your Own Gas Meter 

The three lower dials register the gas con¬ 
sumed. The one on the right hand shows hun¬ 
dreds (to 1,000), the middle dial shows thou¬ 
sands (to 10,000) and the one on the left shows 
tens of thousands (to 100,000). 


DIALS OF A GAS METER 



To read the meter, first note position of hand 
on left, putting down the smaller of the two 
figures between which it points; then observe the 
middle dial and put down the smaller of the two 
figures the hand points between, then the right 
hand dial; set this down and add two ciphers. 
As the above dials stand, the reading is 20 
thousand on left dial (2nd 10 thousand), 4 thou¬ 
sand on center dial and 7 hundred on right dial. 
Thus you set down 2, 4, 7 and add the two 
ciphers, meaning two ten-thousands, four single 
thousands and seven hundreds, or 24,700 feet. 
Note that the hand on center dial moves to the 
left, others to the right. 

By deducting last previous reading from this 
amount you find the quantity of gas that has 
passed through the meter since that time. 

The little dial above, marked “two feet,” is used 
for testing the pipes for leakage, etc. 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


293 


Money 

Money first mentioned as a medium of com¬ 
merce in the twenty-third chapter of Genesis, 
when Abraham purchased a field as a sepulcher 
for Sarah, in the year of the world 2139; first 
made at Argos, 894 before Christ. Silver has in¬ 
creased 30 times its value since the Norman con¬ 
quest, viz.: a pound in that age was three times 
the quantity that it is at present, and ten times 
its value in purchasing any commodity; first 
coined in the United States, 1652; first paper 
money, 1690. 


The Great Kansas Salt Bed 

The salt bed in Kansas is 350 feet below the 
surface, over 300 miles long, twenty-five feet wide, 
and 400 feet thick. It is composed of the purest 
quality of rock salt. The present method of pro¬ 
curing the salt is to bore a hole down into the 
salt, insert a double pipe, and pump down water 
through the inner tube, which returns through 
the outer one in the form of concentrated brine, 
and is then evaporated in enormous open tanks. 


Formation of Alloys 

Mr. W. Hallock finds that many alloys may 
be prepared by submitting their constituent 
metals to a temperature slightly above the melt¬ 
ing point of the alloy which may be expected 
to result from their union. Wood’s fusible alloy 
of bismuth, lead, tin, and cadmium may thus be 
made by heating to 98° or 100° Centigrade the 
finely-divided metals just pressed together so as 
to ensure the contact of the constituents. 


England’s Costly Map 

The largest map in the world is the ordnance 
survey map of England, containing over 108,000 
sheets, and costing one million dollars a year for 
twenty years. The scale varies from ten feet to 
one-eighth of an inch to the mile. The details 
are so minute that maps having a scale of twenty- 
five inches “show every hedge, fence, wall, build¬ 
ing, and even every isolated tree in the country. 





294 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


The plans show not only the exact shape of every 
building-, but every porch, area, doorstep, lamp- 
post, railway and fireplug-.” 


Ancient Clocks 

Clocks, called water-clocks, first used in Rome, 
in churches, 913; clocks made to strike by the 
Arabians, 801; by the Italians, 1300; a striking 
clock in Westminster, 1368; the first portable one 
made, 1530; none in England that went toler¬ 
ably, till that dated 1540, maker’s name N. O., 
now at Hampton Court palace; clocks with pen¬ 
dulums, etc., invented by one Fromantil, a Dutch¬ 
man, about 1556; repeating clocks and watches 
invented by one Garlow, 1676. Till about 1631, 
neither clocks nor watches were general. 


The Longest Names 

In an appeal to the Privy Council of Madras 
are the two following words which appear to 
be names of estates: Arademaravazadeloovaza- 
doovus Kaminagaderhooroosoomokanvogonagira. 
In the Island of Mull, Scotland, is a locality called 
Drimtaidhvrikhillichatan Llanvairpwelgwyugyll. 
The following are names of two employes in 
the Finance Department of Madrid: Don Epifa- 
nio Mirurzurnrdundua y Zinzotita, Don Juan 
Nepomuceno de Burionagonatotorecagogeazcoe- 

cha. —- 

More Light at Less Cost 

According to Dr. Walton Clark, President of 
Franklin Institute, an American family in 1815 
spent, on an average, $22 a year for sperm oil 
and candles, which gave approximately 9,000 
candle-power hours of illumination. Today the 
average American city family spends about $24 
a year for electricity and gets 240,000 candle- 
power hours; while only $15 a year invested in 
gas yields twenty times as much light as our 
forefathers enjoyed a hundred years ago. 

One Horsepower 

One horsepower is the strength required to 
lift 33,000 pounds one foot per minute. 






CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


295 


Birth Stones 

The American Jewelers’ Association recognizes 
the following birth stones, which will be found 
to differ from certain similar lists: 

January, garnet; February, amethyst; March, 
aquamarine, bloodstone; April, diamond; May, 
emerald; June, pearl, moonstone; July, ruby; 
August, moonstone, peridot; September, sap¬ 
phire; October, opal, tourmaline; November, 
topaz; December, turquoise, lapis lazuli. 


Trinity Church Property 

In 1638 one Everadus Bogardus married Ann- 
etje (or Anneke) Jans, the widow of one Roelof 
Jans. The lady had inherited from her first hus¬ 
band a farm of sixty-two acres, situated in what 
is now the center of the business part of New 
York city. This piece of land was known for 
many years as “Dominie’s Bowery.” In 1647 
Dominie Bogardus set sail for Holland. The ship 
was wrecked in Bristol Channel and Bogardus 
was among the passengers that were lost. 
Whether it was because his heirs did not pay 
due attention to attesting their claim to the 
“Bowery” or whether they were in some way 
bought off is not now known, but shortly after 
the taking of the New Netherlands by the Brit¬ 
ish in 1664 we find this land in possession of 
the government and known as the “King’s Farm.” 
In 1705 this tract was granted by the crown to 
Trinity Church corporation and became the foun¬ 
dation of its great wealth. The descendants of 
Anneke Jans Bogardus have made many attempts 
to have their claim to this property recognized 
by the courts, but without success. As the 
church’s title to the property from the crown is 
complete it is extremely improbable that the 
heirs will ever get any part of it. 


Recipe for a Good Furniture Polish 

For French polishing, cabinet-makers use: Pale 
shellac, 1 pound; mastic, 12-5 ounces; alcohol of 
90 per cent standard, 1 to 11-15 pints. Dissolve 
cold, with frequent stirring. 




296 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


Territory Purchased from France 

In 1800 Louisiana was retroceded to France, 
which, in 1803, sold it to the United States for 
$15,000,000. The region comprehended in this 
purchase included all the country west of the 
Mississippi River not occupied by Spain, as far 
north as British territory, and comprises the 
whole or part of the present States of Arkansas, 
Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Minnesota, Missouri, 
Nebraska, Oregon, Colorado, the Dakotas, Mon- 


tana, Washington, 
oming. 

Oklahoma, Idaho 

and Wy- 

Nationality of Civil War Soldiers 

Per Cent 

Native American . , 

.1,523,300 

75.48 

British America .. 

. 53,500 

2.65 

English . 

. 45,500 

2.26 

Irish . 

. 144,200 

7.14 

German. 

. 176,800 

8.76 

Other foreigners . 

. 48,400 

2.38 

Foreigners, nativity unknown 26,500 

1.33 

Total . 

.2,018,200 

100.00 


Author of “Nearer, My God, to Thee w 

Mrs. Sarah Flower Adams was the authoress 
of the grand hymn. This lady was born in Cam¬ 
bridge, England, in the month of February, 1805. 
Her father was the editor of a weekly Cambridge 
paper, and the same authority informs us that 
her mother was a woman of fine gifts and cul¬ 
ture. The sweet hymn-writer was the youngest 
child, and was early noted for the taste which 
she manifested in literature, and later in life for 
great zeal and earnestness in her religious life. 
She is said to have contributed both prose and 
verse to the periodicals of her day, and to have 
her criticisms in art matters highly esteemed. 
She wrote a catechism for children, which was 
published in the year 1845. She married young, 
was of frail constitution, but was always, even 
with many creature complaints, very busy with 
her literary labor. 













CONK LIN-EDISON MANUAL 


29’ 


Safe Method of Removing Superfluous Hair 

The use of pumice-stone is safer and to he 
preferred to caustic, though it is not permanent, 
and may need to be repeated. Procure a piece 
of pumice-stone of a fine grain and not very 
porous. Prepare for use by cutting the stone 
into a small square with rounded edges. Then 
rub it on a hard stone or file until its whole sur¬ 
face is quite smooth. When this is done, rub 
gently with it the part where the hairs grow, at 
first once a day, previously dipping the pumice- 
stone in warm water. One minute’s rubbing will 
generally suffice to remove the hair. If any 
irritation of the skin ensues, apply a little salad- 
oil to the part. The rubbings may be made as 
often as convenient, care being taken not to 
scrape the skin by too rough application. 


Hot Water for Inflamed Eyes 
Hot water is now a remedy so popular and 
varied in its applications that it is not surprising 
to hear it recommended for the treatment of in¬ 
flamed and aching eyes. An American writer, 
a woman whose eyesight was wonderful, consider¬ 
ing her age and the immense amount of labor she 
performed, attributed it mainly to the custom of 
bathing her eyes freely in water as hot as could 
be borne, night and morning, a habit continued 
for many yeg^s. 


The Process of Extracting Linseed Oil from 
Flaxseed 

Flaxseed oil, or linseed oil, is obtained by pres¬ 
sure from the seed of flax. The seeds are usually 
stripped from the dry flax stalks by a process 
called “rippling,” which is drawing the stalks, 
a handful at a time, through a set of iron teeth, 
standing in a row, half an inch at the top and a 
quarter of an inch at the bottom. The seed bolls 
are then well dried and threshed and winnowed 
to remove the outside hull or capsule from the 
seed. The latter are then ground in mills and 
the powder is subjected to powerful hydraulic 




298 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


pressure, which extracts the oil. Sometimes the 
seed is roasted before grinding- because the heat 
destroys the gummy matter in the interior coat¬ 
ing of the seeds. The oil is, therefore, secured 
more free from mucilage, but it is of a higher 
color and of more acrid taste than that expressed 
from the raw seed. 


Malleable Glass 

Nori, whose book on glass was published at 
Florence in 1612, says: “In the time of Tiberius 
was invented a way of making glass malleable, 
a thing afterward lost and to this day wholly un¬ 
known, for if such a thing were now known, 
without doubt it would be more esteemed for its 
beauty and incorruptibility than silver or gold, 
since from glass there ariseth neither smell or 
taste, nor any other quality.” But though un¬ 
known to the old Italian, the art was practiced in 
Persia, if we may believe Bailey, who says that 
in 1610 Sophi, Emperor of Persia, sent to King 
Philip III of Spain six glasses that were malleable 
and would not break by being hammered, and 
Blacourt tells that an inventor having presented 
a bust of malleable glass to Richelieu, 1620, was 
rewarded for his ingenuity by perpetual imprison¬ 
ment lest the vested interests of French glass 
workers should be injured by the new invention. 


Cabinet Facts 

There were six Secretaries of State who after¬ 
ward became Presidents, namely, Jefferson, Mad¬ 
ison, Monroe, John Quincy Adams, Van Buren 
and Buchanan. Monroe was Secretary of War 
for a short time after he had served in the 
State Department, and General Grant was Sec¬ 
retary of War ad interim. There have been no 
Secretaries of Treasury, the Navy, or the In¬ 
terior, nor any Postmasters or Attorney Gener¬ 
als who have become President. Jeff Davis was 
Secretary of War under President Pierce. Roose¬ 
velt was Assistant Secretary of the Navy and 
Taft was Secretary of War. 




CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


299 


The Edge of a Razor 

The thickness of the edge of a razor has been 
estimated at about one half-millionth of an inch. 
A powerful microscope shows the edge bent to 
one side, the effect of the last stroke on the strop. 
If the razor is used in such a way that the bend 
is toward the skin, the edge will have a tendency 
to cut the skin, and if used the other way, it 
will glide smoothly over the skin, but will pull 
the hairs upward while cutting them. The last 
few strokes on the strop should, therefore, be as 
light as possible, to have only a very light bend 
of the edge. The constant change in the direc¬ 
tion of the bend in stropping makes the edge 
brittle, “tires” it; it will recover, if left at rest 
or plunged into boiling water. Razor steel is soft, 
comparatively speaking. It is tempered at 450 
degrees Fahrenheit, while the temperature for 
axes is 510 degrees, for table knives 530 degrees, 
for hand saws 600 degrees. 


Ink Stains 

To remove ordinary ink stains from fabrics, 
fingers, or paper, the following treatment is rec¬ 
ommended : In many cases lemon juice will 
prove efficacious. If this fails, try an aqueous 
solution of oxalic acid (one part to two parts of 
water), and rub well with a soft cloth. Or use 
a solution of chloride of tin (one part to three 
parts of water), or pure dilute muriatic acid 
(one part to ten parts water). Apply with a 
camel’s hair brush, and then wash in cold water. 
Where the colors of the fabric are affected by 
the above treatment, moisten the spots with fresh 
milk, and cover with fine salt. This should be 
done before washing. If the fabric is fine and 
delicate, the stained portions may be dipped in 
melted tallow, and then pressed for some time 
between layers of warm pipe clay. 


Temperatures 

Fresh water begins to freeze at 32 deg., called 
the freezing point, but salt water not till 28% 
deg. 




300 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

Fast Time 

Automobile—Ralph De Palma, at Daytona, Fla., 
in February, 1919, covered a mile in 24.02 sec¬ 
onds—a speed of 149.72 miles an hour. 

Aviation—Lieut. Alexander Pearson, Jr., won 
the army’s transcontinental air race in the fall 
of 1919. His actual flying time from New York 
to San Francisco and back—5,402 miles—was 48 
hours, 37 minutes and 16 seconds—an average 
speed of 111 miles an hour. 

Railroad—The fastest long-distance train is the 
Century Limited, which on its original schedule 
covered a 979-mile route between Chicago and 
New York in 18 hours—an average speed, in¬ 
cluding all stops, of 54.4 miles an hour. 

Steamship—The Mauretania, sister ship of the 
torpedoed Lusitania, made 28 knots an hour on 
a trial trip of 300 miles. 

Typewriting—William F. Oswald, in a contest 
held in New York in October, 1919, wrote 147 
words in a minute without an error. 


Noted American Trees 

The big trees of California. 

“Old Liberty Elm” at Boston. 

The “Burgoyne Elm” at Albany, N. Y. 

The immense ash trees planted by General 
Washington at Mount Vernon and now the ad¬ 
miration of visitors. 

The weeping willow over the grave of Cotton 
Mather in Cop’s burying-ground near Bunker 
Hill, taken from a tree that shaded the grave 
of Napoleon at St. Helena. 

The Cary tree, planted by the road side in 1832 
by Alice and Phoebe Cary, is a large sycamore, 
standing on the turnpike from College Hill to 
Mount Pleasant, Hamilton County, Ohio. 

The Washington elm still stands at Cambridge, 
Mass. It is on Garden street, a short distance 
from the colleges, and is a large, well-preserved 
tree. An iron fence is built around it, and on a 
stone in front is the following inscription : “Under 
this tree George Washington took - command of 
the American Army, July 3, 1775.” 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 301 

Congressmen and Their Speed in Delivery 

Fred Ireland, dean of the official stenographers 
of the United States House of Representatives, 
after twenty-seven years of service, recorded 
his experience thus, according to Jo Mitchell 
Chappie: 

“The worst man to report in my experience 
was Henry U. Johnson, of Indiana. He used to 
talk at the rate of 230 words a minute and keep 
it up for hours. And he spoke frequently, too. 

“The greatest speed that I recall was attained 
by Congressman Metz, of New York. He de¬ 
livered 250 words a minute, but his speeches 
were rarely over five minutes in length, and 
he did not speak often. 

“The average rate of the House is about 150 
words a minute, which means that the speeches 
will vary from 100 up to 175 words a minute. 
And, of course, the rate of a given man’s de¬ 
livery will vary with the intensity of his 
thought. 

“President Wilson talks at about 115 words 
a minute. His enunciation is clear and his de¬ 
livery steady. Speaker Clark is a deliberate 
talker, as was the late Speaker Reed.” 

The stenographic corps of the Congress of the 
United States is the model of legislative bodies 
all over the world. But while the House of 
Commons, in England, uses twelve men, and 
the French Chamber of Deputies twenty-four, 
the House gets along with six stenographers. 
Each man at the Capitol takes a turn of 1,500 
words. 


Speed at Which Birds Fly per Hour 

Hawks, 150 miles; sparrows, 92 miles; ducks, 
90 miles; falcons, 74 miles; crows, 25 miles. 


Formula for Making the Gum That the Govern¬ 
ment Uses on Postage Stamps 

Dissolve two oz. of dextrin in 5 oz. of hot water, 
and 1 oz. of acetic acid and 1 oz. spirits of wine. 




302 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


Scraps of Information 

To find capacity of a cylindrical vessel in gal¬ 
lons, multiply the area in inches by height in 
inches, and divide product by 231. 

To find capacity of four-sided vessel in gallons, 
find cubical contents by multiplying the length, 
breadth and height in inches, and divide product 
by 231. 

The U. S. Standard gallon measures 231 cubic 
inches and contains 8g lbs. of distilled water. 

A cubic foot of water weighs 62% lbs. (salt 
water 64.3 lbs.) and contains 1,728 cubic inches, 
or nearly 7% gallons U. S. standard. 

To evaporate one cubic foot of water requires 
the consumption of 7% lbs. of ordinary coal; or 
about 1 lb. of coal to one gallon of water. 

The average consumption of coal for steam 
boilers is 12 lbs. per hour for each square foot 
of grate. 

The U. S. standard bushel measures 2150.42 
cubic inches, or nearly 1% cubic feet. 

One cubic foot of anthracite coal weighs about 
53 pounds. 

One cubic foot of bituminous coal weighs about 
47 to 50 lbs. 


Freezing Point, Contraction, Expansion and Heat 
Conducting Powers of Various Substances 

Mercury freezes at 40 degrees below zero, and 
melts at 39 degrees. Ether freezes at 47 degrees 
below zero; wine freezes at 20 degrees; sea water 
freezes at 28.3 degrees. Alcohol has been exposed 
to 110 degrees and 120 degrees below zero with¬ 
out freezing. Granite decomposes at a red heat. 
The second’s pendulum, of 39.139 in., is length¬ 
ened by 30 degrees of temperature 128th of an 
inch, or 8 vibrations in 24 hours. 

The heat conducting powers of metals, etc., are 
as follows: Gold, 1,000 deg.; platinum, 981 deg.; 
silver, 973 deg.; copper, 898.2 deg.; iron, 374.3 
deg.; zinc, 363 deg.; tin, 303.9 deg.; lead, 179.6 
deg.; marble, 23.6 deg.; porcelain, 12.2 deg.; fine 
clay, 11.4 deg. 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 303 

Chronology of the World War 


1914. 

June 28—Archduke Francis Ferdinand and wife 
assassinated at Sarajevo, Bosnia. 

July 28—Austria-Hungary declares war on Ser¬ 
bia. 

Aug.l—Germany declares war on Russia; gen¬ 
eral mobilization begins. 

Aug. 3—Germany declares war on France. 

Aug. 4—Great Britain declares war on Germany; 
Germany declares war on Belgium. 

Aug. 8—Germans capture Liege. 

Aug. 20^Germans enter Brussels. 

Aug. 23—Japan declares war on Germany; Rus¬ 
sians victorious in East Prussia. 

Aug. 26—Louvain destroyed by Germans. 

Aug. 28— British win naval battle off Helgoland. 

Aug. 29—Germans defeat Russians at Allenstein; 
Germans occupy Amiens. 

Sept. 1—Germans cross the Marne in France; de¬ 
feat Russians at Tannenberg, East Prussia. 

Sept. 2—Russians capture Lemberg; French gov¬ 
ernment leaves Paris for Bordeaux. 

Sept. 5—England, France and Russia sign com¬ 
pact not to conclude separate peace. 

Sept. 6—Allies win battle of the Marne. 

Sept. 7—Germans retreat from Marne; capture 
Maubeuge. 

Sept. 7-10—Germans retreat to the Aisne. 

Sept. 14—Battle of the Aisne begins; Allies halted 
in pursuit of Germans. 

Sept. 15—First battle of Soissons fought. 

Sept. 18—Germans bombard Rheims and damage 
cathedral. 

Sept. 19—Battle of the Aisne develops into trench 
warfare. 

Sept. 20—Russians begin siege of Przemysl. 

Sept. 22—British cruisers Hogue, Cressy and 
Aboukir torpedoed in North Sea. 

Oct. 9-10—Germans capture Antwerp. 

Oct. 20—Battle of the Yser begins. 

Oct. 29—Turkey begins war on Russia. 



S04 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


Nov. 7—Japanese capture Tsingtao, China. 

Nov. 9—German cruiser Emden destroyed. 

Dec. 8—British fleet sinks German cruisers near 
Falkland Islands. 

Dec. 9—French government returns to Paris. 

Dec. 14—Serbians recapture Belgrade. 

Dec. 17—England assumes protectorate over 
Egypt. 

Dec. 25—Italy occupies Avlona, Albania. 

1915. 

Jan. 24—British win naval battle in North, Sea,, 
sinking German cruiser Bluecher. 

Feb. 12—Germans drive back Russians in East 
Prussia, taking 26,000 prisoners. 

Feb. 19—British and French fleets bombard Dar¬ 
danelles forts. 

March 1—England announces blockade of all 
German, Austrian and Turkish ports. 

March 10—Battle of Neuve Chapelle begins. 

March 22—Russians capture Przemysl. 

April 23—Germans force way across Yser Canal. 

May 2—Russians repulsed along entire front in 
East Galicia. 

May 7—Lusitania torpedoed by German sub¬ 
marine. 

May 23—Italy declares war on Austria and or¬ 
ders mobilization. 

June 3—Germans and Austrians recapture Prze¬ 
mysl. 

June 22—Germans and Austrians recapture 
Lemberg. 

July 29—Russians evacuate Warsaw. 

Aug. 4—Germans occupy Warsaw. 

Aug. 6—British land at Suvla Bay, Gallipoli. 

Sept. 5—Grand Duke Nicholas sent to the Cau¬ 
casus. 

Sept. 8—Russians stop German advance at Tar- 
nopol. 

Sept. 20—Austrians and Germans begin drive on 
Serbia. 

Sept. 25-30—Battle of the Champagne. 

Oct. 9-10—Austro-Germans capture Belgrade. 

-Oct. 12—Edith Cavell executed by the Germans. 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


305 


Oct. 14—Bulgaria declares war on Serbia. 

Nov. 7—Italian liner Ancona sunk. 

Nov. 22—British victory near Bagdad: 

Dec. 8-9—Allies defeated in Macedonia. 

Dec. 15—Sir Douglas Haig succeeds Sir John 
French as commander of British Army. 

Dec. 30—Liner Persia sunk in the Mediterranean. 
1916. 

Jan. 8 —British troops at Kut-el-Amara sur¬ 
rounded. 

Jan. 9—British evacuate Gallipoli peninsula. 

Jan. 13—Cettinje, capital of Montenegro, captured 
by Austrians. 

Jan. 23—Scutari, capital of Albania, captured by 
Austrians. 

Jan. 29—Paris raided by Zeppelins. 

Feb. 22—Germans, under the Crown Prince, begin 
attack on Verdun. 

Feb. 26—Germans capture Fort Douamont, Ver¬ 
dun; French transport La Provence sunk. 

March 8 —Germany declares war on Portugal. 

March 15—Austria-Hungary declares war on 
Portugal. 

March 16—Dutch steamer Tubantia torpedoed; 
Admiral von Tirpitz resigns. 

March 18-30—Russian offensive in Riga region. 

March 24—Channel steamer Sussex torpedoed 
and sunk. 

April 5-7—Battle of St. Eloi. 

April 17—Berbizond captured by Russians. 

April 18—President Wilson sends final word to 
Germany. 

April 19—President Wilson in speech before joint 
session of Congress explains diplomatic sit¬ 
uation. 

April 20—Russian soldiers land in France. 

April 21—Sir Roger Casement lands in Ireland 
and is arrested. 

April 24—Insurrection in Dublin. 

April 29—British force at Kut-el-Amara surren¬ 
ders to Turks. 

April 30—Irish insurrection suppressed. 

May 4 —Germany promises the United States to 
change method of submarine warfare. 


306 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


May 13—Pood riots reported in Berlin. 

May 15—Austrians begin strong offensive against 
Italians in Trentino. 

May 30—Remainder of Serbian army transferred 
to Saloniki. 

May 31—Great naval battle off Jutland, British 
main fleet driving German main fleet back 
to base. 

June 5—Lord Kitchener lost with cruiser Hamp¬ 
shire. 

June 6 —Italians stop Austrians and drive them 
back. 

July 1—British and French begin great offensive 
on the Somme. 

July 6—David Lloyd George appointed secretary 
of war of Great Britain. 

July 9—German merchant submarine Deutsch¬ 
land arrives at Baltimore. 

Aug. 3—Sir Roger Casement executed for trea¬ 
son. 

Aug. 9—Italians take Goritz by assault. 

Aug. 27—Italy formally declares war against 
Germany. 

Aug. 28—Roumania declares war against Aus¬ 
tria-Hungary. 

Sept. 9—French recapture Fort Douamont in 
swift attack. 

Sept. 26—French and British take Combles; 
British take Thiepval and Gueudecourt. 

Sept. 28—Venizelos proclaims provisional govern¬ 
ment in Greece; to aid Allies. 

Oct. 11—Germans defeat Roumanians in Alt Val¬ 
ley and begin invasion of Roumania. 

Oct. 13—Italians win victory on Carso plateau. 

Nov. 13—British win battle of Ancre. 

Nov. 19—Monastir taken by Serbs, French and 
Italians. 

Nov. 25—Greek provisional government declares 
war on Germany. 

Nov. 28—Seat of Roumanian government re¬ 
moved from Bucharest to Jassy. 

Dec. 12—Germany proposes peace negotiations. 
1917. 

Jan. 31—Germany announces that beginning 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 307 

Feb. 1 she will sink all merchant ships 
without warijing. 

Jan. 31—Germany notifies United States of con¬ 
ditions under which she will allow our ships 
to traverse the war zone. 

Feb. 3—United States breaks relations with Ger¬ 
many. 

Feb. 3—United States steamship Housatonic 
sunk. 

Feb. 3—United States demands release of Yar- 
rowdale prisoners. 

Feb. 10—American Ambassador Gerard leaves 
Berlin. 

Feb. 15—Berlin advises Yarrowdale prisoners 
have been released. 

Feb. 26—President Wilson addresses Congress 
asking authority to arm merchant ships; 
step killed by Senate filibuster. British con¬ 
tinue advance along Ancre River on 11-mile 
front. 

Feb. 26—British capture Kut-el-Amara in Asia 
Minor. 

March 3—British advance on 5-mile front north¬ 
west of Bapaume. 

March 5—Germans launch big attack on Verdun. 

March 11—British capture Bagdad. 

March 13—Germans abandon main defenses on 
3^-mile front west of Bapaume. 

March 14—Russians capture Kermanshah, Asia 
Minor. 

March 15—Czar Nicholas of Russia abdicates 
after being deposed by revolution. 

March 17—British capture Bapaume; French 
capture Roye and Lassigny. 

March 18—Germans make great “strategic re¬ 
treat,” retiring on 85-mile front, abandoning 
Peronne, Chaulnes, Nesle and Noyon. Allies 
advance line Arras to Soissons to depth of 
12 miles and retake 60 villages. 

April 6—United States declares war on Germany. 

May 4^French capture Craonne and German 
first line trenches northwest of Rheims. 

May 6—French clear all but small sector of 
Chemin des Dames. 


308 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

May 13— Italians take offensive against Austrians 
on Isonzo front. 

May 16—United States announces safe arrival of 
torpedo boats in European waters to co-op¬ 
erate with British fleet. 

May 17— Italians cross Isonzo; British capture 
Bullecourt. 

May 18— Army conscription bill signed by Pres¬ 
ident Wilson. 

June 5—Registration day under U. S. army con¬ 
scription act. 

June 20— Italians resume offensive in Trentino. 

June 26— Canadians capture La Cculotte. 

June — All contingents of General Pershing’s 
army arrive safely in Prance and go into 
training. 

July 1-2— Russians under Kerensky resume drive 
toward Lemberg. 

July 10— Russians take Halicz. 

July 12— Russians take Kalusz. 

July 20— Drawing for United States draft army 
at Washington. 

July 22—Russians retreat in northern Galicia as 
mutiny spreads. 

July 31—French and British smash German lines 
in Belgium on 25-mile front from Dixmude 
to Warneton, taking 10 towns. 

Aug. 20—French break German line on 11-mile 
front north of Verdun. 

Aug. 23—Canadians take important German posi¬ 
tions south of Lens; Russians evacuate Riga. 

Sept. 3—Germans occupy Riga. 

Sept. 5—First contingent of U. S. draft army 
arrives at cantonments. 

Sept. 14— Russian provisional government pro¬ 
claims a republic. 

Sept. 29—Italians gain ground by surprise attack 
above Gorizia. 

Oct. 4—British win crest of Passchendaele. 

Oct. 6—Congress adjourns after appropriating 
$21,000,000,000 for war. 

Oct. 9—British drive Germans from Poelcapelle. 

Oct. 13— Germans land on Oesel and Dago Isl¬ 
ands, Gulf of Riga. 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 309 

Oct. 17—U. S. transport Antilles sunk homeward 
bound. 

Oct. 22—British capture important positions 
southeast of Poelcapelle. 

Oct. 23—French smash German lines on Aisne, 
taking- Malmaison fort. 

Oct. 24—Austro-German offensive against Italy 
begun. 

Oct. 25—Germans retreat 15 miles on Riga front; 
civilians evacuate Kronstadt. 

Oct. 25—Teutons extend gains on Isonzo front, 
northern Italy. 

Oct. 26—Brazil declares war on Germany. 

Oct. 27—Officially announced American troops 
are in French first line trenches. 

Oct. 28—Teutons take Gorizia and Cividale, 
northern Italy. 

Oct. 29—Italian Isonzo front collapses, army re¬ 
tiring to Tagliamento River. 

Nov. 1—British and French reach Italian front. 

Nov. 1—British take Beersheba, Palestine. 

Nov. 2—Germans driven from hilly portions of 
Chemin des Dames. 

Nov. 3—Italians abandon eastern bank of Tag¬ 
liamento River. 

Nov. 3—First American casualties announced, 
three killed, 11 wounded, in trench raid. 

Nov. 6—Canadians take Passchendaele. 

Nov. 6—Italians abandon entire Tagliamento line. 

Nov. 7—Teutons reach line of Livenza River, 
northern Italy. 

Nov. 8—Bolsheviki seize Petrograd, overthrow 
Kerensky and announce purpose of negoti¬ 
ating separate peace. 

Nov. 9—Teutons advance toward Piave River, 
northern Italy; General Cadorna replaced by 
General Diaz in supreme Italian command. 

Nov. 14—Kerensky flees from Petrograd. 

Nov. 15—Italians repulse Teuton attempts to 
cross Piave River. 

Nov. 16—Italians open floodgates of Piave and 
Sile Rivers to save Venice. 

Nov. 18—British take Jaffa, Palestine. 

Nov. 18—Rioting reported in Berlin. 


310 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

Nov. 21—British, under Gen. Byng, in gigantic 
offensive aided by tanks, smash German 
“Hindenburg Line” on 32-mile front St. 
Quentin to Scarpe River, advancing toward 
Cambrai; 5,000 prisoners. 

Nov. 23—Russians begin demobilizing army. 

Nov. 30—Safe arrival in Prance of “Rainbow 
Division,” first National Guard contingent. 

Dec. 1—Inter-allied war council meets in Paris. 

Dec. 2—Russian Bolsheviki open negotiations for 
truce with Germany. 

Dec. 4—President Wilson addresses Congress, 
calling for war on Austria and pledging 
United States to fight for victory. 

Dec. 6—Part of Halifax destroyed by munition 
ship explosion. 

Dec. 7—United States declares war on Austria. 

Dec. 10—Jerusalem captured by British. 

Dec. 11—Panama declares war on Austria. 

Dec. 16—Russians sign truce with Germany for 
28 days. 

Dec. 17—Canada votes for conscription. 

Dec. 23—Germany and Russia open peace nego¬ 
tiations. 

Dec. 23—Bethlehem captured by British. 

Dec. 28—United States takes control of railways 
for war. 

Dec. 28—Allies indicate they will reject German 
peace feelers. 

1918. 

Jan. 2—French win victory over Austro-Germans 
on Italian front. 

Jan. 3—Hitch in Russo-German parleys due to 
German demands. 

Jan. 7—U. S. Supreme Court upholds draft law; 
Russians reopen peace parley. 

Jan. 8—President Wilson restates U. S. war aims. 

Jan. 9—Reported crowds in German cities march, 
demanding peace. 

Jan. 14—Russo-German armistice extended to 
Feb. 18. 

Jan. 15—Crisis over war aims in Germany grow¬ 
ing; crowds break up Junker meetings. 

Jan. 16—U. S. Fuel Administration orders five- 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 311 

day shutdown of industry and ten heatless 
Mondays. 

Jan. 18—Strikes and riots reported throughout 
Austria-Hungary. 

Jan. 18—Bill introduced in U. S. Senate providing 
for supreme war cabinet leads to violent con¬ 
troversy. 

Jan. 25—Germany rejects our war aims; Austria 
conciliatory. 

Jan. 25—United States troops in action on west¬ 
ern front. 

Jan. 26—German Socialists warn government of 
overthrow. 

Jan. 29—Forty-seven killed in London air raids. 

Jan. 29—War Department charges Germany with 
violating truce with Russia by transferring 
troops to western front 

Jan. 29—Italians open drive on Asiago, take 1,500 
prisoners. 

Jan. 30—Sixteen former German and Austrian 
ships reach France safely with American 
troops. 

Jan. 31—Twenty killed in Paris air raid. 

Feb. 4—German aliens in United States regis¬ 
tered. 

Feb. 4—Germans concentrating in west for great 
drive. 

Feb. 6—Transport Tuscania torpedoed; 267 U. S. 
soldiers lost. 

Feb. 7—Bolsheviki refuse German demands for 
immediate peace. 

Feb. 8—Heatless Mondays abandoned. 

Feb. 9—Ukrainia signs peace with Germany; first 
peace of war. 

Feb. 11—Russia declares state of war at end; 
disbands army. 

Feb. 11 —Roumania declares she will live or die 
with allies. 

Feb. 18—Germany resumes war on Russia; be¬ 
gins drive east. 

Feb. 19—Bolsheviki accept German terms but 
drive continues. 

Feb. 19—Great Britain and U. S. sign army draft 
treaty. 


312 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

Feb. 22—American troops capture first German 
prisoners. 

Feb. 25—Germany replies to allies’ peace terms, 
as usual in crafty generalities. 

Feb. 26—Allied embassy staffs leaving Petrograd. 

Feb. 28—Function reported between Austria and 
Germany over Russian drive. 

March 2—Treaty of peace with Germany signed 
by bolsheviki at Brest-Litovsk. 

March 4—Germany and Roumania sign armis¬ 
tice on German terms. 

March 13—German troops occupy Odessa. 

March 14—All-Russian congress of soviets rati¬ 
fies peace treaty. 

March 21—German spring offensive starts on 
fifty mile front. 

March 23—German drive gains nine miles. “Mys¬ 
tery gun” shells Paris. 

March 24—Germans reach the Somme, gaining 
fifteen miles. American engineers rush to 
aid British. 

March 25—Germans take Bapaume. 

March 27—Germans take Albert. 

April 16—Germans capture Messines ridge, near 
Ypres; Bolo Pasha executed. 

April 23—British and French navies “bottle up” 
Zeebrugge. 

May 10—British navy bottles up Ostend. 

May 27—Germans begin third phase of drive on 
west front; gain five miles. 

May 29—Germans take Soissons and menace 
Reims. American troops capture Cantigny. 

May 30—Germans reach the Marne, fifty-five 
miles from Paris. 

June 1—Germans advance nine miles; are forty- 
six miles from Paris. 

June 3—Five German submarines attack U. S. 
coast and sink eleven ships. 

June 5—U. S. marines fight on the Marne near 
Chateau Thierry. 

June 9—Germans start fourth phase of their 
drive by advancing toward Noyon. 

Tune 10—Germans gain two miles. U. S. marines 
capture south end of Belleau wood. 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 31, 

June 12—French and Americans start counter¬ 
attack. 

June 15—Austrians begin another drive on Italy 
and take 16,000 prisoners. 

June 22—Italians defeat Austrians on the Piave. 

June 23—Austrians begin great retreat across the 
Piave. 

July 18—Gen. Foch launches allied offensive with 
French, American, British, Italian and Bel¬ 
gian troops. 

July 21—Americans and French capture Chateau 
Thierry. 

July 30—German crown prince flees from the 
Marne and withdraws army. 

Aug. 2—Soissons recaptured by Foch. 

Aug. 4—Americans take Fismes. 

Aug. 5—American troops landed at Archangel. 

A.ug. 16—Bapaume recaptured. 

A.ug. 28—French recross the Somme. 

Sept. 1—Foch retakes Peronne. 

Sept. 12—Americans launch successful attack in 
St. Mihiel salient. 

Sept. 29—Allies cross Hindenburg line. 

Sept. 30—Bulgaria surrenders after successful 
allied campaign in Balkans. 

Oct. 6—Germany asks President Wilson for ar¬ 
mistice. 

Oct. 8 —President Wilson reopens armistice. 

Oct. 9—Allies capture Cambrai. 

Oct. 11—American transport Otranto torpedoed 
and sunk; 500 lost. 

Oct. 13—Foch’s troops take Laon and La Fere. 

Oct. 14—British and Belgians take Roulers; 
President Wilson demands surrender by 
Germany. 

Oct. 17—Allies capture Lille, Bruges, Zeebrugge, 
Ostend and Douai. 

Oct. 18—Czecho-Slovaks issue declaration of in¬ 
dependence; Czechs rebel and seize Prague, 
capital of Bohemia; French take Thielt. 

Oct. 19—President Wilson refuses Austrian peace 
plea and says Czecho-Slovak state must be 
considered. 

Oct. 27—German government asks President Wil- 


314 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


son to state terms. 

Oct. 28—Austria begs for separate peace. 

Oct. 29—Austria opens direct negotiations with 
Secretary Lansing. 

Oct. 30—Italians inflict great defeat on Austria; 
capture 33,000; Austrians evacuating Italian 
territory. 

Oct. 31—Turkey surrenders; Austrians utterly 
routed by Italians; lose 50,000; Austrian en¬ 
voys, under white flag, enter Italian lines. 

Nov. 1—Italians pursue beaten Austrians across 
Tagliamento river; allied conference at Ver¬ 
sailles fixes peace terms for Germany. 

Nov. 3—Austria signs armistice amounting vir¬ 
tually to unconditional surrender. 

Nov. 4—Allied terms are sent to Germany. 

Nov. 7—Germany's envoys enter allied lines by 
arrangement. 

Nov. 9—Kaiser Wilhelm abdicates and Crown 
Princb renounces throne. 

Nov. 11—Armistice terms signed by Germany, 
and fighting ceases at 11 A. M. all along the 
line. President Wilson announces to Con¬ 
gress that “the war thus comes to an end.” 
Great peace celebrations held in all the Allied 
countries. 

1919. 

Jan. 18—Peace conference begins in Paris, with 
27 nations represented. 

June 28—Germans sign peace treaty. 

July 10—Treaty laid before U. S. Senate. 

Sept. 10—Austrians sign peace treaty. 

Oct. 7—Treaty ratified by Italy. 

Oct. 10—Treaty ratified by Great Britain. 

Oct. 21—Treaty ratified by Prance. 

Oct. 30—Treaty ratified by Japan. 

Nov. 19—Treaty rejected by U. S. Senate. 

Nov. 27—Bulgarians sign peace treaty. 

1920. 

Jan. 12—Principal powers, with exception of 
United States, declare -peace and accept 
covenant of League of Nations. 

Jan. 17—League of Nations comes into being in 
Paris. U. S. not represented. 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 315 


Nations in World War 

Dates of Their Entry 


Allies 

1. Serbia.July 28, 1914 

2. Russia* ... .Aug. 1,1914 

3. France... .Aug. 3,1914 

4. Gt. Britain.Aug. 4, 1914 

5. Belgium. . .Aug. 4,1914 

6. Montenegro.Aug. 9, 1914 

7. Japan.Aug. 23, 1914 

8. Italy.May 23, 1915 

9. San Marino.May 23, 1915 

10. Portugal. .. .Mar. 9,1916 

11. Roumania.Aug. 27, 1916 

12. Greece.Nov. 28, 1916 

13. United States.Apr. 6, 1917 

14. Cuba.April 7, 1917 

15. Panama. .. .April 7, 1917 

16. Siam.July 21,1917 

17. Liberia.Aug. 4, 1917 

18. China.Aug. 14, 1917 

19. Brazil.Oct. 26,1917 


The Enemy 

1. Austria-Hungary 

.July 28,1914 

2. Germany. .Aug. 1, 1914 

3. Turkey.. .Nov. 23,1914 

4. Bulgaria. .Oct. 14, 1915 


♦Withdrew before armistice. 


Wealth of Nations at War 



Total 

Per 

Capita 

United States . 

$250,000,000,000 

* 

$2,404 

Great Britain . 

90,000,000,000 


1,915 

Canada . 

7,500,000,000 


834 

India and other British pos- 




sessions . 

32,500,000,000 


84 

British Empire in all. 

130,000,000,000 


300 

France . 

65,000,000,000 


1,625 

Russia (withdrawn) . 

60,000,000,000 


343 

Italy . 

30,000,000,000 


833 

Japan . 

25,000,000,000 


347 

China . 

25,000,000,000 


62 

Belgium . 

9,000,000,000 


1,200 

Portugal . 

3,500,000,000 


560 

Roumania and Serbia. 

3,500,000,000 


277 

Cuba and Panama. 

1,000,000,000 


330 

Total, Allies . 

$602,000,000,000 


$ 462 

Germany . 

$ 85,000,000,000 


$1,215 

Austria-Hungary . 

40,000,000,000 


756 

Turkey and Bulgaria. 

4,000,000,000 


148 

Total, the Enemy. 

$129,000,000,000 


$ 872 

GRAND TOTAL . 

$731,000,000,000 


$ 505 

The combined wealth of the allied nations was 

almost five to one greater 

than that of 

the 

enemy 

nations. After deducting 

Russia it was 

over four 


to one. 








































The following table from the U. S. official “War Cyclopedia” shows the dates at 
which the World War, or breach of diplomatic relations (the latter being designated by 
+ in the following table) involved the various countries: 


316 


CONKLIN-EDI SON MANUAL 


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Declarations of War—Continued 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


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Panama (U. S.). 1914 50.5 45 300 375,000,000 

Sault Ste. Marie (U. S.). 1855 1.6 22 100 10,000,000 

Sault Ste. Marie (Canada) . 1895 1.11 20.25 142 2,791,873 

Suez (Egypt) . 1869 90 31 108 100,000,000 to 127,000,000 

Welland (Canada) . 1887 26.75 14 100 25,000,000 

























318 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

U. S. Generals and Lieutenant-Generals 

There have been only seven full generals in 
the history of the United States Army, and 
three of them reached their rank in the World 
War—Generals John J. Pershing, Tasker H. 
Bliss and Peyton C. March. The others in the 
order of their elevation were: George Washing¬ 
ton, Ulysses S. Grant, William T. Sherman and 
Philip H. Sheridan. 

There have been twelve men enjoying the 
rank of lieutenant-general in this country: 
George Washington, Ulysses S. Grant, Wm. T. 
Sherman, Philip H. Sheridan, John M. Scho¬ 
field, Nelson H. Miles, Samuel B. M. Young, 
Adna R. Chaffee, John C. Bates, Henry C. Cor¬ 
bin, Hunter Liggett and Robert L. Bullard. 


American Forces Larger Than British 

When the armistice was signed the American 
army on the western front was numerically su¬ 
perior to that of Great Britain. According to 
Gen. Peyton C. March’s official figures, on Nov. 
1, 1918, France had a total of 2,559,000 in the 
field, the United States had 1,950,100 in France, 
and the British and Portuguese forces combined 
totaled 1,718,000. These figures refer to “ration 
strength” and include all soldiers who have to 
be fed, combatants, medical and supply depart¬ 
ments, etc. 


“Rifle Strength” in the World War 

Figures compiled by the Intelligence Division 
of the General Staff of the U. S. Army in 
France, on the “rifle strength” of the Allies and 
America, as compared with the Central Pow¬ 
ers, clearly explain the German collapse. By 
“rifle strength” is meant the “number of men 
standing in the trench ready to go over with 
bayonet,” excluding all non-combatant troops, 
those in reserve, etc. In the spring of 1918 
Germany had 1,500,00 men so classified, against 
an allied total of 1,250,000. On June 1, 1918, the 
Germans attained their peak, with 1,639,000 rifles, 




CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 319 

the allied strength being 1,496,000. July 1, Ger¬ 
many had 1,412,000 to 1,556,000, the Allies being 
numerically superior for the first time in the 
whole war. Sept. 1st the Allies reached their 
zenith with 1,682,000 against Germany’s 1,339,000. 
On Nov. 1 the allied rifles numbered only 1,485,000 
but Germany had only 866,000; 733,000 German 
effectives, or over 47 per cent, of their maximum 
1918 strength, had melted away between June 1 
to Nov. l! These figures seem surprisingly 
small, but it must be remembered that they com¬ 
prise roughly only about one-fifth of the total 
number of men in the respective armies. 


America’s Peak of War Strength 

The total strength of the United States Army 
on Nov. 11, 1918, when the armistice was signed 
and when the American war effort was at its 
peak, was 3,703,273 officers and men, including the 
Marine Corps on duty with the army in Europe. 


U-Boats Lost 

Soon after the signing of the armistice it was 
announced that from 150 to 200 German subma¬ 
rines had been destroyed out of a total of 360 
built. 


Meaning of “Bolsheviki” 

Primarily, the use of the term Bolshevik (from 
the Russian “bolsha,” meaning “majority”), was 
to indicate the majority faction of the Socialist 
party after the splitting of that party in 1905. 
The close of the Russo-Japanese war found 
Russia in the throes of civil strife. On Oct. 
30, 1905, the decree established what has since 
been known as the fundamental law, and it was 
difference in opinion respecting the advantages 
accruing to the duma through this law that 
brought into existence the two diametrically op¬ 
posite parties now known as the Bolsheviki and 
the Mensheviki. 

The Mensheviki were the conservative So¬ 
cialists who believed that reform could be 





320 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

brought about only through co-operation of all 
parties in the state and who looked upon vio¬ 
lence of any sort as a method of attaining re¬ 
form with disfavor. The Bolsheviki are the 
radical Socialists who favored violence, bomb¬ 
ing, sabotage, and terrorism as the means to 
their end. 


Country Boys Physically Inferior to City Boys 

The report of the U. S. Surgeon General for 
1917, and the reports of the examining surgeons, 
show, strange to say, that the country boy was 
proved physically inferior to the city boy under 
the acid tests of the selective draft. In two 
groups, each with nearly 50,000 members, chosen 
In such a way that immigration, climate, etc., had 
as little to do with the result as possible, the 
percentage of rejections for physical disabilities 
was 28.47 per cent, among country boys and only 
27.96 per cent, among city boys. And the country 
boy who passed the draft tests, got into the army 
and underwent training was not equal as a sol¬ 
dier to the city boy. The highest sickness and 
death rates were found among southern country 
boys. 


War Bisk Insurance 

Soon after the signing of the armistice it 
was announced that the Bureau of War Risk 
Insurance at Washington had written over $38,- 
000,000,000 of insurance for men in the U. S. 
service, and had received more than 4,000,000 
allotment and allowance applications. Almost 
40,000,000 separate card records were then on 
file. 


War Garden Crops 

According to the National War Garden Com¬ 
mission, war gardeners in the United States 
planted 5,285,000 gardens in 1918, in back yards 
or vacant lots, and raised crops valued at $525,- 
000,000. In 1917, 3,500,000 gardens were planted 
with a crop value of $350,000,000. 





CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


321 


Y. M. C. A. in the World War 
May 1, 1917, to Dec. 31, 1918. 
(Statement Furnished by National War Work 
Council) 

Huts, tents and buildings of various design 
operated in United States, 1,000; in war zone, 
1,900. 

Workers employed in war zone, 8,500, including 
1,500 women—4,000 in American camps. 
Contributed by public to support work: April, 
1917, $5,000,000; October, 1917, $53,000,000; 
November, 1918, the “Y” received 58.65 per 
cent of the $203,000,000 raised in United War 
Work campaign. 

Expenditures, approximately $80,000,000. 
Attendance at buildings maintained in United 
States camps (estimated), 302,493,000. 
Envelopes used in United States camps, 242,- 
249,049. 

Entertainments, including motion picture exhibi¬ 
tions, 143,666, attended by (estimated) 73,- 
000,000. 

Hundreds of tons of supplies were shipped 
from this country for the boys over there. In 
one month—December, 1918—900,000 packages 
of biscuits, 1,650,000 pounds of chocolate, 90,000 
cakes of soap, three million cigars, seventy mil¬ 
lion cigarettes and 50,000 pounds of cocoa to 
be sold at Quartermaster’s prices were provided 
in the “Y” canteens. 

Fighting men overseas sent home more than 
$3,000,000 each month through the “Y” banking 
and postoffice department. 

At the end of 1917 there were less than 1,500 
“Y” men and women overseas. On Jan. 1, 1919, 
it is estimated that there were 6,048 men and 
1,395 women in “Y” uniform overseas. Nine 
workers, two of them women, had been killed 
by shell fire while on duty; twenty-three were 
wounded or gassed severely; many others had 
received minor injuries, and thirty-one had died 
in the service, chiefly from exposure and over¬ 
work. Ten had been decorated for bravery. 


322 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

Great Sayings of the World War 

The World War produced many dramatic 
phrases, epigrams, etc. Among them are: 
“They shall not pass.” This immortal saying 
grew out of the plight of hard-pressed Verdun 
and has been variously attributed to Marshal 
Joffre, Marshal Petain, and to the men in the 
ranks, who at any rate adopted it and made it 
good. The Germans did not pass. “Lafayette, 
we are here,” General Pershing’s simple utter¬ 
ance when he placed a wreath on the tomb of 
the great French friend of America, will live 
in history after the sonorous phrases of oratory 
are forgotten. A passage that has greatly 
stirred all patriotic Americans is that attributed 
to both Maj. Gen. Robert L. Bullard and Maj. 
Gen. Omar Bundy. The story goes that the 
Americans, who were serving under a French 
commander, were ordered to retreat at Chateau 
Thierry, whereupon the American general sent 
this vibrant reply: "The American flag has 
been compelled to retire. This is unendurable. 
We are going to counter-attack.” By many 
this is regarded as the turning point of the 
greatest war in history. At any rate, the 
Americans did advance against overwhelming 
odds, the victory of Chateau Thierry followed, 
and from that day to the armistice the Ger¬ 
mans were constantly on the defensive. When 
Vice Admiral Sims, in command of the Amer¬ 
ican naval forces in European waters, was 
asked upon the arrival of the first U. S. de¬ 
stroyers in England, in May, 1917, “When will 
you be ready for business?” he astounded the 
English naval officers by answering promptly, 
"We can start at once. We made dur prepara¬ 
tions on the way over.” Gen. Pershing’s offer 
of the American forces to Gen. Foch to be brig¬ 
aded with the allies under stress of the men¬ 
acing German advance is not likely to be 
forgotten: "Infantry, artillery , aviation, all that 
we have are yours. Dispose of them as you 
will.” "Go to hell!” is not to be recommended 
in certain respects, but who has not thrilled 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


323 


when he read how Maj. Charles Whittlesey, the 
young New York lawyer with the glasses, who 
commanded the famous “lost battalion” in the 
Argonne Forest, made that spirited retort when 
the Germans who all but surrounded him and his 
mere handful of men called upon him to sur¬ 
render. Marshal Joffre is quoted as thus ex¬ 
horting his soldiers at the Marne: “The hour 
has come to advance at all costsj to die where 
you stand rather than to give way.” Foch’s 
great message to Joffre in the early days of 
the war, also the first battle of the Marne, de¬ 
serves to rank with the supreme utterances of 
history: “My right is crushed; my left is in 
retreat. I am attacking with my center.” Gen. 
Gallieni’s rallying cry to the people of Paris, 
of which he was military governor when the 
first German rush threatened to inundate the 
capital, deserves preservation. It was, “To the 
very end.” Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig, 
on April 13, 1918, called on his men for a su¬ 
preme effort, after the English had been driven 
back steadily for three weeks. “Every position 
must be held to the last man,” he ordered. 
“There must be no retirement. With our backs 
to the wall and believing in the justice of our 
cause, every one of us must fight to the end.” 
Premier Venizelos, of Greece, in refusing the 
cynical invitation of the German ambassador to 
side with the Central Powers in return for Mon- 
astir and a part of Serbia, returned an answer 
that has the right ring. “You ask me to dis¬ 
honor my signature” he said, “to dishonor my 
country, and to violate its obligations toward 
Serbia, and, as remuneration, you offer me a 
part of the corpse of that which I am expected 
to kill. My country, sir, is too little to cominit 
so great an infamy.” 


Area of American Cities 

In 1915 the area in acres of certain American 
cities was as follows: New York, 183,555; Los 
Angeles, 183,464; New Orleans, 125,440; Chi¬ 
cago, 121,502; Philadelphia, 83,340. 



324 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

German Atrocities 

The first months of the World War witnessed 
the inauguration by Germany of a policy of 
terror in the invaded districts of Belgium and 
France, evidently premeditated and designed to 
facilitate the control of conquered territory, the 
U. S. official “War Cyclopedia” informs us. Vil¬ 
lages and towns were burned, wounded soldiers 
massacred, non-combatants shot or maimed, 
women outraged and children tortured by the 
soldiery. Allegations of similar practices on the 
part of the Russians in East Prussia were made 
by the Germans. The truth of the stories told 
of German atrocities in France was attested by 
a French official report, issued in the spring of 
1915. On May 12, 1915, a British commission 
headed by Lord Bryce published a report on 
Belgian atrocities, which convinced those hither¬ 
to incredulous that the stories of German cru¬ 
elty were correct. Studies made by Prof. Reiss, 
of the University of Lausanne, in October and 
November, 1914, and issued in a later report, 
show that the Austrian armies in Serbia were 
guilty of the same atrocities which character¬ 
ized German behavior in Belgium. Another 
Bryce report gives accurate details of the mas¬ 
sacres of Armenians at the hands of the Turks, 
until July, 1916. 


Army War College 

A school in Washington to which selected offi¬ 
cers (captain and above) are sent to study the 
higher problems of war, and to work upon de¬ 
tailed plans of national defense. It was first 
organized in 1901, after the Spanish War, and 
our present military system is largely based 
upon its leadership. 


Army Service Schools 

At Fort Leavenworth, Kans., a group of ad¬ 
vanced schools is maintained for the instruction 
of selected officers in the problems of line, staff 
signal, engineer, field and medical service. 




CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 325 

Armenian Massacres 

The name given to the organized attempts 
made by the Turks on at least three occasions 
to extirpate Armenians living in Asia Miiior. 
The first series of massacres occurred in 1895- 
96, and appears to have had the aid of the 
Turkish Government. Again in 1909 outbreaks 
occurred at Adana, in Syria, and its vicinity, 
having at least the connivance of the Turkish 
Government. The third, and probably the worst, 
outbreak occurred in 1915, after Turkey entered 
the war as Germany’s ally. Thousands of the 
Armenian population of Asia Minor were either 
killed on the spot or else deported into the most 
inhospitable spots in the Ottoman Empire, there 
to die of starvation, exposure, and exhaustion. 
The total number of those who have lost their 
lives is not exactly known, but is large enough 
to brand such procedure as one of the most 
shamelessly brutal race massacres of all time. 
That religious differences or economic disturb¬ 
ances—the Armenians are the small capitalists of 
Asia Minor—are not responsible is proved by the 
fact that in normal times Armenian and Turk 
work together without grave friction. It would 
appear that the desire to eliminate an alien race 
and to destroy any possible allies for a Russian 
advance in Asia Minor were at the bottom of 
the affair; that it was the Government and not 
the average Turk who is responsible. Germany 
could have stopped the massacres by a word, 
but she did not. 


Camouflage 

The French word for a military art that as¬ 
sumed new importance in the World War as a 
result of the effort to conceal fortifications, 
ships, guns, trenches, etc., from the observation 
of hostile aircraft. It consists in painting ob¬ 
jects of war so that they may blend readily 
into the landscape and thus be lost to view or 
in concealing them by screens or false work, 
or even in “faking” fortifications or “Quaker” 
guns. 



326 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

U. S. Naval Strength 

Secretary of the Navy Daniels, on Jan. 1, 
1919, gave a tabulation of the strength of the 
navies of six of the big world powers, includ¬ 
ing Germany before the surrender. The table 
showed the United States ranking third, with 
Great Britain and Germany ranking first and 
second. Germany’s surrender, of course, put 
the United States second in naval strength. The 
figures for the two leading naval powers follow: 


GREAT BRITAIN. 

Battleships . 61 

Battle cruisers . 9 

Battle cruisers building. 4 

Cruisers . 31 

Light cruisers . 89 

Light cruisers building. 22 

Destroyers . 409 

Destroyers building . 102 

Submarines .140 

Submarines building . 78 

Airships .220 

UNITED STATES. 

Battleships . 16 

Battleships, building or authorized. 13 

Older type battleships. 23 

Battle cruisers, building and authorized. 6 

Armored cruisers . 8 

Gruisers, first class. 4 

Cruisers, second class. 4 

Cruisers, third class. 15 

Destroyers . 92 

Destroyers, building or authorized.250 

Submarines . 79 

Submarines, building or authorized. 102 


IT. S. National Bank Resources 

Resources of the National Banks of the coun¬ 
try on Nov. 1, 1918, aggregated $19,821,404,000, 
exceeding the combined aggregate resources of 
the National Banks of Issue of England, the 
Dominion of Canada, France, Italy, the Nether¬ 
lands, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Japan and 
Germany. 


























CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 327 

Traditions of the Sailor’s Uniform 

Many old customs and traditions have left 
their trace on the uniform of American sailors 
of the present day, according to The Fleet Re¬ 
view. The wide, flaring trousers suggest a waste 
of material when seen on a city street, but they 
are really the most practical shape for duty on 
shipboard. Because of the looseness they may 
be rolled up snugly to the knees when the sailor 
is holystoning the decks, and the flare also pre¬ 
vents them from binding at the knee when the 
bluejacket is required to go aloft. Another im¬ 
portant advantage of the looseness is that, com¬ 
bined with the arrangement of the buttons on the 
side, the trousers may be easily slipped off in 
the water. The thirteen buttons across the top 
of the trousers are supposed to represent the 
original thirteen States. The black tie, pre¬ 
scribed by regulation for American bluejackets, 
was handed down from the British Navy. It 
was worn by the sailors of this fleet in memory 
of Nelson after the death of the great naval 
hero. Similarly, the three white stripes border¬ 
ing the collar commemorate three great vic¬ 
tories won by Nelson. The bit of white under¬ 
shirt showing at the neck is associated with the 
famous American admiral, Farragut After his 
death the sail in which his body was lowered 
to the water was divided among his sailors, with 
the request that the pieces be worn across their 
chests. This established the custom of wearing 
a white dicky, which is now replaced by the 
portion of the undershirt. 


The Central Powers 

The name commonly applied to the group of 
countries fighting in alliance with Germany in 
the World War, and including Germany, Aus¬ 
tria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey. They con¬ 
trolled and dominated central Europe from the 
North Sea to Constantinople, and their influence 
penetrated Asia to the edge of Mesopotamia. 
They aimed to control also the shores of the 
Persian Gulf. 



328 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


Cantonments 


Camps, usually with wooden buildings, con¬ 
structed for the use of the National Guard and 


the National Army while their various units 
were being prepared for service abroad in the 
World War. Most of them were in the South, 
where the winter climate is mild enough to 
permit some of the men to live under canvas. 


In the North, barracks and other buildings were 
constructed with such amazing speed that though 
begun only in June, 1917, they were being occu¬ 
pied in September. Suitable sites first were se¬ 
cured, the ground was leveled, water supply and 
drainage systems were installed, roads and rail¬ 
ways were built, lavatories, baths, kitchens, 
bakeries, refrigerating plants, laundries, hospi¬ 


tals, mess and lodging halls have been made 
ready by thousands upon thousands of engineers 
and mechanics gathered together in the neigh¬ 
borhood of the camps. Each cantonment became 
a city complete within itself. That in Maryland, 
Camp Meade, was properly called “the second 
largest city" in the State. The cantonments 
were located, according to the official U. S. 
“War Cyclopedia,” at the following places: 


Place. Name. 

Alexandria, La.Camp Beauregard. .. 

American Lake.WashCamp Lewis. 

Annapolis Jet., Md.. .Camp Meade. 

Anniston, Ala.Camp McClellan. 

Atlanta, Ga.Camp Gordon. 

Augusta, Ga.Camp Hancock. 

Ayer, Mass.Camp Devens. 

Battle Creek, Mich. . .Camp Custer. 

Charlotte, N. C.Camp Greene. 

Ghillicothe, Ohio.Camp Sherman. 

Columbia, S. C.Camp Jackson.. 

Deming, N. Mex.Camp Cody. 

Des Moines, Iowa. . . .Camp Dodge. 

Port Riley, Kans.Camp Funston. 

Port Sill, Okla.Camp Doniphan. 

Port^Worth, Tex.Camp Bowie. 

Greenville, S. C.Camp Sevier. 

Hattiesburg, Miss-Camp Shelbv. 

Houston, Tex.Camp Logan. 

Linda Vista, Cal.Camp Kearny. 

Little Rock, Ark.Camp Pike. 

Louisville, Ky.Camp Zachary Taylor 

Macon, Ga.Camp Wheeler. 

Mineola, L. I., N. Y. . *Camp Mills. 


Designation. 

Natl. Guard 

Natl. Army 
Do 

Natl. Guard 

Natl. Army 

Natl. Guard 

Natl. Army 
Do 

Natl. Guard 

Natl. Army 
Do 

Natl. Guard 

Natl. Army 
Do 

Natl. Guard 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 

Natl. Army 
Do 
Do 

Natl. Guard 








































CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


329 


Montgomery, Ala-Camp Sheridan. Natl. Guard 

Palo Alto, Cal.Camp Fremont. Do 

Petersburg, Va.Camp Lee. Natl. Army 

Rockford, Ill.Camp Grant. Do 

San Antonio, Tex. ... Camp Travis. Do 

Spartanburg, S. C-Camp Wadswoith. .., Natl. Guard 

Waco, Tex.Camp Mac Arthur. .. . Do 

Wrightstown, N. J. . .Camp Dix., Natl. Army 

Yaphank, L. I., N. Y. Camp Upton. Do 

♦Abandoned for winter use, December, 1917. 


Execution of Edith Cavell 
The execution of Miss Edith Cavell, which so 
stirred the civilized world, occurred at 2 a. m. 
of October 13, 1915, ih pursuance of sentence 
passed by the German military court at Brus¬ 
sels, the charge against her being that she had 
assisted English and Belgian young men, who 
had come under her care as nurse, to cross the 
frontier into Holland. We quote from the offi¬ 
cial U. S. “War Cyclopedia”: Miss Cavell had 
spent her whole life in alleviating the sufferings 
of others; the death penalty had not before this 
been inflicted for the offense with which she 
was charged. In view of both of these facts, 
Mr. Whitlock, American minister to Belgium, 
and his first secretary, Mr. Hugh Gibson, did 
all that they could from the beginning to pre¬ 
vent the horror of her execution. Baron von 
der Lancken was at this time civil governor of 
Belgium, and it was to him that the Americans 
addressed their pleas. At 8:30 of the evening 
preceding the execution, Gibson learned that 
Miss Cavell was to be shot during the night. 
Though he could scarcely credit the report in 
view of von der Lancken’s repeated assurances 
that he should be kept informed of all develop¬ 
ments, he at once set out with the Spanish min¬ 
ister for the governor’s headquarters. “I briefly 
explained the situation as we understood it and 
presented the note from the minister transmit¬ 
ting the appeal for clemency,” Gibson wrote in 
his diary. “Lancken read the note aloud in our 
presence, showing no feeling aside from cyn¬ 
ical annoyance at something, probably our hav¬ 
ing discovered the intentions of the German 













330 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

authorities.” At first von der Lancken denied 
that the sentence was to be carried out in the 
course of the night. Then he admitted it. They 
reminded him of the burning of Louvain and 
the sinking of the Lusitania and told him that 
“this murder will rank with those two affairs 
and stir all civilized countries with horror and 
disgust,” whereupon Count Harrach, a member 
of the governor’s staff, interrupted with the re¬ 
mark that his only regret was that they did 
not have “three or four old English women to 
shoot.” Gibson asked von der Lancken to tele¬ 
phone the Kaiser, but the request was refused. 
Then he recounted the many services which the 
American legation had rendered the Germans, 
but all without avail. “We did not stop,” Gib¬ 
son continues, “until midnight, when it was only 
too clear that there was no hope.” He con¬ 
cludes: “The day brought forth another loath¬ 
some fact in connection with the case. It seems 
the sentence on Miss Cavell was not pronounced 
in open court. Her executioners, apparently in 
the hope of concealing their intentions from us, 
went into her cell and there, behind locked 
doors, pronounced sentence upon her.” 


U. S. Munitions Output 

Figures made public by the Ordnance Depart¬ 
ment of the Interallied Bureau of Statistics 
show that the production of munitions in this 
country had grown so rapidly that in the last 
months of the World War the United States 
was far ahead of Great Britain and France. 
Average monthly production of machine guns 
and machine rifles for July, August and Sep¬ 
tember, 1918, in the United States was 27,270 
against 10,947 for Great Britain and 12,126 for 
France. In the same period the United States 
produced monthly an average of 233,562 rifles, 
against 112,821 for Great Britain and 40,522 
for France. With respect to small arms am¬ 
munition production in the United States was 
277,984,000 rounds; Great Britain 259,769,000. 



CONKLIN-EDI SON MANUAL 


331 


Barrage 

A new word in the military vocabulary—specifi¬ 
cally, the act of barring by artillery fire. By 
exact measurements a line of guns is brought 
to bear upon a certain terrain. The fire cre¬ 
ates a complete screen of projectiles. Behind 
it a body of troops is safe; through it no enemy 
can advance. By moving the barrage line for¬ 
ward (“creeping” barrage) a detachment can 
advance with a minimum of casualties. It is 
controlled by observers at the front who find 
ranges and direct artillery fire by telephone or 
wireless, and it demolishes, in front of the at¬ 
tacking force, wire entanglements, trenches, and 
“pill-boxes.” 


British Navy 

The British Navy has for more than a cen¬ 
tury been the largest and most powerful in the 
world, its size made necessary by the island 
position of Britain, and the scattered dominions 
of the British Empire. Its modern development 
dates from the naval defense act of 1889, which 
adopted the principle that the British Navy must 
be as strong as the fleets of the next two naval 
powers together. Under the pressure of Ger¬ 
man competition, this standard had to be aban¬ 
doned after 1909. Nevertheless, at the open¬ 
ing of the war, the British fleet comprised 46 
battleships, built and building, of the dread- 
naught class, 40 older battleships, 125 cruisers, 
237 torpedo craft, and 99 submarines. Large 
additions have been made since 1914, and de¬ 
spite losses, the fleet remains the most power¬ 
ful fighting force afloat. 


Meaning of “Boclie” 

The term commonly used by the French sol¬ 
diers to designate the Germans. The origin of 
the term as used in this way is disputed. It was 
used before the war as the equivalent of Ger¬ 
man. It was so used by the Paris printers to 
designate their German assistants. It was prob- 




332 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

ably used also in the Franco-Prussian War in 
1870, for Zola, in his novel La Debacle, a story 
dealing with the war, puts the term in the 
mouths of the French soldiers to designate the 
Germans. The term ce boche was used, before 
the Franco-Prussian war at least, as equivalent 
to “that chump,” and tete de boche is given by 
French dictionaries of slang as equivalent to 
“wooden-pate” or “blockhead.” It is perhaps 
for this reason that some French scholars derive 
the present use of boche from caboche, a French 
word meaning head. 


Who Were the Allies? 

France, Russia, and Great Britain, bound to¬ 
gether not by formal alliance but by informal 
understanding, or entente, received the name 
Allies or Entente Allies early in the war, and 
the term Allies has continued in use since then, 
according to the U. S. “War Cyclopedia.” In 
its popular use, however, the word embraces 
all the enemies of the Central Powers. More 
narrowly it includes only the signers of the pact 
of London, September 5, 1917, in which the 
Allies pledged themselves against making a 
separate peace. Italy and Japan later joined 
this alliance. The United States made no alli¬ 
ance with any of its associates and is not bound 
by any agreements. 


Anzac 

A composite word used to designate the Brit¬ 
ish colonial troops engaged in the Gallipoli cam¬ 
paign. It is made by taking the initial letters 
of the Australia-New Zealand Army Corps. 


The Highest Single Fountain Jet in the World 

The highest single fountain jet in the world is 
on the estate of 200 acres given by the late 
Trenor W. Park as a Home for Destitute Chil¬ 
dren and Women, at Bennington, Vt. This jet 
rises to the height of 198 feet. 





CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 333 

Effect of War on Building Operations 

The effect of the World War upon building 
operations in the United States is shown by the 
following official figures: In 60 selected cities 
199,738 permits were issued or buildings erected 
in 1917, a decrease of 70,044, as compared with 
1916 before we entered the war. The cost of 
these operations was $584,193,378 in 1917, as 
against $899,684,512 in 1916, a decrease of $315,- 
491,134, or 35 per cent. For 1917 a total of 145 
cities reported operations costing $687,415,605. 
For 1916 practically the same cities reported 
operations costing $1,024,211,675. 


First President of German Republic 

On February 11, 1919, three months to a day 
after the signing of the armistice ended the 
Great War, Friedrich Ebert, Socialist leader and 
former saddler, who had been head of the provi¬ 
sional government, was duly elected first presi¬ 
dent of the new German republic, the delegates 
of the national assembly at Weimar voting 277 
to 102 in his favor. 


“Deutschland” 

An unarmed German merchant submarine, 
the first of its kind, about 300 feet long, and 
carrying a cargo of about 800 tons. In 1916 
it twice sailed from Germany to the United 
States and returned. Each crossing of the At¬ 
lantic took from 16 to 22 days. The German 
cargo was reported to consist chiefly of dye¬ 
stuffs; the American cargo of rubber and nickel. 
For several months German sympathizers built 
high hopes on the Deutschland, believing that 
it would prove to be only the first of a large 
number of German submarine freight boats and 
that the Allied blockade of Germany would 
thereby be broken. But no other such vessel 
ever reached an American port, although the 
sailing of a companion vessel, the Bremen, was 
reported. 




S34 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


“Deutschland Ueber Alles” 

The refrain of a popular German song- that 
has acquired a new and sinister meaning since 
1914. If it meant only the supreme love of the 
loyal German for his fatherland it would em¬ 
body a virtue; its vice and menace lay in the 
belief among many Germans that their Ger¬ 
many was to dominate the world. 


Disarmament 

The idea of disarmament is not new; a hun¬ 
dred years ago, at the Congress of Vienna, men 
hoped that the nations would lay down their 
arms and live in peace. There was no formal 
action at the time, but in practice all European 
governments greatly reduced their military 
establishments. After the wars, however, of 
Italian and German unification (1859-1871) con¬ 
scription was generally adopted in Europe, only 
to be found a burden and a danger. Accordingly 
in 1898 the Czar of Russia invited the nations 
represented at his capital to a conference for 
the discussion of disarmament. The conference 
met at The Hague in 1899, but, although much 
was done to promote the cause of peace, dis¬ 
armament was ruled out by the resolute oppo¬ 
sition of Germany, whose delegates boasted that 
armaments were not a burden but a privilege, 
and that Germany could increase her expend¬ 
itures indefinitely. The conference therefore 
could only resolve that “the restriction of military 
charges ... is extremely desirable.” As 
the time for the second conference drew near 
the German Emperor declared to Edward VII, 
of England, that he would go to war rather 
than allow the question of disarmament to be 
discussed. At this conference in 1907, however, 
it was resolved that “the governments should 
resume the serious examination of this ques¬ 
tion.” In the years immediately preceding the 
World War Great Britain endeavored to effect 
by agreement with Germany some limitation of 
naval programs, but without success. 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 335 

U. S. Constitution 

The Constitution of the United States con¬ 
sisted, in its original form, of 7 articles, to which 
have since been added 19 articles of amendment. 
The first 3 articles deal, respectively, with the 
powers and organization of Congress, the presi¬ 
dency, and the national judiciary. Article V 
prescribes the various methods by which the 
Constitution may be amended. Article VI states 
the important principle of the supremacy of the 
National Government within its field over con¬ 
flicting State powers. Of the amendments the 
first 10 are restrictive of the National Govern¬ 
ment, while the 14th imposes important limita¬ 
tions on State power. Of the four recently 
adopted amendments, the 16th authorizes an 
income tax, the 17th provides for the popular 
election of Senators; the 18th, national prohibi¬ 
tion; 19th, woman suffrage. In contrast to the 
British constitution, ours is written and not 
amendable by ordinary legislative processes. 


The Dardanelles 

The straits which separate the Gallipoli Pen¬ 
insula from Asia Minor and which form the 
western approach by water to Constantinople. 
In parts they are extremely narrow, and be¬ 
cause of strong fortifications are almost impass¬ 
able for an attacking fleet. In February and 
March, 1915, a Franco-British squadron carried 
on a bombardment and, after silencing the forts 
at the mouth of the straits, proceeded up to the 
narrows. In April an expeditionary force of 
British and French troops was landed on the 
shores of the Gallipoli Peninsula. The Turks, 
warned of their danger, had made good use of 
the terrain, which was exceedingly well fitted 
for purposes of defense. Behind good fortifica¬ 
tions the Turk is an excellent fighter and the 
advance of the expeditionary force was checked 
decisively. Its losses were heavy, and in Jan¬ 
uary, 1916, the attack on the Dardanelles was 
abandoned. 



336 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


“Der Tag” 

For many years the favorite toast in the Ger¬ 
man Army and Navy was Der Tag—the day 
when their war for world conquest would come. 
Not long after the Spanish War, according to 
the U. S. “War Cyclopedia,” quoting the testi¬ 
mony of Maj. N. A. Bailey to Dr. W. T. Horna- 
day, in a letter from Dr. Hornaday in New York 
Tribune, Aug 11. 1915, a German diplomat, von 
Goetzen, told an American Army officer: “About 
15 years from now my country will start her 
great war. She will be in Paris in about two 
months after the commencement of hostilities. 
Her move on Paris will be but a step to her real 
object the crushing of England. Everything 
will move like clockwork. We will be prepared 
and others will not be prepared. I speak of this 
because of the connection which it will have 
with your own country. Some months after we 
finish our work in Europe we will take New 
York, and probably Washington, and hold them 
for some time. We will put your country in its 
place with reference to Germany. We do not 
propose to take any of your territory, but we 
do intend to take a billion or more dollars from 
New York and other places.” 


Military Draft 

A military draft is based upon the universal 
liability to service of all male citizens and per¬ 
manent residents. The principle is as old and 
as universal as government. The French Revo¬ 
lution revived and systematized universal lia¬ 
bility to service, which became the foundation 
of military power on the continent of Europe 
in the nineteenth century, the liability being 
extended from service in a national emergency 
to service in time of peace, on the theory that 
if one is liable to serve one is also bound to 
receive the training necessary for useful service. 
In the United States Washington desired the 
draft in the Revolution, and Madison was in¬ 
tending to employ it in 1815, when the close of 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 337 

war rendered it unnecessary. In the Civil War 
it was resorted to by both Union and Confed¬ 
erate governments. Lincoln first applied it in 
1862, at that time calling upon the governors, 
without special legislation, to use their consti¬ 
tutional power to draft within the several States. 
In 1863 Congress provided for a national draft, 
which was applied throughout the war. The 
draft has taken many forms. The ages between 
which there is liability to service are traditionally 
16 to 60. In a modern state all persons between 
the stipulated age could not be employed, and 
so from the total a certain number is drafted. 
All systems attempt to equalize the burden be¬ 
tween the various communities by calling for 
the same proportion or quota from each. Should 
this number be chosen by lot, we would have a 
simple draft system. In all cases, however, the 
attempt is made to draw first the most fit or 
those who can best be spared. Any such system 
is a selective draft. Any draft is a conscription, 
though in common usage conscription is usually 
applied to an elaborate and generally to a per¬ 
manent system, as contrasted with use for an 
emergency only. 


German Colonies 

Germany’s colonial possessions, before she 
was shorn of them by the war, had an area 
of more than 1,000,000 square miles. In Africa 
she had the Kamerun in West Africa, with an 
area of 191,000 square miles and a population 
of 4,500,000, German East Africa of above 400,- 
000 square miles and a population of 6,850,000, 
and German Southwest Africa of 320,000 square 
miles and a population of 200,000. Her colonial 
policy everywhere was expensive to her and un¬ 
successful. It was repressive and cruel. Her 
civil and military officials in charge of the des¬ 
tinies of her colonists were martinets, the nat¬ 
ural product of her militarist system of gov¬ 
ernment at home. Even German emigrants 
preferred to settle in the British colonies. 



338 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


Entente 

A French word of which a literal translation 
is “understanding,” used of international ar¬ 
rangements less binding than formal alliances. 


The Foreign Legion 

A well-known name in the military history 
of France. The French Army which estab¬ 
lished Maximilian on a throne in Mexico had 
its foreign legion. The legion has seen much 
service in Morocco, and some of its peculiar 
methods are the result of this. In the World 
War it was a body of men drawn from every 
quarter of the globe, who, in love of military 
glory and with sympathy for the ideals which 
the Allies were holding before them, volunteered 
their services to France. These “soldiers of 
fortune," from our mountains and plains, from 
the Canadian northwest, from the Australian 
bush, from Africa, the South American states, 
and every corner of Europe, performed the most 
daring feats on the battle front, in Flanders and 
France. Their deeds and achievements will form 
material for song and story for generations to 
come. 


“Four Minute” Men 

A nation-wide organization of volunteer speak¬ 
ers who made brief addresses in motion-picture 
theaters under Government authority. In No¬ 
vember, 1917, there were over 15,000 speaking 
on subjects assigned week by week. 


Freeilom of the Seas 

The doctrine of “freedom of the seas” was 
first propounded by Grotius in his Mare Liberum, 
which took for its text the sentence from the 
Roman Institutes, “The air, running water, the 
sea—are common to all.” Selden answered with 
his Mare Clausum, which defended the preten¬ 
sions of England over the waters surrounding 
the British Isles. The issue between Grotius 
and Selden may be regarded as settled by the 





CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 339 

present doctrine regarding the marine league, 
i. e., that the jurisdiction of a state extends 
three miles beyond the coast line, and no farther. 
The next stage in the development of this con¬ 
cept took place in the eighteenth century, when 
continental antagonism to British sea power pro¬ 
duced the doctrine that “free ships make free 
goods.” This doctrine was backed by the armed 
neutralities of 1780 and 1800, and was finally 
incorporated, in great part, into international 
law by the Declaration of Paris, 1856, which 
also abolished privateering. Meantime a third 
meaning had come to be fastened to “freedom 
of the seas,” the idea that private property should 
be immune from capture on the high seas in 
war time unless it was contraband or intended 
for a blockaded port. Of this notion the United 
States has always been the peculiar champion, 
the last time being at the second Hague con¬ 
ference, where our views were backed by Aus¬ 
tria-Hungary, Germany, and Italy. 


The I. W. W. 

The Industrial Workers of the World, or I. 
W. W., a radical labor organization formed in 
1904, has its headquarters in Chicago. There 
were 15,000 members in 1915, mainly in the 
West. Its platform denounces the trade-unions 
for pitting one set of workers against another, 
and calls for the union of all workers into one 
common organization and the abolition of cap¬ 
italism and of the wage system. Its weapons 
are the strike, arson, and sabotage, which last 
term involves the impairment of industry through 
destruction of machinery, “mistakes,” slacken¬ 
ing the pace of workers, etc. Its representa¬ 
tives have conducted bitter strikes in Lawrence, 
Mass.; Paterson, N. J., and in various places 
in the West. On September 5, 1917, its head¬ 
quarters and various branches were raided by 
the Government and many documents seized as 
evidence of a conspiracy to lessen the output of 
supplies needed for the war. 



340 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

“Fright fulness” 

The name given to the German method of 
warfare whereby they made war terrible in the 
hope of winning victory through fear. The Ger¬ 
man word is SchrecJclichkeit. As applied by 
the German military caste it does not mean the 
occasional and incidental horrors attached to 
warfare, but deliberate, systematic, and calcu¬ 
lated terror conceived and ordered for the pur¬ 
pose of striking mortal fear into the hearts of 
foemen. It seems to have been first applied to 
the Germans in Belgium in the early days of 
the war when the German army lay between 
the French and English on the south and the 
Belgian forces on the north with a hostile pop¬ 
ulation intermingled. Out of all the confused 
and contradictory stories of those days has come 
the clear proof that the German military au¬ 
thorities, unwilling to face like men the dangers 
of the situation they had themselves created, 
with studied design shot and hanged hundreds 
of Belgians, those innocent of all offense as well 
as those who had threatened or injured German 
soldiers. Towns were leveled to the ground, wide 
districts were laid waste. 


“Hun” 

A term of reproach leveled at the Germans by 
their enemies in the Great War. It seems to 
have been first associated by William II with 
his army as a term of praise. When he ad¬ 
dressed his troops about to sail for China, at 
Bremerhaven, July 27, 1900, he was reported by 
the local daily, the Norddeutsche Zeitung, as 
saying: ,r When you come upon the enemy 
. . . no quarter will be given. ... No 

prisoners will be taken. ... As the Huns 
under their King, Attila, a thousand years 
ago, made a name for themselves which is still 
mighty in tradition and story, so may the name 
of German in China be kept alive through you 
in such wise that no Chinese will ever again 
attempt even to look askance at a German.” 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 341 

Use of Gas In War 

During the engagement near Ypres, April 22, 
1915, the German army introduced poisonous 
or asphyxiating gases, a “method of warfare 
up to now never employed by nations sufficiently 
civilized to consider themselves bound by inter¬ 
national agreements." These gases were gen¬ 
erated in bombs, grenades, and other apparatus, 
and allowed to drift with suitable winds into the 
allied trenches. A week earlier, says Gen. 
French, the Germans had falsely announced 
that the British were using asphyxiating gases 
as a weapon of war. Later, the use of gas in 
explosive shells became general, the Allies hav¬ 
ing been forced in self-defense to adopt it. 


Income Tax 

An internal revenue tax levied upon net in¬ 
comes of persons or corporations. This form of 
tax was used during the Civil War, but was 
declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court 
in 1894. A corporation income tax was in¬ 
cluded in the Payne-Aldrich tariff of 1909, and 
an amendment to the Constitution authorizing 
a tax on private incomes was ratified in 1913. 
In 1913 a tax on private incomes was passed 
by Congress, and this was subsequently increased 
as a war measure. The highest rate on large 
incomes levied by any European country during 
the war was the English, with a maximum rate 
of 43 per cent, as compared with 50 per cent, 
the maximum rate in the United States. 


Junker 

A member of a noble Prussian family, who 
belongs to the landed aristocracy, and, as a rule, 
adopts the profession of arms and enters the 
caste circle of the officer corps. Thanks to the 
survival of feudalism in the organization of Ger¬ 
man society, the term has acquired a broader 
significance. Hence as used commonly today it 
indicates a narrow-minded, arrogant, and, often, 
bellicose member of the aristocracy. 





342 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

The Battle of Jutland 

The most important naval battle of the World 
War, fought May 31, 1916, between the German 
high seas fleet, under Admirals Hipper and 
Scheer, and the British grand fleet, under Ad¬ 
mirals Jellicoe and Beatty. Much of the engage¬ 
ment was fought in the mist and after dark, 
while the opposing statements of losses leave 
their exact extent in doubt. The Germans pre¬ 
maturely celebrated a victory with a school holi¬ 
day, but their fleet retired to port and did not 
again venture out to challenge the British fleet. 


“Kultur” 

Kultur indicates the whole mass of customs, 
conventions, usages, laws, institutions, and lan¬ 
guages from which the Prussian people derives 
its outlook, and in which it expresses the domi¬ 
nant characteristic differences distinguishing it 
from other peoples. A Kulturmensch (culture- 
man) is not primarily a distinctive individual 
but the exponent of self-conscious national tend¬ 
encies. Accordingly, Kultur has come to indi¬ 
cate (since about 1880) the type of civilization 
for which the German Empire long stood spon¬ 
sor, thanks mainly to the leadership of Prussia. 


The Lafayette Escadrllle 
A body of young American aviators who, in 
memory of Lafayette’s services to the United 
States during our War for Independence, volun¬ 
teered to aid France. Before we had yet de¬ 
clared hostilities upon Germany it was stated 
that they had brought down 30 enemy aircraft. 
They were the first to raise the Stars and Stripes 
on the western front in April, 1917, upon receiv¬ 
ing news of our entry into the war. 


Naval War College 

An advanced institution, located at Newport, 
R. I., for the training of selected Navy officers in 
the study of problems of naval warfare and the 
development of plans for naval operations. 





CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


343 


Interned German Vessels 

Ninety-nine German ships, with gross ton¬ 
nage of 635,406, were in American ports at the 
outbreak of war. They were seized by the 
United States under an act of May 12, 1917, 
questions of compensation being left to be de¬ 
termined at the end of the war. Repairs (made 
necessary by injuries done them by their crews 
while interned, under orders of Bernstorff) were 
made in record time, and they were put into 
service by this country in transporting troops 
and supplies to Europe, etc. 


Sinn Fein 

An Irish revolutionary society aiming at both 
independence and the cultural development of 
the Irish race. It is equally opposed to the 
Nationalists and the Unionists, and is the more 
alluring through its inclusion of many men of 
letters and art. On Easter, 1916, it precipitated 
a bloody revolt at Dublin, with which Germany 
tried to co-operate. The outbreak was sup¬ 
pressed without great difficulty. 


“Pill Boxes” 

Trench warfare was modified during the World 
War by a system of defense resorted to by the 
Germans in Flanders, in which steel and concrete 
turrets were connected by trenches and barbed 
wire entanglements and offered greater resist¬ 
ance to barrage fire than did the open trenches. 


“Tommy Atkins” 

“Tommy,” or “Tommy Atkins,” is the word 
commonly used to designate the British private 
soldier. From 1815 the specimen or model forms 
issued by the Government in the official regula¬ 
tions were often filled in with the name of 
Thomas Atkins, thus: “Description, service, etc., 
of Thomas Atkins, private, No. 6 Troop,” etc. 
From this practice originated the custom of re¬ 
ferring to the private soldier as Thomas Atkins, 
which was naturally shortened to Tommy Atkins. 





344 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


“Poilu” 

The word used affectionately by the French 
people to designate their soldiers in the World 
War. The term comes from the French word 
poil, meaning hair, especially the hair or fur of 
animals or the hair or beard of man." Hence it 
is commonly supposed that the term poilu came 
to be applied to the French soldiers because 
when they were in the trenches they did not 
shave, as the British soldiers did. The French 
soldier was homme poilu , bearded man. Far 
from being a term of reproach, however, the 
term would naturally signify courage, particu¬ 
larly since the French phrase brave a trois poils 
is an idiomatic expression meaning a man of 
known courage. 


“God Save the King” Revised 
England felt during the World War that “God 
Save the King!” had become outgrown; that it 
was too English—that is, restricted to England. 
The Royal Colonial Institute, feeling the need of 
an “empire verse,” instituted a competition, in 
which 400 or more competitors entered, and the 
judges, Herbert Warren, Edmund Gosse and Lau¬ 
rence Binyon, selected the following; 

Wide o'er the linking seas, 

Polar and tropic breeze, 

Our song shall ring; 

Brothers of each domain, 

Bound but by Freedom’s chain, 

Shout as your sires again, 

“God Save the King!” 


“Spurlos Versenkt” 

A German phrase meaning “sunk without 
leaving a trace,” contained in a secret telegram 
from Luxburg, the German minister at Buenos 
Aires. The telegram (of May 19, 1917) advised 
that Argentine steamers be “spared if possible 
or else sunk without a trace being left,” not¬ 
withstanding the fact that Argentine was neutral 
and he was enjoying her official hospitality. 




CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


345 


Sinking of the “Lusitania” 

About 2 p. m., on May 7, 1915, the great Cun- 
ard liner Lusitania, on a voyage from New York, 
with 1,918 persons on board, was sunk without 
notice by the German submarine U-39, 10 miles 
off Old Head of Kinsale. The vessel went down 
21 minutes after the attack, with resultant loss 
of 1,154 lives, including men, women, and chil¬ 
dren, of whom 114 were Americans. The Berlin 
Government at first asserted that the Lusitania 
was, “of course, armed”; and German agents in 
New York procured testimony, which was sub¬ 
sequently proved in court to have been perjured, 
to bolster up this falsehood. 


“Melting Pot” 

A name given to the United States because its 
historic policy has been to keep open doors to 
the oppressed peoples of all nations and to merge 
those who accept its hospitality into one nation 
of common language and common political ideals. 
“America is not made out of a single stock. 
Here we have a great melting pot.” (President 
Wilson, Music Hall speech, Cincinnati, Oct. 26, 
1916.) 


Military Resources of the United States 

These are expressed in man power and in 
material terms. The population of the country 
in 1915 was probably 100,000,000. There are 
more than 20,000,000 men in the United States 
between the ages of 18 and 45 years. It was 
computed that at least one-half of these would 
be available for active military service. Perhaps 
600,000 more youths of fighting capacity would 
come of age each year if the war were pro¬ 
longed. It was estimated at the outbreak of the 
war in 1914 that the United States had $1,887,- 
270,664 in gold, approximately $19 per capita. 
On October 1, 1916, this total had been so in¬ 
creased that it was more than $26 per capita. 
We had silver and paper in circulation equal to 
$15.50 per capita. Our total stock of money 




346 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

when we declared war on Germany was about 
$4,200,000,000, or $42 per capita. The taxable 
wealth of the country was set down in 1914 at 
$187,739,071,090, about $19.65 per person, mak¬ 
ing- us the richest people in the world. The 
resources of the United States—agricultural, 
mineral, and manufacturing—founded upon our 
native supplies are immense and are capable of 
vast and rapid expansion. 


Triple Alliance 

An agreement by Germany, Austria, and Italy 
in 1882 for their mutual defense. The full and 
exact text of the treaties still remains secret, 
but the alliance gave shape to European rela¬ 
tions for more than 30 years. In 1914 Germany 
claimed to be bound by the treaties to protect 
Austria against attack by Russia. Italy, how¬ 
ever, denied that Austria was attacked, insisted 
that Austria was the aggressor, that her designs 
in the Balkans would endanger Italy’s own 
safety, and not only declined to fight in the 
Triple Alliance, but, later, entered the war 
against her old allies. 


President Wilson at the Peace Conference 

Contrary to a widespread impression, neither 
the U. S. Constitution nor our statutory law 
contains anything which forbids the President to 
leave the boundaries of the country. Neverthe¬ 
less, no President had gone counter to the pre¬ 
vailing custom until Grover Cleveland, on one 
of his famous water trips, found himself out¬ 
side the three-mile limits of our Atlantic Coast 
territorial waters. President Taft, on Oct. 16, 
1909, met President Diaz, of Mexico, in cere¬ 
monial greeting at or near El Paso, Texas, on a 
strip of disputed territory known as El Cham- 
izal. Indeed, after a reception on the American 
side of the line by President Taft, the latter 
paid a return visit to Diaz on the Mexican side. 
Later President Taft again left the country when 
he visited the Panama Canal. 




CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 347 

Universal Military Service 
The system of compulsory service, under 
which it is incumbent upon each young- man 
capable of bearing arms to drill and familiarize 
himself with soldierly duties for a period of time, 
one, two or three years, that he may be in the 
highest degree useful to his country at the out¬ 
break of war. The system has long been in 
general use in continental European countries. 

U-Boats 

The common abbreviation of Unterseebooten, 
or “under-sea boats," otherwise submarines. 


Verdun 

The military key to the west front in the World 
War, which the German Crown Prince tried to 
take in 1916. It has been, since 1871, the most 
important of the French defenses on the eastern 
frontier between the Argonne and the Vosges. 
During the German advance of 1914 Verdun held 
out under violent attack, although the Germans 
were able to push forward a deep salient to the 
south at St. Mihiel. In February, 1916, the 
armies of the German Crown Prince began a 
violent assault upon Verdun, which lasted six 
months and which was conceived in the hope of 
compelling the retirement of the French in Lor¬ 
raine and Alsace and also of re-establishing Ger¬ 
man morale. At first the German offensive 
proved irresistible and led to the capture of a 
large portion of the fortified area around Verdun 
and of such important forts as Douaumont and 
Vaux. But their losses were terrific. Verdun 
was called “the grave" by German soldiers, and 
the final check administered to their attacks by 
the French apparently marked the end of Ger¬ 
man offensive power on the western front. A 
counter offensive organized by Gen. Nivelle in 
October, 1916, and another in August, 1917, 
enabled the French at small cost quickly to 
reclaim practically all the ground they had lost 
in the great German attack of 1916. 




348 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


Virgin Islands 

This group of islands, formerly known as the 
Danish West Indies, came into the possession of 
the United States in 1917, through purchase. 
The size and character of the islands make them 
of negligible value for their own products; they 
are wholly dependent upon the United States for 
a market and for their imports. But their posi¬ 
tion, commanding the trade routes from Europe 
to the Panama Canal, makes them of importance 
to the United States. Easily fortified, the islands 
are of great value in the defense of the canal 
and simplify the problem of policing the Carib¬ 
bean. The United States has thbee times offered 
to purchase the islands. In 1865 a proposition 
of Secretary Seward, whereby we were to acquire 
the islands for seven and a half million dollars, 
failed of ratification by the Senate. Again, in 
1902, Secretary Hay concluded a treaty by which 
the islands were to become ours upon payment 
of $5,000,000. German influence is said to have 
defeated the treaty in the Danish upper house. 
The third effort proved successful. 


“War Babies” 

A nickname applied to a group of American 
industrial stocks, such as American Locomotive 
Co. and Bethlehem Steel Co., whose values and 
profits became so greatly inflated after the out¬ 
break of the war in Europe that they became 
the subject of wild speculation. 


War Risk Insurance 

By an act of September 2, 1914, a Bureau of 
War Risk Insurance was established for the 
insurance of shipping and commerce at reason¬ 
able rates. Up to June 30, 1917, policies had 
been issued to the amount of $623,964,598. By 
an act of June 12, 1917, the bureau was em¬ 
powered to extend its insurance to officers and 
seamen of American merchant ships. On Oct. 6, 
1917, the law was further amended to provide for 
insuring military service men. 




CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 349 

“Watchful Waiting” 

The term applied by President Wilson to his 
Mexican policy. ‘‘I do not hesitate to say, now 
that we see it in retrospect,” said President Car¬ 
ranza’s legal representative in Washington, “that 
the policy pursued by President Wilson was the 
only one that could have produced the re-estab¬ 
lishment of constitutional government in Mexico, 
and it has already proven to be the biggest asset 
the United States has in Mexico.” 


Zeppelins 

A type of dirigible balloon, lifted by gas bags 
held in an aluminum framework, and propelled 
by gasoline engines; designed by the late Count 
Ferdinand von Zeppelin, whose experiments with 
aircraft, about 1906, attracted wide attention. 
In war the Zeppelins were used for observation 
purposes, especially at sea, and for raids on 
enemy country. German aircraft, including 
Zeppelins, raided England 34 times between 
January 19, 1915, and October 1, 1917, killing 
outright 865 men, women, and children, and 
wounding over 2,500. For military purposes the 
difficulties in the use of Zeppelins and other bal¬ 
loons are size, cost, vulnerability, and difficulty 
of storage. Experience led to a greater use of 
airplanes and a lessening use of dirigible balloons. 


Draft Evasions 

Up to July 1, 1918, Department of Justice in¬ 
vestigations had rounded up 23,439 men who 
sought to evade the draft and had caused their 
induction into military service. More than 
220,000 cases of men who for some reason failed 
to file questionnaires or to appear for physical 
examination were also investigated. 


IT. S. Patents Granted 

A thousand patents a week are granted by 
the U. S. Patent Office at Washington. More 
than 1,200,000 have been granted in all. Less 
than 10 per cent have been commercial successes. 





350 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


Deaths Due to Super-Guns 

In Paris alone, exclusive of its suburbs, the 
following- were the deaths due to German air¬ 
plane bombs, long range cannon, etc., during the 
World War: In 1914, forty-five bombs were 
dropped. In 1915, seventy bombs, sixty-two of 
them on March 20, fell on the city. In 1916 
the enemy employed sixty-one bombs against 
Paris and in 1917 eleven. During the last ten 
months of the war there were 1,211 casualties 
from 396 bombs. Airplanes and Zeppelins 
dropped 228 bombs on Aug. 6, 1918, killing two 
persons and injuring 392. The long range can¬ 
non fired 168 shells on Paris, killing 196 and 
wounding 417. On Good Friday, 1918, more than 
100 persons were killed. 


Enemy Aliens 

According to the annual report of the Attorney 
General covering the war activities of the De¬ 
partment of Justice, 6,000 enemy aliens were 
arrested on presidential warrants and examined 
with a view to internment. Most enemies in¬ 
terned were German men, there being compara¬ 
tively few German women or Austro-Hun¬ 
garians. About 480,000 Germans were registered 
in the nation-wide canvass—260,000 men and 
220,000 women. 


American Protective League 

The American Protective League, with a vol¬ 
unteer membership of 250,000 and branch or¬ 
ganizations in nearly every city and town in 
the country, was one of the striking develop¬ 
ments of the World War. It was an unofficial 
adjunct to the Secret Service and played a great 
but, during the war, a very mysterious, part in 
neutralizing the effects of German and pro-Ger¬ 
man plotting, in bringing spies to the attention 
of the authorities, shadowing suspects, etc. Its 
patriotic members flocked to it from every walk 
of life and it is said that over 3,000,000 investi-. 
gations were conducted by it. 




CONICLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


351 


Hague Conference 

With a view to securing concerted action in 
respect to the maintenance of peace and the 
amelioration of war on land and sea, and also, 
if possible, an agreement looking to a gradual 
reduction of military and naval armaments, a 
conference of delegates met at The Hague on 
May 18, 1899, in response to the invitation of 
the Czar of Russia. A second conference, called, 
upon the suggestion of the President of the 
United States, by the Czar of Russia, met at 
The Hague on June 15, 1907, and adjourned on 
October 19 following, having adopted 13 impor¬ 
tant international conventions, as follows: I. 
A convention for the pacific settlement of in¬ 
ternational conflicts, being an amendment of the 
corresponding agreements of July 29, 1899. II. 
A convention relative to the recovery of con¬ 
tractual debts. III. A convention relative to 
the opening of hostilities. IV. A convention con¬ 
cerning the laws and customs of war on land. 
V. A convention concerning the rights and du¬ 
ties of neutral states and individuals in land 
warfare. VI. A convention regarding the treat¬ 
ment of the enemy’s merchant ships at the out¬ 
break of hostilities. VII. A convention regard¬ 
ing the transformation of merchant ships into 
vessels of war. VIII. A convention in regard 
to the placing of submarine mines. IX. A con¬ 
vention concerning the bombardment of unde¬ 
fended towns by naval forces. X. A convention 
for the adaptation of the principles of the Gen¬ 
eva convention to maritime warfare. XI. A con¬ 
vention imposing certain restrictions upon the 
right of capture in maritime war. XII. A con¬ 
vention providing for the establishment of an 
international prize court. XIII. A convention 
defining the rights and duties of neutral states 
in maritime war. 


Deaths From Influenza 

The influenza which swept the United States 
in 1918 caused 111,688 deaths in forty-six cities. 



352 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

Production of Airplanes and Airplane Motors 

The production of airplane motors of all types 
in the United States during the World War was 
31,814, of which 15,131 were Liberty motors, and 
when the armistice was signed contracts had 
been let for 95,993 motors. In October, 1918, 
alone, 5,603 motors were turned outr 12,000 air¬ 
planes and 700 kite balloons were also produced 
during the war. 


Victory Flight of 212 U. S. Airplanes 

Perhaps the most impressive airplane spectacle 
ever staged up to that time was the victory 
flight of 212 U. S. airplanes at San Diego, Cal., 
on Nov. 27, 1918, in honor of the signing of the 
armistice and to celebrate the achievements of 
American airmen in France. The planes were 
from the Government flying fields near the city 
and every machine returned without accident 
after a flight lasting more than two hours. The 
machines were controlled in the air by radio- 
telephonic communication. It was said that this 
was the first time in the history of aviation that 
so many airplanes were directly controlled by 
voice. It was estimated that the 212 machines 
covered a total distance of 300,000 miles, re¬ 
maining in the air an aggregate of 424 hours. 


Small Races of Europe 

From the Baltic to the Adriatic and Aegean 
seas, stretching all the way across Europe, is 
a succession of small races, including 3,000,000 
Finns, 1,500,000 Esthonians, 1,500,000 Letts, 
4,000,000 Lithuanians, 18,000,000 Poles, 4,500,- 
000 Ruthenians in what was formerly Austria- 
Hungary, 10,000,000 Czecho-Slovaks, 10,000,000 
Jugo-Slavs, and 1,000,000 Rumanians of Tran¬ 
sylvania, etc., well over 50,000,000 in all. Most 
of these peoples have hitherto been subject to 
the Central Powers, and their organization into 
free, republican, and above all, self-disciplined 
and stable, nations will be vastly significant if 
it can be permanently achieved. 




CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 353 

Rejections Under the Selective Draft 

During- the pre-war period in the United States, 
from 1913 to 1915, more than 80 per cent of those 
volunteering for service were rejected. It must 
be remembered, however, that the recruiting 
officers were not medical men and that they were 
hampered by a set of more or less arbitrary and 
out-of-date rules. 

Under the Selective Draft there was a differ¬ 
ent and much more encouraging showing. Ac¬ 
cording to the report of Gen. Crowder on the 
first draft, that of June 5, 1917, 703,756 or 29.11 
per cent of the 2,510,706 men examined, were 
rejected by the physicians of the draft boards, 
while, of those accepted thus, 5.8 per cent were 
subsequently rejected by medical boards at the 
cantonments. 21.68 per cent were thrown out 
because of defective sight. The cause that was 
second in importance was bad teeth. Poor hear¬ 
ing accounted for 5.94 per cent of the rejec¬ 
tions, hernia for 7.47 per cent, heart disease for 
5.87, tuberculosis for 5.37, mental deficiency for 
4.53 per cent, venereal diseases for 4.27 per cent, 
physical undevelopment for 4.06 per cent, flat 
feet for 3.77 per cent, underweight for 1.59 per 
cent, alcohol and drug habits combined for only 
.77 of 1 per cent. 


American Airplanes in the War 

American airmen in Prance brought down a 
total of 854 German airplanes and 82 German 
balloons, against an American loss of 271 planes 
and 45 balloons. Destruction of 354 of the enemy 
planes and 57 balloons was officially confirmed. 
The total casualties of the American air service 
in action are given as 442, including 109 killed, 
103 wounded, 200 missing, twenty-seven prison¬ 
ers, and three interned. When the armistice 
came there were thirty-nine American air squad¬ 
rons at the front. They included twenty pursuit, 
six day, and one night bombardment squadrons 
and five army, twelve corps, and one night ob¬ 
servation squadrons. The total personnel was 



354 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

2,161 officers and 22,351 men at the front, with 
an additional 4,643 officers and 28,353 men in 
the service of supply. Eight American flying 
officers were detailed with the British army and 
forty-nine officers and 525 men with the French 
forces. The total strength of the American air 
service in France was 58,090, of whom 6,861 
were officers. This was exclusive of the air 
service mechanics’ regiment with the French 
army, numbering 109 officers and 4,744 men. 


Uncle Sam’s Gas Masks 

Gas mask production in the United States was 
begun in May, 1917. 20,000 masks were shipped 
abroad during the first eight weeks. Up to the 
signing of the armistice, 5,000,000 masks had 
been produced, 3,000,000 extra canisters, 500,000 
horse masks, and large numbers of mustard gas 
suits and other equipment. Production was then 
going forward at the rate of 40,000 a day, and 
the masks had been so improved that they could 
be worn almost indefinitely, even in sleep, with 
comparatively little discomfort. 


America’s Food Shipments to Allies 

U. S. Food Administrator Hoover summarized 
the shipments of foodstuffs from this country 
to the allied countries during the World War 
as follows: 

Shipments of meats and fats, including meat 
and dairy products, vegetable oils, etc: 

Fiscal year 1916-17.2,166,500,000 pounds 

“ “ 1917-18.3,011,100,000 


Increase . 844,600,000 " 

Shipments of cereals and cereal products: 

Fiscal year 1916-17. 259,900,000 bushels 

“ “ 1917-18. 340,800,000 “ 


Increase . 80,900,000 

Value of food shipments, fiscal year 
1917-18 .$1,400,000,000 













CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


355 


New Weapons and Methods of the World War 

Many weapons of the World War are of a won¬ 
der and strangeness dreamed of a few years ago 
by only the imagination of a Jules Verne. Others 
are a return to the warfare and implements of 
ancient times. Some of the products and methods 
of this greatest of all conflicts, new achievements 
of science or borrowings from ancient and me¬ 
dieval times or savagery, weapons of offense and 
weapons of defense in reply to them are: 

Nation Which In¬ 
vented or Introduced. 


Airplane .United States 

Submarine .United States 

Tanks.Great Britain 

Zeppelins.Germany 

Anti-Aircraft Guns_Great Britain and France 

Giant Land Guns .Germany 

High Powered Explosives.General 

Trenches and Dugouts.General 

Anti-Submarine Steel Nets.Allies 

Anti-Submarine Depth Bombs.Allies 

Hand Grenades .Germany 

Steel Darts.France 

Anti-Zeppelin Inflammatory Shells.Allies 

Barbed Wire Entanglements..General 

Poison Gas.Germany 

Anti-Gas Masks .Allies 

Tear Shells .Germany 

Goggles . Allies 

Star Shells.Germany 

Flesh-Burning Gas Shells.Germany 

Smoke Screens on Land and Sea.Allies 

Liquid Fire.Germany 


Tanks 

Heavy armored motor cars, propelled usually 
by “caterpillar drive” and used to break through 
enemy defenses, enfilade his trenches, or to cover 
attacks upon them. They were first used on 
September 15, 1916, by the British in their opera¬ 
tions on the Somme, and were the decisive factor 
in General Byng’s brilliant advance. 
























356 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

History of the Red Cross 
The suffering’s of soldiers in the Crimean War 
first directed the world’s humaner impulses to¬ 
ward measures for the systematic care of the 
wounded and gave permanent fame to the name 
of Florence Nightingale. In 1859, when the 
Swiss humanitarian, M. Henri Dunant, was vis¬ 
iting Italy as a tourist, he was caught in the 
dreadful carnage of the battle of Solferino. Du¬ 
nant personally ministered to the wounded, and 
—what is more important—he organized volun¬ 
teers in the vicinity to help him in the work. 
Soon after he formulated the first proposals for 
volunteer associations to care for the wounded 
of war and for the neutralization of the personnel 
of such relief association. His prophetic vision 
even embraced the services which such associa¬ 
tions could render in time of epidemics, floods, 
and other catastrophes. M. Dunant’s appeals 
resulted in a preliminary conference held at 
Geneva in 1863, which in turn led to an official 
international conference at Geneva in 1864. Dur¬ 
ing this second conference the delegates from 
the United States made a valuable—perhaps a 
d e c i s i v e — contribution by showing that the 
United States Sanitary Commission, by actual 
relief operations, had already solved problems 
which were troubling the conference and were 
making its success a matter of doubt. The 
Geneva convention, adopted at that time, re¬ 
vised in 1906, and given additional force by 
The Hague conferences, was the formal begin¬ 
ning of the Red Cross, and for that reason is 
sometimes called the “Red Cross treaty.” The 
name “Red Cross” comes from the insignia 
adopted by the conference. 


U. S. Naval Vessels Lost 
Only 44 vessels of the Navy, including army 
and cargo transports manned by naval crews, 
were lost from the declaration of war, April 6 
1917, until hostilities ceased Nov. 11. And only 
12 of these were destroyed by enemy submarines. 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


357 


The Greatest Battles of the I8th and 19th 
Centuries 


Men 

Name. 18th Century. Date. Engaged. 

Blenheim .1704 116,000 

Ramilies.1706 122,000 

Oudenard.1708 170,000 

Malplaquet.1709 200,000 

Dettingen .1743 97,000 

Fontenoy .1745 90,000 

Prague .1757 124,000 

Kollin .1757 87,000 

Leuthen .1757 111,000 

Breslau .1757 110,000 

Zorndorf .1758 84,700 

Hochkirch .1758 132,000 

Zullchau .1759 113,000 

Torgau .1760 106,000 

Castiglione .1796 90,000 

19th Century. 

Hohenlinden .1800 106,000 

Austerlitz . 1805 148,000 

Eylau .1807 133,500 

Heilsburg .1807 169,000 

Friedland .1807 142,000 

Eckmiihl .1809 145,000 

Aspern.1809 170,000 

Wagram .1809 300,000 

Talavera .1809 109,000 

Borodino .1812 263,000 

Bautzen .1813 300,000 

Vittoria .1813 143,000 

Leipsic ..1813 440,000 

Le Rothiere .1814 120,000 

Laon .1814 112,000 

Ligny.1815 159,000 

Waterloo.1815 170,000 

Magenta .1859 108,000 

Solferino .1859 295,000 

Civil War. 

Shiloh .1862 98,000 

Seven Pines . 1862 90,000 

Malvern Hill . 1862 150,000 







































358 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


Second Manassas . 

.1862 

127,000 

Antietam . 

.1862 

128,000 

Fredericksburg . 

.1862 

190,000 

Chickamauga. 

.1863 

128,000 

Chancellorsville. 

.1863 

192,000 

Gettysburg ... 

.1863 

163,000 

Chattanooga . 

.1863 

99,000 

Spottsylvania. 

.1864 

150,000 

Cold Harbor. 

.1864 

168,000 

Wilderness . 

.1864 

179,000 

Koeniggratz . 

.1866 

417,000 

Worth . 

.1870 

135,000 

Vionville . 

.1870 

168,000 

Gravelotte. 

.1870 

320,000 

Plevna. 

.1877 

115,000 


The Monroe Doctrine 

A statement of principles made in the famous 
message of December 2, 1823. The occasion of 
the utterance was the threat by the so-called 
Holy Alliance to interfere forcibly in South Amer¬ 
ica with a view to reseating Spain in control of 
her former colonies there. President Monroe, 
pointing to the fact that it was a principle of 
American policy not to intermeddle in European 
affaire, gave warning that any attempt by the 
monarchies of Europe “to extend their system 
to any portion of this hemisphere” would be 
considered by the United States “as dangerous 
to our peace and safety.” This warning fell in 
line with British policy, which was then directed 
by Canning, and so proved efficacious. In a later 
section of the same message the proposition was 
also advanced that the American Continent was 
no longer subject to colonization. This clause 
of the doctrine was the work of Monroe’s Secre¬ 
tary of State, J. Q. Adams, and its occasion was 
furnished by the fear that Russia was planning 
to set up a colony at San Francisco, then the 
property of Spain, whose natural heir on the 
North American Continent, Adams held, was 
the United States. 



















CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


359 


U. S. Casualties by Divisions 
Battle deaths, missing, and prisoners in thirty 
combat divisions of the U. S. Army in the 
World War, reported to Jan. 10, 1919, two 
months after the armistice was signed, field 


signal 

battalions 

and trains not 

included, are 

given as follows: 






Killed in 

Died of 

Missing 

Pris¬ 


Div. 

action. 

wounds. 

in action. 

oners. 

Total. 

1. 

2,303 

1.050 

1,789 

106 

5,248 


1.383 

696 

813 

73 

2,965 

3. 

1,901 

589 

873 

254 

3,617 

4. 

1,500 

618 

817 

51 

2,986 

5. 

970 

505 

969 

60 

3,504 

6. 

49 

67 

3 

3 

122 

7. 

175 

98 

50 

3 

326 

2(5. 

1,388 

660 

462 

354 

2,864 

27. 

1,302 

404 

330 

158 

2,194 

28. 

1,544 

553 

1,174 

619 

3,890 

29. 

597 

220 

267 

33 

1,117 

30. 

1,084 

415 

251 

22 

1,772 

32. 

1,694 

708 

768 

43 

3,213 

33. 

632 

261 

249 

29 

1,171 

35. 

596 

217 

808 

112 

1,733 

36. 

358 

116 

393 

2 

869 

37. 

658 

289 

303 

0 

1,250 

42. 

1,702 

723 

440 

85 

2,950 

77. 

1,275 

552 

529 

336 

2,692 

78. 

915 

339 

508 

63 

1,825 

79. 

880 

352 

1.142 

15 

2,389 

80. 

636 

337 

286 

96 

1,355 

81. 

203 

86 

79 

2 

370 

82. 

808 

324 

271 

189 

1,592 

88. 

20 

33 

7 

6 

66 

89. 

838 

427 

256 

4 

1,525 

90. 

936 

327 

287 

35 

1,585 

91. 

934 

275 

470 

23 

1,702 

92. 

109 

50 

47 

5 

211 

93. 

372 

105 

8 

4 

489 

Totals. 

. 27,762 

11,396 

14,649 

2,785 

56,592 


*Two regiments of marines not included. 






























360 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


As there were only 2,785 listed prisoners out 
of a total of 14,649 missing- in action, 11,864 
were left unaccounted for and most of these will 
doubtless have to be added to the dead. 


U. S, Marine Casualties 

Figures for the Marine Brigade of the Second 
Division in the World War, complete to Jan. 1, 
1919, show killed and died of wounds, 55 officers 
and 1,507 men; missing in action, 2 officers, 695 
men; severely wounded, 91 officers and 1,802 
men; slightly wounded, 186 officers and 5,296 
men; gassed, 31 officers and 1,854 men. Total 
casualties, all causes, 365 officers, 11,152 men. 


U. S. Naval Fatalities 

On the authority of U. S. Surgeon-General 
Braisted, deaths in the Navy from “war causes” 
totaled 1,233 during the Great War. 


U. S. Death Rate in World War and Previous 
Conflicts 

Official figures give U. S. death rate at the 
front in the World War as 57 per 1,000 per year; 
for the entire army, including camps at home, 
20 per 1,000 per year. Disease rate, 17 per 
1,000 per year in the A. E. F. and 16 at home. 
The death rate of the British expeditionary forces 
is given as 110 per 1,000 per year. In past con¬ 
flicts disease killed more men than battle, but 
this was reversed in the World War. 

The table of comparative battle and disease 
death rates per 1,000 per year for wars in which 
the United States has engaged since the war of 
1812, follows: 

Battle Disease 
death death 

rate. rate. 


Mexican war . 15 110 

Civil war (north). 33 65 

Spanish war. 5 26 

Present war (A. E. F.). 57 17 








CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


361 


The Great War's Toll 

The toll in dead, wounded and missing paid 
by the six largest nations in the Great War was 
estimated in Dec., 1918, as follows : 


Wounded 

Dead and missing Total 

France .1,400,000 No report 1,400,000 

Great Britain ...1,000,000 2,032,122 3,032,122 

Italy . 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 

United States . . 56,422 175,385 231,807 

Germany .2,000,000 4,066,769 6,066,769 

Russia .3,000,000 5,000,000 8,000,000 


Grand total .20,230,698 


Expenditures by U. S. in Former Wars 


War of 1812 With Great Britain, From June 18, 1812, 



to Feb. 

17, 1815 


Year 

Total* 

War 

Navy 

1812 

$20,280,000 

$11,817,000 

$3,959,000 

1813 

31,681,000 

19,652,000 

6,446,000 

1814 

34,720,000 

20,350,000 

7,311,000 

1815 

32,943,000 

14,794,000 

8,660,000 

War With 

Mexico, From April 24, 1846, to 

July 4, 1848 

Year 

Total* 

War 

Navy 

1846 

$27,261,000 

$10,413,000 

$6,455,000 

1847 

54,920,000 

35,840,000 

7,900,000 

1848 

47,618,000 

27,688,000 

9,408,000 

1849 

43,499,000 

14,558,000 

9,786,000 


Civil War, From 1861 to 1865 


Year 

Total* 

War 

Navy 

1860 

$ 63,201,000 

$ 16,472,000 

$ 11,514,000 

1861 

66,650,000 

23,001,000 

12,387,000 

1862 

469,569,000 

389,173,000 

42,640,000 

1863 

718,733,000 

603,314,000 

63,261,000 

1864 

864,968,000 

690,391,000 

85,705,000 

1865 

1,295,099,000 

1,030,690,000 

122,617,000 

Spanish-American War, 

From April 

21, 1898, 


to Dec. 

10, 1898 


Year 

Total* 

War 

Navy 

1898 

$809,142,000 



Philippine Insurrection, etc., 1899 

-1900 

Year 

Total* 

War 

Navy 

1899-1900 

$1,092,784,000 




*The sums of the expenditures of the Army and Navy 
do not equal the total given above. The difference was 
used for other Government expenses connected with 
the wars. 


World’s Tonnage Losses 
An official announcement made in December, 
1918, placed the world’s losses in merchant ton- 















362 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


nage from enemy action and marine risk from 
the beginning of the World War to the end of 
October, 1918, at 15,053,786 gross tons. In the 
same period 10,849,527 tons were constructed and 
2,392,675 tons of enemy vessels were captured, 
leaving a net tonnage loss of 1,811,584 tons. 


Russian War Losses 

Shortly after the signing of the armistice, the 
director of the Russian information bureau in 
this country estimated the Russian casualties in 
the World War at “not less than 8,000,000, of 
whom 3,000,000 were killed and about 1,000,000 
disabled for life.” 

ANOTHER COMPUTATION 

Russia’s casualties in the World War total 
9,150,000 men, according to 'another computation. 
Of this number 1,700,000 were killed. The dis¬ 
abled men number 1,450,000, while 3,500,000 
other soldiers were wounded. The Russians 
taken prisoner total 2,500,000. 


Austria-Hungary’s Losses 

The casualties of the Austro-Hungarian armies 
from the beginning of the World War up to the 
end of May, 1918, were slightly more than 4,000,- 
000 men, according to official statistics. Eigh¬ 
teen generals out of 310 were killed. 


French War Losses 

Casualties in the French Army during the 
World War, excluding Colonial troops, up to 
Nov. 1, 1918, were 4,762,800, according to offi¬ 
cial figures. Men killed in action or dead of 
wounds numbered 1,028,000, and to this total 
must be added 299,000 listed as missing and 
given up for lost, making a total of 1,327,800. 
The number of wounded was 3,000,000, with 
435,000 listed as prisoners. Three-fourths of 
the wounded recovered, either entirely or at 
least to such an extent as to be fit to work 
again. 





CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 363 
Italy’s War Losses 

During the World War the Italian army lost 
15,600 officers killed and over 30,000 wounded. 
The losses in men are given as approximately 
500,000 killed or died of wounds, 500,000 per¬ 
manently disabled—1,500,000 total casualties. 
Money cost is given as $10,000,000,000, and it 
is claimed that Italy had more men under arms 
in proportion to population than any other coun¬ 
try. 5,500,000 out of a total population of only 
36,000,000 were called to the colors. 


Canadian War Losses 



Officers 

Men 

Total 

Killed in action. 


33,824 

35,666 

Died of wounds. 

.... 614 

11,806 

12,420 

Died of disease. 


5,185 

5,405 

Wounded . 

....7,130 

148,669 

155,799 

Prisoners of war. 



3,575 

Presumed dead . 


4,529 

4,671 

Missing. 


384 

425 

Deaths in Canada... 



2,221 

Totals. 

....9,989 

204,397 

220,182 


Total deaths, 60,383. 


Age of Nations in the Great War 

Contrary to popular impression, the United 
States was one of the “old timer” nations en¬ 
gaged in the World War, not the most youthful 
—so far at least as the actual duration of the 
different formal governments was concerned. The 
most recently formed governments were, in the 
strict sense: Roumania, Bulgaria and Serbia, 
according to the Florida Times-Union. Next was 
Germany, the German Empire having dated back 
as such only to 1871. Next came Italy, which 
became a kingdom in 1859 or 1860. Thus at least 
five European nations in the great conflict were 
“younger” than the United States, which existed 
in precisely the same governmental form nearly 
one hundred years before the German Empire 
came into being. And if we were to include China 
















364 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


and all the other countries in the war the show¬ 
ing would be still more striking. It will be un¬ 
derstood, of course, that all of these countries are 
infinitely older than our own, historically; we 
are speaking only of the duration of the govern¬ 
mental form under which they went to war. 


Vast Surplus of Army Clothing 

November 1st, 1918, ten days before hostil¬ 
ities ceased, found the United States Government 
in possession of enormous quantities of clothing, 
including 5,000,000 cotton coats, 6,000,000 woolen 
coats, 4,000,000 overcoats, 9,000,000 flannel 
shirts, 45,000,000 pairs of winter and summer 
drawers, 44,000,000 winter and summer under¬ 
shirts, 11,000,000 pairs of shoes, 46,000,000 pairs 
of socks, and 5,000,000 blankets. 

German Propaganda 

A. Bruce Bielaski, Chief of the Bureau of In¬ 
vestigation of the U. S. Department of Justice 
during the World War, is authority for the state¬ 
ment that it was possible to trace expenditures 
of $27,850,000 directly to German propagandists. 
Of this amount no less than $12,000,000 was 
raised in the United,States, he said. 


Abdication Dates 

Czar Nicholas, March 15, 1917. 

King Constantine of Greece, June 12, 1917. 
King Ferdinand of Bulgaria, Oct. 3, 1918. 

King Boris of Bulgaria, Nov. 2, 1918. 

Kaiser Wilhelm, Nov. 9, 1918. 

Emperor Charles of Austria, Nov. 11, 1918. 
King Friedrich August of Saxony, Nov. 12,1918. 
Duke Ernst Augustus of Brunswick, Nov. 12, 
1918. 

Grand Duke William Ernst of Saxe-Weimar, 
Nov. 12, 1918. 

Prince Leopold of Lippe-Detmold, Nov. 12,1918. 
Grand Duke Friedrich of Baden, Nov. 12. 1918. 
Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig of Hesse, Nov. 12, 





CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 365 


Men Furnished by States in World War 


New York .... 

.367,864 

Mississippi. 

54,295 

Pennsylvania . 

.297,891 

South Carolina. 

53,482 

Illinois . 

.251,074 

Connecticut .... 

50,069 

Ohio. 

.200,293 

Nebraska . 

47,205 

Texas . 

.161,065 

Maryland . 

47,054 

Michigan . 

.135,485 

Washington ... 

45,154 

Massachusetts 

.132,610 

Montana. 

36,293 

Missouri . 

.128,544 

Colorado. 

34,393 

California. 

.112,514 

Florida . 

33,331 

Indiana. 

.106,581 

Oregon . 

30,116 

New Jersey ... 

.105.207 

South Dakota... 

29,686 

Minnesota .... 

. 99,116 

North Dakota... 

25,803 

Iowa . 

. 98,781 

Maine . 

24,252 

Wisconsin .... 

. 98,211 

Idaho . 

19,016 

Georgia. 

. 85,506 

Utah . 

17,361 

Oklahoma .... 
Tennessee .... 

. 80,169 
. 75,825 

Rhode Island .. 
District of Co¬ 

16,861 

Kentucky. 

. 75,043 

lumbia . 

15,930 

Alabama. 

. 74,678 

New Hampshire 14,374 

Virginia . 

. 74,062 

New Mexico ... 

12,439 

North Carolina. 73,003 

Wyoming. 

11,393 

Louisiana. 

. 65,988 

Arizona. 

10,492 

Kansas . 

. 63,428 

Vermont. 

9,338 

Arkansas . 

. 61,027 

Delaware . 

7,484 

West Virginia. 

. 55,777 

Nevada . 

5,105 


The total of 3,757,624 included also 16,638 from 
Porto Rico, 5,664 from Hawaii, 2,108 from 
Alaska, 255 from the Philippine Islands, 1,138 
not allocated, and 1,499 accredited to the Amer¬ 
ican expeditionary force, comprising men who 
joined the army in Europe. 


Salaries of U. S. Army and Navy Officers 


ARMY. 

General .$10,000 

Lieut.-General. 9,000 

Major-General. 8,000 

Brigadier-General . 6,000 

Colonel . 4,000 

Lieut.-Colonel . 3,500 

Major . 3,000 

Captain . 2,400 

First Lieutenant. ..2,000 

Second Lieutenant.. 1,700 


NAVY. 

Admiral .$10,000 

Vice-Admiral . 9,000 

Rear-Admiral ..6,000-8,000 

Commodore . 6,000 

Captain . 4,000 

Commander . 3,500 

Lieut.-Commander . 3,000 

Lieutenant . 2,400 

Lieut, (jun. grade) 2,000 
Ensign . 1,700 





















































366 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


U. S. War Loans to Allies 

Great Britain, $3,745,000,000; France, $2,445,- 
000,000; Italy, $1,160,000,000; Russia, $325,000,- 
000; Belgium, $183,520,000; Greece, $15,790,000; 
Cuba, $15,000,000; Serbia, $12,000,000; Rouma- 
nia, $6,666,666, and Liberia, $5,000,000. 

In fact, up to Nov. 15, 1918, the United States 
had lent the allied governments more than 
$8,000,000,000, a debt which all the gold pro¬ 
duced outside of this country in the next twenty 
years would be insufficient to pay. 


Foreign Money Values in TJ. S. Currency 
Austria— Approximate Value. 

1 Heller .1/5 cent 

1 Krone=100 Heller . 19 cents 

Belgium— 

1 Centime .1/5 cent 

1 Franc = 100 centimes . 19 cents 

England— 

1 Farthing .1/2 cent 

1 Halfpenny . 1 cent 

1 Penny . 2 cents 

1 Shilling=12 pence . 24 cents 

1 Pound or sovereign = 20 shillings_$4.87 

France— 

1 Centime .1/5 cent 

1 Franc=100 centimes . 19 cents 

Germany— 

1 Pfennig . 1/4 cent 

1 Mark=100 pfennig . 24 cents 

Italy— 

1 Centesimo .1/5 cent 

1 Lira=100 centesimi . 19 cents 

Russia— 

1 Kopeck .1/2 cent 

1 Ruble = 100 kopecks .51 cents 


Armistice Celebrations 

One hundred and fifty-five tons of paper scraps 
are estimated to have been thrown into New 
York’s streets during the armistice celebrations 
of November, 1918, entailing a cleaning-up bill 
of $80,000. 




















CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 367 

Cost of the World War 

The following - table gives in round numbers the 
war expenditures of all nations engaged in the 
World War up to May, 1919. The figures are 
believed to be substantially reliable: 


Countries. Amount. 

Great Britain and dominions.$38,000,000,000 

France . 26,000,000,000 

United States. 22,000,000,000 

Russia . 18,000,000,000 

Italy . 13,000,000,000 

Belgium, Roumania, Portugal and 

Jugo-Slavia . 5,000,000,000 

Japan and Greece. 1,000,000,000 


Total, Allies and U. S.$123,000,000,000 

Germany . $39,000,000,000 

Austria-Hungary . 21,000,000,000 

Turkey and Bulgaria. 3,000,000,000 


Total, Central Empires. $63,000,000,000 

Grand total . 186,000,000,000 


World’s Debt Estimated 

The National City Bank of New York estimated 
in January, 1920, that the world’s debt, as the 
result of war, had increased from $40,000,000,000 
in 1914 to $200,000,000,000. Paper currency 
throughout the world increased 600 per cent since 
1914, while the gold reserve behind it increased 
only 40 per cent, according to statistics compiled 
by the bank. 


Foul Air in Wells 

A good extemporized apparatus for removing 
carbonic acid gas from wells is simply an opened- 
out umbrella let dgwn and rapidly hauled up a 
number of times in succession. The person who 
made and reports this experiment states that the 
effect was to remove the gas in a few minutes 
from a well so foul as to instantly extinguish a 
candle previous to use of the umbrella. 



















368 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


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CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


370 

Wars of the United States—Continued 

The number of casualties in the volunteer and 
regular armies of the United States, during the 
Civil War, was reported by the Provost-Marshal- 
General : 

Killed in battle, 61,362; died of wounds, 34,727; 
died of disease, 183,287; total died, 279,376; total 
deserted, 199,105. 

Number of soldiers in the Confederate service, 
who died of wounds or disease (partial state¬ 
ment), 133,821. Deserted (partial statement), 
104,428. 

Number of United States troops captured dur¬ 
ing the war, 212,608; Confederate troops cap¬ 
tured, 476,169. 

Number of United States troops paroled on the 
field, 16,431; Confederate troops paroled on the 
field, 248,599. 

Number of United States troops who died while 
prisoners, 29,725; Confederate troops who died 
while prisoners, 26,774. 

The casualties on the American side in the War 
of 1812 were: Killed, 1,877; wounded, 3,737; 
total, 5,614. 

The casualties on the American side in the war 
with Mexico, 1846-48, were: Killed, 1,049; died 
of wounds, 904; wounded, 3,420. 


Center of Population In the United States 

Westward 

Date. Position of Center of Population. Movement, 


Miles. 

1790 23 miles E. of Baltimore, Md. 

1800 18 miles W. of Baltimore, Md. 40.6 

1810 40 miles N. W. by W. of Washington, D. C. . . 36.9 

1820 60 miles N. of Woodstock, Va. 50.5 

1830 19 miles W. S. W. of Moorefield, W. Va. 40.4 

1840 16 miles S. of Clarksburg, W. Va. 55.0 

1850 23 miles S. E. of Parkersburg, W. Va. 54.8 

1860 20 miles S. of Chillicothe, 0. 80.6 

1870 48 miles E. by N. of Cincinnati, 0. 44.1 

1880 8 miles W. by S. of Cincinnati, 0. 58.1 

1890 20 miles E. of Columbus, Ind. 48.6 

1900 7 miles S. E. of Columbus, Ind. 14.6 

1910 Bloomington, Ind. 39.0 


Westward movement in 120 years. 563.2 

















CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 371 
Alsace-Lorraine 

Alsace-Lorraine is roughly the territory bound¬ 
ed by the Rhine on the east, the Vosges Moun¬ 
tains on the west, Luxemburg on the north, and 
Switzerland on the south, says the official “War 
Cyclopedia.” The soil is fertile and Lorraine is 
rich in excellent iron ore. The total area is 
5,604 square miles and the population in 1910 
was 1,874,014. Both Alsace and Lorraine orig¬ 
inally lay within the Holy Roman Empire, but 
the former was acquired by Prance in Louis 
XIV’s time, and the latter during the reign of 
Louis XV. After the Franco-Prussian War Ger¬ 
many took the provinces as a part of the price 
of peace, despite the protest of the inhabitants. 
They were at once erected into an imperial terri¬ 
tory (Reichsland ), directly subject to the Ger¬ 
man Emperor and the Federal Council. The so- 
called constitution of 1911 did not improve the 
strained relations between the provinces and the 
Government, which throughout was unable to 
reconcile a large portion of the inhabitants or 
to prevent them from showing their attachment 
to France on every occasion. Germanizing of 
the population was only partially successful de¬ 
spite the bringing in of German settlers and the 
adoption of such restrictive measures as that of 
limiting instruction in the French language in 
the public schools to one hour a week. 


A Famous Phrase 

Patrick Henry, in March, 1775, delivered a 
speech in the Virginia Convention in favor of a 
resolution “that the colony be immediately put 
in a state of defense.” In concluding his address, 
the impassioned son of Hanover County said: “Is 
life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased 
at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, 
Almighty God! I know not what course others 
may take; but as for me, give me liberty, or give 
me death!” 



372 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


NOTED WORLD-WAR PERSONAGES 
Marshal Ferdinand Foch 

Marshal Poch was 67 years old when, in March, 
1918, he was made supreme commander of the 
allied forces in the World War. He first became 
known at the battle of the Marne, September, 
1914, when he led the 7th French Army Corps. 
He was assigned by Gen. Joffre to oppose the 
victoriously advancing German line at a point 
south of Chalons, almost midway between Ver¬ 
dun and Paris. His corps represented the French 
center. The Germans struck at it desperately on 
Sept. 7 and drove the French south, inflicting 
heavy losses. Foch rallied his forces, and on 
Sept. 9, by a brilliant piece of strategy, assumed 
an unexpected offensive, driving his army clear 
through the German line. Later Foch’s army, 
with the British, fought the tremendous battle 
of Ypres. 


Gen. John J. Pershing 

John Joseph Pershing was born at Laclede, 
Mo., in 1860, and had a great deal of military 
experience before he went to France. Imme¬ 
diately after graduating from West Point, in 
1886, he was sent to New Mexico and Arizona to 
fight in the Apache campaign, remaining in active 
Indian service till the Sioux campaign (1891) 
practically ended Indian warfare. In 1898 he 
commanded the Tenth Cavalry at Santiago de 
Cuba. From 1899 to 1903 he served in the Phil¬ 
ippines. As military attache in Tokio, 1905-06, 
he was with Kuroki’s army in Manchuria during 
the Russo-Japanese war. In 1906 he returned 
to the Philippines as governor of Mindanao and 
subdued the rebellious Moros. In 1915 he com¬ 
manded the Presidio in California, where his 
wife and three daughters were burned to death. 
In 1916 he commanded the expeditionary force 
that penetrated into Mexico to end Villa’s power 
for disorder. He was made commander of the 
American Expeditionary Forces in 1917. 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


373 


David Lloyd George 

The great British Premier in the World War 
and one of the most commanding figures of the 
Peace Conference, is a Welchman, born in 1863. 
He entered Parliament in 1890. He drew public 
attention by his vigorous opposition. to the Boer 
War, which he denounced in public meetings at 
no little personal risk. Nevertheless he entered 
the Liberal Cabinet of 1905, and in 1908 became 
Chancellor of the Exchequer. His first budget 
proposed a heavy tax on unoccupied land and 
was forced through the House of Lords only by 
the threat of the creation of new peers. He 
later championed the cause of social reforms, 
being the chief advocate of measures such as 
workingmen’s insurance. Although an advocate 
of better relations with Germany up to 1914, 
after the outbreak of war he stood for a vigor¬ 
ous prosecution of hostilities. In May, 1915, he 
was given the difficult task of directing the mu¬ 
nitions production, in which labor difficulties had 
arisen. For this task a new department, the 
Ministry of Munitions, was created. As Minis¬ 
ter of Munitions Lloyd George was a great suc¬ 
cess, and when Asquith resigned in December, 
1916, he became Premier. 

Earl Kitchener 

Earl Kitchener of Khartum, born in 1850, was 
England’s greatest figure in the war in its first 
years. His principal services to his country 
prior to the outbreak of hostilities with the 
German Empire were performed in Egypt and 
South Africa. His reconquest of the Sudan 
caused him to be raised to the peerage as Baron 
Kitchener of Khartum, a name chosen in rec¬ 
ognition of his services in leading the expedi¬ 
tion up the Nile to that place; he also received 
the thanks of Parliament and a money grant of 
£30,000. Lord Kitchener played a distinguished 
part in the South African War, being commander 
in chief in 1900-1902; subsequently for some 
years he commanded in India. He became a 
viscount in 1902 and an earl in 1914. His mil¬ 
itary rank had become lieutenant general in 


374 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

1899, general in 1902, and field marshal in 1909. 
In 1914 the nation turned to Earl Kitchener 
with one accord as its greatest and most com¬ 
petent military leader. He became Secretary of 
State for War. He foresaw the difficult char¬ 
acter and the duration of the conflict, and suc¬ 
cessfully called into being the formidable forces 
in the field long known as “Kitchener’s army.” 
He went down at sea on H. M. S. Havipshire 
when that vessel was destroyed off the Orkney 
Islands by a German mine or a torpedo on June 
5, 1916, while bound for Archangel on a special 
mission to Russia. 

Nikolai Lcnine 

The chief leader of the Russian Bolsheviki; 
his real name is Vladmir Utulyanov. Born about 
1870. In the early nineties Lenine, already well 
known as the author of several works of an ex¬ 
treme tendency on economic subjects, became a 
leader of the radical Social Democrats of Russia. 
Elected to the second Duma after the revolution 
of 1905, he was soon exiled. At the outbreak 
of the World War he was in Cracow (Austrian 
Poland), where he was soon interned as an 
enemy alien but was released and allowed to 
join the colony of radical Russians in Switzer¬ 
land. In April, 1917, through the collusion of 
the German Government, he reached Petrograd, 
where he began to preach immediate peace and 
general confiscation of property. 

Marshal Joffre 

Gen. Joseph Jacques Cesaire Joffre, born in 
1852, was commander in chief of the French ar¬ 
mies during the earlier stages of the Great War. 
He entered the army as a second lieutenant dur¬ 
ing the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, com¬ 
manding a battery in the siege of Paris. He 
later served with distinction in the French col¬ 
onies in Asia and Africa. Appointed chief of 
the general staff of the French army in 1911, 
he assumed active command at the outbreak of 
the war, and his fame became world-wide when 
he stopped the German advance upon Paris at 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


375 


the battle of the Marne. On his visit to America 
as the head of the French mission he aroused 
popular sympathies as no other Frenchman has 
done since Lafayette’s last visit in 1825. He 
was succeeded in active supreme command at 
the end of 1916, after two and a half years of 
the most arduous responsibility, by Gen. Nivelle, 
whose reputation was made in the defense of 
Verdun, but who was soon superseded by Gen. 
Petain. Gen. Joffre was made marshal of France, 
and became the chief military advisor. 

Field Marshal Von Hindenburg 

Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg, born 
1847. Chief of the general staff of the German 
Army from 1916 to the signing of the armistice. 
Before the war he was noted chiefly for his ex¬ 
tensive knowledge of the Mazurian Lakes in 
East Prussia. When the Russians invaded that 
province in August, 1914, Hindenburg was called 
from retirement, and by brilliant strategy de¬ 
stroyed their army at Tannenberg. That victory 
made him the idol of Germany and led the 
Kaiser to create him field marshal. The fol¬ 
lowing summer he drove the Russians out of 
Poland. After the failure before Verdun and 
on the Somme, which reflected little credit on 
Gen. von Falkenhayn, that general was deposed 
as chief of the general staff and Hindenburg put 
in his place. It was often asserted that Hinden¬ 
burg is not so great a general as his assistant, 
Ludendorff, the first quartermaster general. 

Sir Douglas Haig 

Commander in chief of the British forces in 
France and Flanders, to which position he suc¬ 
ceeded when Sir John French was recalled for 
other duties in 1915. He was employed for many 
years in the cavalry arm of the British service, 
reaching the rank of major general in 1904, lieu¬ 
tenant general in 1910, and general in 1914. He 
was at Khartum with Kitchener, fought for 
three years in the South African war, and saw 
extended service in India before coming to his 
present high command in December, 1915. He 


376 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

was created field marshal after the battle of 
the Somme in 1916. 

Field Marshal French 

Sir John, now Viscount French, commanded 
with skill the British expeditionary force in 
Belgium and France from the outbreak of the 
war until he was replaced in 1915 by Sir Doug¬ 
las Haig. He was chief of the imperial general 
staff in 1912-14. He commanded the cavalry 
division in the South African War, when his 
name came to be widely known. His title is 
Viscount French of Ypres in testimony of his 
services in that battle, by which the Germans 
were frustrated in their design to reach Calais. 

Georges Clemenceau 

A French statesman of strong personality, born 
in 1841. For several years he was a resident 
of America as a school teacher in Connecticut, 
but returned to France in 1869. He entered 
political life after the war of 1870-71. He has 
in the past written on American affairs for 
the French press. Owing to his great power 
as a debater, he has always been one of the 
most influential members of the Chamber of 
Deputies. He has probably made and unmade 
more ministries than any other Frenchman of 
recent history. He was the editor of L’Homme 
Libre, an influential French newspaper, which 
for a time he styled L’Homme Enchaine because 
of censorship difficulties. He became Prime Min¬ 
ister on November 17, 1917, with a program 
calling for a vigorous prosecution of the war, a 
rigid suppression of treasonable intrigue, and a 
more liberal policy as to political censorship of 
the press. He was one of the chief figures at 
the Peace Conference of 1919. 

Kaiser Wilhelm 

William II, former King of Prussia, and Ger¬ 
man Emperor from June 15, 1888, to his abdica¬ 
tion in 1918, was born in 1859. His grandfather, 
William I, achieved German unity, established 
the German Empire, and greatly influenced the 
ideals of his grandson. William IPs mother was 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


377 


the eldest daughter of Queen Victoria of Eng¬ 
land. At his accession he declared to the army: 
“So we are bound together—I and the army— 
so we are born for one another, and so we shall 
hold together indissolubly, whether, as God wills 
it, we are to have peace or storm.” After forc¬ 
ing Bismarck’s resignation on March 18, 1890, 
William II telegraphed to the Grand Duke of 
Weimar: “To me has fallen the post of officer 
of the watch upon the ship of state. We shall 
keep the old course; and now full steam ahead!” 
A few weeks later at Bremen he said: “It is a 
tradition in our house that we regard ourselves 
as chosen by God to govern and guide the peo¬ 
ple over whom we are appointed to rule, so that 
we may promote their welfare and further their 
material and spiritual interests. ... We Ger¬ 
mans shall succeed by vigorous striving toward 
the goal in accordance with the good maxim, 
‘We Germans fear God, and nothing else in the 
world.’ ” These three utterances summarize well 
his reign from 1890 onward: A devotion to the 
army and navy; a restless striving to push for¬ 
ward in every field of activity, quite unaware 
that in so doing he could not possibly “keep to 
the old course” of caution which Bismarck had 
steered; and an unlimited confidence in himself 
as the chosen of God. Endowed with an active 
mind and extraordinary energy, he sought to 
lead the way in political, social, and economic 
matters, to furnish the inspiration in literature, 
art, and science, and to develop the intensely 
modern materialistic Germany, with its over¬ 
whelming discipline, its progressive efficiency, 
and its expanding power beyond the seas. 

The Last of the Czars 

Nicholas II, the last Czar of Russia, was born 
in 1868. He ascended the throne October 20, 
1894, and married Alexandria, Princess of Hesse, 
the same year. Nicholas inaugurated his reign 
by a rigorous repression of all liberal movements 
and then embarked on a policy of adventure in 
the Far East, which ended in the war with Japan 


378 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

(1904-5) and the defeat of Russia. During the 
war a revolutionary movement manifested itself 
at home, which, culminating in the general strike 
of October, 1905, forced the Czar to grant a con¬ 
stitution. But Nicholas distrusted the liberals 
and gave the bureaucracy a free hand in crush¬ 
ing the revolution. On the outbreak of the Eu¬ 
ropean War the Czar proclaimed the solidarity 
of throne and people, thereby securing a con¬ 
siderable measure of popularity; but once again 
he relied too exclusively on the bureaucracy, 
with disastrous results, for these reactionaries 
soon lost interest in the war, and when the Czar 
refused to displace them he was compelled by 
the revolutionaries to abdicate, March 15, 1917. 
Nicholas II was undoubtedly patriotic; at times 
he was swayed by noble humanitarian senti¬ 
ments, which notably led to the calling of the 
first Hague conference, but he was weak willed, 
vacillating, unreliable, superstitious. 

King: Albert of Belgium 
Albert I, King of the Belgians, born 1875, suc¬ 
ceeded to the throne December 23, 1909, in suc¬ 
cession to his uncle, Leopold II. Becoming heir 
apparent at the age of 17 by the death of his 
elder brother, he passed through the educa¬ 
tional steps regularly marked out for Belgian 
royalty—the military school, extensive travels, 
and participation as member of the Senate in na¬ 
tional politics. At his accession he was re¬ 
garded with general favor as an earnest stu¬ 
dent, devoted to the welfare of his country. 
On the question of foreign affairs he was ap¬ 
proached by the Kaiser in November, 1913, at 
which time William II seems to have exerted 
enormous but unavailing pressure upon him in 
the hope of persuading him to permit the even¬ 
tual violation of Belgian neutrality by Germany. 
It was largely because of his determination that 
Belgium must abide by her promises to maintain 
—if necessary, by force—her absolute neutrality 
that the country played the heroic part known 
to the world in the summer of 1914. 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


379 


Constitution of the League of Nations 

Following' is the Constitution of the League 
of Nations as read to the Peace Conference in 
Paris by President Wilson, Feb. 14, 1919: 

PREAMBLE. 

In order to promote international co-operation 
and to secure international peace and security 
by the acceptance of obligations not to resort 
to war, by the prescription of open, just and 
honorable relations between nations, by the firm 
establishment of the understandings of interna¬ 
tional law as the actual rule of conduct among 
governments, and by the maintenance of justice 
and a scrupulous respect for all treaty obliga¬ 
tions in the dealings of organized people with 
one another, the powers signatory to this cov¬ 
enant adopt this constitution of the League of 
Nations: 

ARTICLE I.—THE BASIS. 

The action of the high contracting parties 
under the terms of this covenant shall be ef¬ 
fected through the instrumentality of a meet¬ 
ing of a body of delegates representing the high 
contracting parties, of meetings at more fre¬ 
quent intervals of an executive council, and of 
a permanent international secretariat to be es¬ 
tablished at the seat of the league. 

ARTICLE II.—MEETINGS. 

Meetings of the body of delegates shall be 
held at stated intervals and from time to time 
as occasion may require for the purpose of deal¬ 
ing with matters within the sphere of action of 
the league. Meetings of the body of delegates 
shall be held at the seat of the league or at 
such other places as may be found convenient 
and shall consist of representatives of the high 
contracting parties. Each of the high contract¬ 
ing parties shall have one vote, but may have 
not more than three representatives. 

ARTICLE III.—EXECUTIVE COUNCIL. 

The Executive Council shall consist of repre¬ 
sentatives of the United States of America, the 
British Empire, France, Italy, and Japan, to- 


380 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

gether with representatives of four other states, 
members of the league. The selection of these 
four states shall be made by the body of dele¬ 
gates on such principles and in such manner as 
they think fit. Pending the appointment of 
these representatives of the other states, repre¬ 
sentatives of (blank left for names) shall be 
members of the Executive Council. 

Meetings of the Council shall be held from 
time to time as occasion may require and at 
least once a year at whatever place may be 
decided on, or failing any such decision, at the 
seat of the League, and any matter within the 
sphere of action of the League or affecting the 
peace of the world may be dealt with at such 
meetings. 

Invitations shall be sent to any power to at¬ 
tend a meeting of the Council, e„t which such 
matters directly affecting its interests are to be 
discussed and no decision taken at any meeting 
will be binding on such powers unless so invited. 

ARTICLE IV.—PROCEDURE. 

All matters of procedure at meetings of the 
body of delegates or the Executive Council, in¬ 
cluding the appointment of committees to in¬ 
vestigate particular matters, shall be regulated 
by the body of delegates or the Executive Coun¬ 
cil and may be decided by a majority of the 
states represented at the meeting. 

The first meeting of the body of delegates and 
the Executive Council shall be summoned by 
the President of the United States of America. 

ARTICLE V.—SECRETARIAT. 

The permanent secretariat of the League shall 
be established at -, which shall consti¬ 

tute the seat of the League. The secretariat 
shall comprise such secretaries and staff as may 
be required, under the general direction and 
control of a secretary-general of the League, 
who shall be chosen by the Executive Council; 
the secretariat shall be appointed by the secre¬ 
tary-general subject to confirmation by the 
Executive Council. 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


381 


The secretary-general shall act in that capac¬ 
ity at all meetings of the body of delegates or 
of the Executive Council. 

The expense of the secretariat shall be borne 
by the states members of the League in accor¬ 
dance with the apportionment of the expenses 
of the Universal Postal Union. 

ARTICLE VI.—IMMUNITY. 

Representatives of the high contracting par¬ 
ties and officials of the League when engaged 
in the business of the League shall enjoy dip¬ 
lomatic privileges and immunities and the build¬ 
ings occupied by the League or its officials or 
by representatives attending its meetings shall 
enjoy benefits of extra-territoriality. 

ARTICLE VII.—ADMISSION. 

Admission to the League of States not signa¬ 
tories to the covenant and not named in the 
protocol hereto as states to be invited to adhere 
to the covenant, requires the assent of not less 
than two-thirds of the states represented in the 
body of delegates, and shall be limited to fully 
self-governing countries, including dominions 
and colonies. 

No state shall be admitted to the League un¬ 
less it is able to give effective guarantees of 
its sincere intention to observe its international 
obligations, and unless it shall conform to such 
principles as may be prescribed by the League 
in regard to its naval and military forces and 
armaments. 

ARTICLE VIII.—ARMAMENTS. 

The high contracting parties recognize the 
principle that the maintenance of peace will re¬ 
quire the reduction of national armaments to the 
lowest point consistent with national safety and 
the enforcement by common action of interna¬ 
tional obligations, having special regard to the 
geographical situation and circumstances of each 
state; and the Executive Council shall formulate 
plans for effecting such reduction. The Execu¬ 
tive Council shall also determine for the consid¬ 
eration and action of the several governments 


382 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


what military equipment and armament is fair 
and reasonable in proportion to the scale of 
forces laid down in the program of disarmament; 
and these limits, when adopted, shall not be ex¬ 
ceeded without the permission of the executive 
council. 

The high contracting parties agree that the 
manufacture by private enterprise of munitions 
and implements of war lends itself to grave ob¬ 
jections, and direct the Executive Council to ad¬ 
vise how the evil effects attendant upon such 
manufacture can be prevented, due regard being 
had to the necessities of those countries which 
are not able to manufacture for themselves the 
munitions and implements of war necessary for 
their safety. 

The high contracting parties undertake in no 
way to conceal from each other the condition of 
such of their industries as are capable of being 
adapted to war-like purposes or the scale of their 
armaments, and agree that there shall be full 
and frank interchange of information as to their 
military and naval programs. 

ARTICLE IX.—ARMS CONTROL. 

A permanent commission shall be constituted 
to advise the League on the execution of the 
provisions of Article VIII and on military and 
naval questions generally. 

ARTICLE X.—TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY. 

The high contracting parties shall undertake 
to respect and preserve as against external ag¬ 
gression the territorial integrity and existing po¬ 
litical independence of all states members of the 
League. In case of any such aggression or in 
case of any threat or danger of such aggression 
the Executive Council shall advise upon the 
means by which this obligation shall be fulfilled. 

ARTICLE XI.—THREAT OF WAR. 

Any war or threat of war, whether immedi¬ 
ately affecting any of the high contracting par¬ 
ties or not, is hereby declared a matter of concern 
to the League and the high contracting parties 
reserve the fight to take any action that may 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 383 

be deemed wise and effectual to safeguard the 
peace of nations. 

It is hereby also declared and agreed to be 
the friendly right of each of the high contracting 
parties to draw the attention of the body of dele¬ 
gates or of the Executive Council to any circum¬ 
stance affecting international intercourse which 
threatens to disturb international peace or the 
good understanding between nations upon which 
peace depends. 

ARTICLE XII.—ARBITRATION. 

The high contracting parties agree that should 
disputes arise between them which cannot be 
adjusted by the ordinary processes of diplomacy 
they will in no case resort to war without previ¬ 
ously submitting the questions and matters in¬ 
volved either to arbitration or to inquiry by the 
Executive Council, and until three months after 
the award by the arbitrators or a recommenda¬ 
tion by the Executive Council, and that they 
will not even then resort to war as against a 
member of the League which complies with the 
award of the arbitrators, or the recommendation 
of the Executive Council. 

In any case under this article the award of 
the arbitrators shall be made within a reasonable 
time, and the recommendation of the Executive 
Council shall be made within six months after 
the submission of the dispute. 

ARTICLE XIII.—ABIDE BY AWARD. 

The high contracting parties agree that when¬ 
ever any dispute or difficulty shall arise between 
them which they recognize to be suitable for 
submission to arbitration, and which cannot be 
satisfactorily settled by diplomacy, they will sub¬ 
mit the whole matter to arbitration. For this 
purpose the court of arbitration to which the case 
is referred shall be the court agreed on by the 
parties or stipulated in any convention existing 
between them. The high contracting parties 
agree that they will carry out in full good faith 
any award that may be rendered. In the event 
of any failure to carry out the award the Execu- 


384 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

tive Council shall propose what steps can best 
be taken to give effect thereto. 

ARTICLE XIV.—PERMANENT COURT. 

The Executive Council shall formulate plans 
for the establishment of a permanent court of 
international justice, and this court shall, when 
established, be competent to hear and determine 
any matter which the parties recognize as suit¬ 
able for submission to it for arbitration under 
the foregoing article. 

ARTICLE XV.—SETTLEMENT. 

If there should arise between states members 
of the League any dispute likely to lead to rup¬ 
ture, which is not submitted to arbitration as 
above, the high contracting parties agree that 
they will refer the matter to the Executive Coun¬ 
cil; either party to the dispute may give notice 
of the existence of the dispute to the Secretary 
General, who will make all necessary arrange¬ 
ments for a full investigation and consideration 
thereof. For this purpose the parties agree to 
communicate to the Secretary General, as 
promptly as possible, statements of their case 
with all the relevant facts and papers, and the 
Executive Council may forthwith direct the pub¬ 
lication thereof. Where the efforts of the Coun¬ 
cil lead to the settlement of the dispute a state¬ 
ment shall be published indicating the nature of 
the dispute and the terms of settlement, together 
with such explanations as may be appropriate. 
If the dispute has not been settled, a report by 
the Council shall be published, setting forth with 
all necessary facts and explanations the recom¬ 
mendation which the Council thinks just and 
proper for the settlement of the dispute. If the 
report is unanimously agreed to by the members 
of the Council other than the parties to the dis¬ 
pute. the high contracting parties agree that they 
will not go to war with any party which com¬ 
plies with the recommendations and that if any 
party shall refuse so to comply the Council shall 
propose measures necessary to give effect to the 
recommendations. If no such unanimous report 
can be made, it shall be the duty of the majority 


CONKLIN-EDI$ON MANUAL 


385 


and the privilege of the minority to issue state¬ 
ments indicating what they believe to be the facts 
and containing the reasons which they consider 
to be just and proper. 

The Executive Council may in any case under 
this article refer the dispute to the body of the 
delegates. The dispute shall be so referred at 
the request of either party to the dispute, pro¬ 
vided that such request must be made within 
fourteen days after the submission of the dis¬ 
pute. In a case referred to the body of delegates 
all the provisions of this article and of Article 
XII relating to the action and powers of the 
Executive Council shall apply to the action and 
powers of the body of delegates. 

ARTICLE XVI.—BOYCOTT. 

Should any of the high contracting parties 
break or disregard its covenants under Article 
XII, it shall thereby ipso facto be deemed to 
have committed an act of war against all the 
other members of the League, which hereby un¬ 
dertakes immediately to subject it to the sever¬ 
ance of all trade or financial relations, the prohi¬ 
bition of all intercourse between their nationals 
and the nationals of the covenant-breaking state, 
and the prevention of all financial, commercial, 
or personal intercourse between the nationals of 
the covenant-breaking state and the nationals of 
any other state, whether a member of the League 
or not. 

It shall be the duty of the Executive Council 
in such case to recommend what effective mili¬ 
tary or naval force the members of the League 
shall severally contribute to the armed forces to 
be used to protect the covenants of the League. 

. The high contracting parties agree, further, 
that they will mutually support one another in 
the financial and economic measures which may 
be taken under this article, in order to minimize 
the loss and inconvenience resulting from the 
above measures, and that they will mutually sup¬ 
port one another in resisting all special measures 
aimed at one of their number by the covenant- 


386 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

breaking state, and that they will afford passage 
through their territory to the forces of any of 
the high contracting parties who are co-operating 
to protect the covenants of the League. 

ARTICLE XVII.—NON-MEMBERS. 

In the event of disputes between one state 
member of the League and another state which 
is not a member of the League, or between states 
not members of the League, the high contracting 
parties agree that the state or states not mem¬ 
bers of the League shall be invited to accept the 
obligations of membership in the League for the 
purposes of such dispute, upon such conditions 
as the Executive Council may deem just, and 
upon acceptance of any such invitation the above 
provisions shall be applied with such modifica¬ 
tions as may be deemed necessary by the League. 

Upon such invitation being given the Execu¬ 
tive Council shall immediately institute an in¬ 
quiry into the circumstances and merits of the 
dispute, and recommend such action as may 
seem best and most effectual in the circum¬ 
stances. 

In the event of a power so invited refusing 
to accept the obligations of membership in the 
League for the purposes of the dispute, which 
in the case of a state member of the League 
would constitute a breach of Article XII, the 
provisions of Article XVI shall be applicable as 
against the state taking such action. 

If both parties to the dispute when so invited 
refuse to accept the obligations of membership 
in the League for the purposes of such dispute, 
the Executive Council may take such action and 
make such recommendations as will prevent hos¬ 
tilities and will result in the settlement of the 
dispute. 

ARTICLE XVIII.—TRADE IN ARMS. 

The high contracting parties agree that the 
League shall be intrusted with general supervi¬ 
sion of the trade in arms and ammunition with 
the countries in which the control of this traffic 
is necessary in the common interest. 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 387 

ARTICLE XIX.—MANDATORIES. 

To those colonies and territories which as a 
consequence of the late war have ceased to be 
under the sovereignty of the states which for¬ 
merly governed them and which are inhabited 
by peoples n,ot yet able to stand by themselves 
under the strenuous conditions of the modern 
world, there should be applied the principle that 
the well being and development of such peoples 
form a sacred trust of civilization, and that se¬ 
curities for the performance of this trust should 
be embodied in the constitution of the League. 

The best method of giving practical effect to 
this principle is that the tutelage of such peoples 
should be intrusted to advanced nations who by 
reason of their resources, their experience, or 
their geographical position, can best undertake 
thi3 responsibility, and that this tutelage should 
be exercised by them as mandatories on behalf 
of the League. 

The character of the mandate must differ ac¬ 
cording to the stage of the development of the 
people, the geographical situation of the terri¬ 
tory, its economic conditions, and other similar 
circumstances. 

Certain communities formerly belonging to the 
Turkish empire have reached a stage of de¬ 
velopment in which their existence as independ¬ 
ent nations can be provisionally recognized sub¬ 
ject to the rendering of administrative advice 
and assistance by a mandatory power until such 
time as they are able to stand alone. The wishes 
of these communities must be a principal con¬ 
sideration in the selection of the mandatory 
power. 

Other peoples, especially those of central Af¬ 
rica, are at such a stage that the mandatory 
must be responsible for the administration of the 
territory subject to conditions which will guar¬ 
antee freedom of conscience or religion, subject 
only to the maintenance of public order and 
morals, the prohibition of abuses such as the 
slave trade, the arms traffic and the liquor traf- 


388 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


fic, and the prevention of the establishment of 
fortifications or military and naval bases, and of 
military training of the natives for other than 
police purposes and the defense of territory, and 
will also secure equal opportunities for the trade 
and commerce of other members of the League. 

There are territories, such as southwest Africa 
and certain of the south Pacific isles, which, ow¬ 
ing to the sparseness of their population, or their 
small size, or their remoteness from the centers 
of civilization or their geographical contiguity 
to the mandatory state, and other circumstances, 
can be best administered under the laws of the 
mandatory state as integral portions thereof, 
subject to the safeguards above mentioned, in 
the interests of the indigenous population. 

In every case of mandate, the mandatory state 
shall render to the League an annual report- in 
reference to the territory committed to its 
charge. 

The degree of authority, control, or adminis¬ 
tration to be exercised by the mandatory state 
shall, if not previously agreed upon by the high 
contracting parties in each case, be explicitly 
defined by the Executive Council in a special act 
or charter. 

The high contracting parties further agree to 
establish at the seat of the League a mandatory 
commission to receive and examine the annual 
reports of the mandatory powers and to assist 
the League in ensuring the observance of the 
terms of all mandates. 

ARTICLE XX.—LABOR. 

The high contracting parties will endeavor to 
secure and maintain fair and humane conditions 
of labor for men, women, and children both in 
their own countries and in all countries to which 
their commercial and industrial relations extend, 
and to that end agree to establish as part of the 
organization of the League a permanent bureau 
of labor. 

ARTICLE XXI.—TRANSIT. 

The high contracting parties agree that pro¬ 
vision shall be made through the instrumentality 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 389 

of the League to secure and maintain freedom 
of transit and equitable treatment for the com¬ 
merce of all states members of the League, hav¬ 
ing in mind, among other things, special arrange¬ 
ments with regard to the necessities of the 
regions devastated during the war of 1914-1918. 

ARTICLE XXII.—TREATY BUREAU. 

The high contracting parties agree to place 
under the control of the League all international 
bureaus already established by general treaties 
if the parties to such treaties consent. Further¬ 
more, they agree that all such international 
bureaus to be constituted in future shall be 
placed under control of the League. 

ARTICLE XXIII.—PUBLICATION. 

The high contracting parties agree that every 
treaty or international engagement entered into 
hereafter by any state member of the League 
shall be forthwith registered with the Secretary 
General, and as soon as possible published by 
him, and that no such treaty or international 
engagement shall be binding until so registered. 

ARTICLE XXIV.—ABROGATION. 

It shall be the right of the body of delegates 
from time to time to advise the reconsideration 
by states members of the League of treaties 
which have become inapplicable, and of interna¬ 
tional conditions of which the continuance may 
endanger the peace of the world. 

ARTICLE XXV.—OLD TREATIES NULL. 

The high contracting parties severally agree 
that the present covenant is accepted as abro¬ 
gating all obligations inter se which are in¬ 
consistent with the terms thereof, and solemnly 
engage that they will not hereafter enter into 
any engagements inconsistent with the terms 
thereof. In case any of the powers signatory 
hereto or subsequently admitted to the League 
shall, before becoming a party to this covenant, 
have undertaken any obligations which are in¬ 
consistent with the terms of this covenant, it 
shall be the duty of such power to take immedi¬ 
ate steps to procure its release from such obli¬ 
gations. 


390 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

ARTICLE XXVI.—AMENDMENTS. 

Amendments to this covenant will take effect 
when ratified by the states whose representa¬ 
tives compose the Executive Council and by 
three-fourths of the states whose representatives 
compose the body of delegates. 


Cause of the World War 

Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia, was the scene 
of the assassination of the Archduke Francis 
Ferdinand and his wife on June 28, 1914. The 
assassin was a Bosnian, who was a member of 
the Narodna Odbrana, a Serbian secret society 
which aimed to detach Bosnia and Herzegovina, 
peopled as they are by races of Serbian stock, 
from Austria-Hungary and annex them to Ser¬ 
bia. The Austrian Government alleged that he 
secured his arms from the Serbian State arsenal 
and that the Serbian Government was privy to 
the deed. The murder of the heir to the throne 
furnished the Austro-Hungarian Government 
an excuse to square its account with Serbia, 
which in the eyes of the German, Magyar, and 
military elements of the monarchy was long 
overdue. Consequently, an ultimatum of the 
most humiliating character was addressed to 
Serbia on July 23, and although Serbia accepted 
it almost in toto, Austria-Hungary declared war 
on July 28. Out of this the general European 
conflagration developed. 


Profiteering 

The taking of exorbitant profits in war time, 
the taking advantage of your neighbors’ and 
your country’s necessities that you may make 
yourself rich. There were such individuals at 
the time of the American Revolution, and George 
Washington wrote of them as follows “I would 
to God, that one of the most atrocious of each 
State was hung in gibbets upon a gallows five 
times as high as the one prepared for Haman. 
No punishment, in my opinion, is too great for 
the man 'who can build his greatness upon his 
country’s ruin.” 





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CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


391 


Atlas of the World. 


THE NEW EUROPE 

The defeat of the Central Powers in the World 
War and the disintegration of Russia and Aus¬ 
tria-Hungary made startling changes in the map 
of Europe. ' One result is that Poland, Finland, 
Czecho-Slovakia and Jugo-Slavia are definite new 
arrivals in the family of nations, the chief fruit 
of President Wilson’s point of self-determination, 
with Lithuania, Letvia, Esthonia and Ukrainia 
still knocking at the door. Of the great powers 
Italy and France alone gained European accre¬ 
tions of territory, Great Britain taking as her 
share an even richer reward in the German colo¬ 
nies. Roumania, by her new acquisitions, ap¬ 
proaches the standing of a major power. Alsace 
and Lorraine were the chief prizes won by 
France. She also acquired the Saar valley of 
Germany, with its rich coal mines. Italy won 
her “unredeemed territory”—the Trentino, Istria 
and Austrian Venetia—so that the new Italian 
boundary follows the crest of the Alps for their 
entire length. It also includes Tarvis on the 
Austrian side, desirable for strategic reasons. 
Italy also gets Avlona, called the Gibraltar of 
the Adriatic, and a protectorate over northern 
Albania. The secret treaty of London also gave 
Italy a claim to the islands on the eastern shore 
of the Adriatic. Belgium received only Malmedy 
as new territory. Serbia’s territory has been 
increased by three times, now embracing Monte¬ 
negro and the Slav populations of the former 
Austro-Hungarian empire. Greece looks to the 
west coast of Turkey for most of its accretions. 

Great Britain gained as the result of the war 
more territory than all the rest of the allies 
together. It now dominates the most populous 
and richest regions of Africa and dictates the 
affairs of Persia and the whole Arabian penin¬ 
sula. At the same time it has extended its power 
over the South Pacific and has studded its main 



392 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


routes to India, Australia and the China trade 
with frequent havens for its ships, completely 
monopolizing the posts of control of the Suez 
route. It is now possible to go from Cape Town 
to Calcutta by land without leaving British soil. 
Great Britain never had its trade routes so 
guarded as now. Its supremacy of the sea was 
never so firmly established. 

While Great Britain holds the south of Asia, 
Japan holds the east. The Japanese now have 
a firm grip on the positions in the far east. 
With Shantung and Port Arthur they have a 
grasp on the sea approaches to northern China. 
By holding Corea they control the approaches 
to Siberia. Prom Formosa they menace southern 
China. 

Great Britain 

Area, 11,498,825 square miles; population, 1911, 
421,178,965. Government, a limited hereditary 
monarchy; the king is represented by a prime 
minister and his cabinet, and the legislative au¬ 
thority is vested in Parliament, which consists 
of an hereditary House of Lords and the House 
of Commons. Imports, 1918, $9,830,325,000; ex¬ 
ports, $7,045,825,000. 

THE UNITED KINGDOM 

This part of the British empire consists strictly 
of England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, the Isle of 
Man and the channel islands. Total area, 121,391 
square miles; population, 1911, 45,369,090, of 
which England had 34,045,290; Wales, 2,025,202- 
Scotland, 4,759,445; Ireland, 4,390,219; Isle of 
Man, 52,034; channel islands, 96,000. The total 
imports of the United Kingdom in 1918 were 
$6,596,695,000; exports, $2,647,145,000. The total 
exports of the United Kingdom to the U. S. in 
1919 were $157,107,578; imports from U. S, $2- 
147,412,241. ’ * ’ 

INDIA 

Government—A governor-general appointed by 
the crown. The legislative authority is vested 
in a council of 68 members. The total area of 
British India is 1,773.088 square miles; popula¬ 
tion, census 1911, 315,132,527. Imports, 1918, 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


393 


$547,850,000; exports, $816,315,000. Imports 
from the U. S., 1919, $50,501,740; exports, $125,- 
471,468. 

DOMINION OF CANADA 

The governor-general of the Dominion is ap¬ 
pointed by the crown. The Canadian Parliament 
consists of 87 life senators and a house of com¬ 
mons of 221 members. Area, 3,729,665 square 
miles, of which 3,603,910 is land. The total popu¬ 
lation according to the census of 1911 was 7,206,- 
643, divided among the provinces as follows: Al¬ 
berta, 374,663; British Columbia, 392,480; Mani¬ 
toba, 455,614; New Brunswick, 351,889; Nova 
Scotia, 492,338; Ontario, 2,523,274; Prince Ed¬ 
ward Island, 93,728; Quebec, 2,003,232; Saskat¬ 
chewan, 492,432; Yukon, 8,512; Northwest Ter¬ 
ritories, 18,481. Exports, 1918, $1,586,169,792; 
imports, $962,543,746. Imports from the U. S., 
1919, $813,723,031; exports to U. S., $468,954,818. 

NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR 

A British colony administered by a governor, 
an executive council, a legislative council and an 
elected house of assembly. Area of Newfound¬ 
land, 42,734 square miles; population, 1917, 252,- 
464. Area of Labrador, 120,000 square miles; 
population, 4,000. Imports, 1918, $27,640,000; ex¬ 
ports, $30,990,000. Imports from U. S., 1919, 
$14,545,065; exports to U. S., $6,032,781. 

COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA 

The six provinces of Australia were authorized 
by an act passed by the British Parliament July 
9, 1900, to form a federal union, and the new 
commonwealth was proclaimed Jan. 1, 1901, at 
Sydney. Its first parliament was opened May 9, 
1901, by the then Prince of Wales (later George 
V), acting for his father, King Edward VI. The 
capital now is at Melbourne. The Federal Par¬ 
liament is made up of a senate of 36 members, 
six from each state, and a house of representa¬ 
tives of 75 members. The British crown is rep¬ 
resented by a governor-general, with a council of 
seven ministers. The commonwealth has a total 
area of 2,974,581 square miles; population, 1911, 
4,455,005. Exports, 1918, $375,195,000; imports, 


394 CONKLiN-EDlSoN MANUAL 


.$301,815,720. Exports to the U. S. in 1919,* $74,- 
643,990; imports from U. S„ $109,034,686. 

UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA 


By an act of the British Parliament Sept. 29, 
1909, the four self-governing colonies of South 
Africa—Cape of Good Hope, Natal, Transvaal and 
Orange Free State—were empowered to form a 
federal government. This was proclaimed May 
31, 1910, at Pretoria, the seat of government, and 
at Cape Town, the seat of the legislature. The 
crown of Great Britain is represented by a gov¬ 
ernor-general, who, with an executive council, 
and ten ministers, forms the executive branch 
of the government. The legislative power is vest¬ 
ed in a parliament consisting of a senate and a 
house of assembly. The senate consists of 40 
members, 8 of whom are appointed by the gov¬ 
ernor-general in council and 32 elected by the 
four provinces. The assembly consists of 121 
members. The term of senators is 10 years; of 
assemblymen, 5. Both the English and Dutch 
languages are official. Area in square miles, 473,- 
100; population, 5,973,394. Imports, 1918, $247*- 
435,840; exports, $164,746,185. Exports to the 
U. S. in 1919, $36,388,174; imports from U S 
$44,841,871. ' ■’ 


NEW ZEALAND 

Situated 1,200 miles southeast of Australia. 
Was made a Dominion of the British Empire iii 
1907. It consists of three principal islands to 
which are attached a number of other groups, 
the Chatham Islands, the Aucklands, the Anti-! 
ono etc - Area, 104,751 sq. mi,; population, 
802,769, including about 50,000 Maoris. Agri¬ 
culture is an important industry, as is cattle 
raising, and mining is carried on extensively. 
The government consists of a governor-genera] 
appointed by the crown and a General Assembly 
Chief exports, wool, frozen meat, butter and 
cheese, gold, hides and leather. 


The Republic of Austria 

At the conclusion of the World War the Aus¬ 
tro-Hungarian empire was disrupted by th<; 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 395 

breaking- away of various states, each declaring 
itself independent and becoming a republic in 
form. Austria herself was proclaimed a republic 
Nov. 12, 1918, and the government was admin¬ 
istered by a national assembly. Early in 1919 
a national constitutional assembly was elected 
which adopted the name “Republic of Austria,” 
but up to the present writing the assembly had 
not chosen a president, the administration being- 
conducted by Dr. Karl Renner and a cabinet 
chosen by him. Dr. Renner announced in Octo¬ 
ber, 1919, that the republic would be constituted 
of eight Austrian states, each largely preserving 
its autonomy. Figures as to area and population 
cannot be given with certainty, but the area has 
been roughly estimated at 30,000 square miles 
and the population at 10,000,000. 

Belgium 

A constitutional monarchy, the legislative pow¬ 
er being vested in the king, senate and chamber 
of representatives. Of all the European nations 
engaged in the World War Belgium seems to 
have made the quickest recovery. It suffered 
least from post-war strikes, and its factories, 
owing in part to the rapidity of German restora¬ 
tion after the peace, soon were returning to their 
pre-war production, although no figures as to 
total imports and exports since 1913 are as yet 
available. The trade with the United States in 
1919 was: Imports, $322,940,837; exports, $647,- 
869. Total area, 11,373 square miles; population, 
1910, 7,423,784. 

Bulgaria 

A constitutional monarchy, the executive power 
being vested in a king and a council of ministers, 
and the legislative power in a sobranje or na¬ 
tional assembly. Area, 43,310 square miles; pop¬ 
ulation, 1914, 4,752,997. Capital, Sofia, 102,769. 
Exports in 1914, $28,812,300; imports, $44,586,- 
800. Exports to the U. S. in 1919, $78,071; im¬ 
ports from U. S., $1,281,000. The imports are 
mainly textiles, and the exports cereals. 

Czeclio-Slovakia 

Czecho-Slovakia, composed principally of Bo- 


396 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

hernia (Czechy), Moravia, Silesia and Slovakia, 
announced her independence Oct. 18, 1918, and 
a national assembly on Nov. 15 of the same year 
declared the state to be a republic, with Prof. 
T. G. Masaryk as its first president, who formally 
assumed his duties on Dec. 31, 1918, in Prague, 
the capital. Area, approximately, 60,000 square 
miles; population, 13,000,000. 

Denmark 

A constitutional hereditary monarchy, the ex¬ 
ecutive power being vested in a king and a cabi¬ 
net of ten members, the legislative authority in 
the landsthing and folkething. The former, the 
upper house, has 66 members, twelve of whom 
are appointed for life, the remainder being elected 
for terms of eight years. The folkething has a 
membership of 114, elected for three years. Area, 
15,582 square miles; population, 1916, 2,940,979. 
Capital, Copenhagen, 506,390. Exports, 1916, 
$363,580,000; imports, $377,055,000. Imports 
from the U. S. in 1919, $93,167,530; exports, $2,- 
294,048. Leading articles of export are butter, 
pork, eggs and lard; of import, textiles, cereals, 
wood, iron manufactures and coal. 

Esthonia 

A province of the former Russian empire which 
declared itself an independent republic and elect¬ 
ed for its government a constitutional assembly. 
Its area is 7,289 square miles, with a population 
of about 1,750,000. 

Finland 

This former province of Russia declared its 
independence July 20, 1917, and became a repub¬ 
lic Oct. 7 of that year. War between the red 
guards of the Russian bolsheviki and the white 
guards under Gen. Mannerheim delayed the or¬ 
ganization, but the independence of the republic 
was preserved and the diet elected Prof. Kaarie 
Juho Stahlberg the first president on July 25, 
1919. Universal suffrage (men and women) pre¬ 
vails, and all members of Parliament are elected 
by direct vote. Area, 125,689 square miles; popu¬ 
lation, 1915, 3,300,650. Exports to the U. S. in 
1919, $309,053; imports from the U. S., $9,509,167. 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 397 

Prance 

A republic, the executive power being- vested in 
a president with a cabinet of 16 ministers, legis¬ 
lative authority in a chamber of deputies the 602 
members of which are elected for four-year terms, 
and a senate of 300 members elected for nine 
years. The presidential term is seven years. The 
area of France is 207,054 square miles; of the 
French colonies and dependencies, 4,367,746 
square miles. The population of France proper 
in 1911 was 39,601,509; of Paris, 2,888,110. Im¬ 
ports for home consumption in 1918, $3,983,000,- 
000; exports, $828,800,000. Exports to U. S. in 
1919, $62,693,315; imports from U. S., $976,696,- 
797. The chief exports are textiles, wine, raw 
silk, wool, small wares and leather; chief im¬ 
ports, wine, raw wool, raw silk, timber and wood, 
leather, skins and linen. 

Germany 

Following the defeat of her armies by the 
allies, a revolution occurred in Germany in No¬ 
vember, 1918. Emperor William II was com¬ 
pelled to abdicate and his cabinet was dispersed. 
An election was held in January, 1919, for a na¬ 
tional assembly, and on February 6 of the same 
year this assembly met at Weimar. On February 
11 it elected Friedrich Ebert first president of 
the German republic. A constitution was adopted 
July 31. 

The area of the states of the old empire was 
208,780 square miles, and of the dependencies 
1,027,820 square miles, making a total of 1,236,- 
600 square miles. Omitting Alsace-Lorraine, the 
area of Germany today is 203,176 square miles, 
which will be further reduced as the result of 
various plebiscites. The population of the empire 
in 1910 was 64,925,933, which included 1,874,014 
inhabitants of Alsace-Lorraine; Berlin, 2,071,257. 
No details of German commerce have been pub¬ 
lished since the beginning of the war. Exports 
for the first six months of 1914 amounted to 
$1,246,240,000; imports, $1,346,570,000. Imports 
from the U. S. during the fiscal year ending June 


398 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

30, 1919, amounted to $8,843,882; exports to the 
U. S., $944,981. 

Greece 

A constitutional monarchy, the executive pow¬ 
er being vested in a king and a cabinet of twelve 
ministers. The legislative body consists of one 
chamber, called the boule, of 235 members, elected 
for four years. Area, 41,933 square miles; popu¬ 
lation in 1914, 4,821,300. Capital, Athens. Ex¬ 
ports, 1916, $20,433,200; imports, $45,705,000. 
Exports to the U. S. in 1919, $22,876,904; im¬ 
ports from U. S., $22,908,250. The leading ex¬ 
ports are currants, ores, olive oil and figs; im¬ 
ports, foodstuffs, textiles, coal and timber. 

Hungary 

Proclaimed an independent republic Nov. 16, 
1918, with Count Michael Karolyi as president 
and a provisional legislative assembly. On March 
22, 1919, the Karolyi cabinet resigned and was 
succeeded by a bolshevist cabinet under Bela Kun. 
This was followed by much rioting and bloodshed 
in Budapest. Early in August Bela Kun fled 
the country, and the Roumanians, who had been 
fighting the Hungarian bolsheviki, took posses¬ 
sion of the capital. Though ordered by the peace 
council in Paris to leave Hungary, the Rouma¬ 
nians remained. A cabinet under Jules Peidll, 
in power a short time, was overthrown by one 
formed by Archduke Joseph, also short-lived. At 
the end of 1919 a government headed by Karl 
Huszar was in control. 

The area of Hungary is about 109,000 square 
miles. The population in 1910, excluding Croatia 
and Slavonia, which joined the Jugo-Slav repub¬ 
lic, was 18,142,200. 

Iceland 

Recognized since Dec. 1, 1918, as an independ¬ 
ent state united to Denmark through having the 
same king. Legislative power is vested jointly 
in the king and the althing, or parliament, an 
elective body. Suffrage is universal, all men and 
women over 25 years of age being voters. Area, 
39,700 square miles; population in 1910, 85,183. 
Imports, 1915, $7,230,200; exports, $10,912,210. 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 399 

Imports from the U. S. in 1919, $3,884,950; ex¬ 
ports to U. S., $905,774. 

Italy 

The government of Italy is a constitutional 
hereditary monarchy, the executive power resting 
in a king arid a council of 15 ministers, the legis¬ 
lative authority being vested in the king and par¬ 
liament, consisting of a senate of 383 members 
and a chamber of deputies of 508. Area, 110,632 
square miles; population, 1915, 36,120,118. Ex¬ 
ports, 1918, $496,726,100; imports, $2,820,328,785. 
Exports to U. S. in 1919, $21,573,527; imports 
from U. S., $496,174,736. Chief imports are coal, 
cotton, grain, silk, wool, timber, machinery, sugar 
and oil; exports, silk, wine, oil, coral, sulphur, 
hemp and flax. 

Lithuania 

Formerly a province of the Russian empire; 
proclaimed a republic Nov. 30, 1918, with Karl 
Ullman first president. Vilna is the capital. Area, 
80,000 square miles; population, about 9,000,000, 
made up of Lithuanians, Letts, Poles, Jews, Ger¬ 
mans, White Russians, etc. Military operations 
in 1919 prevented Lithuania from attaining a 
condition of stability. 

Livonia 

One of the Baltic border states. Has seemed to 
be an independent republic since the fall of the 
Russian empire. Area, 10,930 square miles; popu¬ 
lation, 1,744,000. 

Montenegro 

The exact status of this country had not been 
definitely settled at the close of 1919, the king, 
Nicholas I, being absent in Paris and exercising 
only nominal authority over his country. Area, 
5,603 square miles; population, 516,000. Cettinje 
is the capital. Exports, 1910, $498,200; imports, 
$1,701,300. 

The Netherlands 

Constitutional hereditary monarchy, the execu¬ 
tive power being vested in the king or queen and 
a cabinet of nine ministers, the legislature being 
the states-general, composed of two chambers, the 
first having 50 members elected by the provincial 


400 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


states, the second 100 members elected directly. 
Area, 12,648 square miles; population, 1917, 6,- 
724,663. Capital, The Hague. Imports, 1917, 
$319,274,274; exports, $204,824,360. Exports to 
the U. S., 1919, $30,652,531; imports from U. S., 
$103,801,757. Chief exports are butter, sugar and 
cheese; imports, iron and steel and their manu¬ 
factures, textiles, coal, cereals and flour. 

DUTCH EAST INDIES. 

Area, 735,000 square miles; population, 48,000,- 
000. Area of Java and Madura, 50,557 square 
miles; population, 36,015,435. Chief exports, su¬ 
gar, coffee, tea, rice, indigo, cinchona, tobacco, 
copra and tin. 

Norway 

Constitutional hereditary monarchy, executive 
authority being vested in a king and a cabinet of 
eleven ministers. The legislature, or storthing, 
consisting of two houses, the odelsthing and the 
lagthing, is elected for three years through uni¬ 
versal suffrage of men and women. Area, 124,- 
643 square miles; population, 1918, 2,632,010. 
Capital, Christiania, 259,445. Imports, 1916, 
$458,416,000; exports, $247,083,100. Exports to 
the U. S. in 1919, $3,219,245; imports from U. S., 
$101,641,460. The chief exports are timber and 
wood manufactures, wood pulp, malty food, fish, 
paper and minerals; imports, breadstuffs, grocer¬ 
ies, yarn, textiles, vessels and machinery. 

Poland 

The rehabilitation of Poland along the lines 
existing before the country was divided between 
Prussia, Austria and Russia in 1772 was begun 
in the fall of 1918, and a republican form of 
government was adopted in which legislative 
power is vested in a national assembly elected 
by universal suffrage of all men and women 
above the age of 21. The executive power is 
exercised by a president and cabinet. The first 
president elected was Joseph Pilsudski, his cab¬ 
inet including Ignace Paderewski, the great pian¬ 
ist, as premier and minister of foreign affairs. 
The area is estimated at 135,367 square miles 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 401 

and the population at 36,234,727. The exports 
of Poland are principally manufactured goods, 
furniture and beverages; imports, raw materials, 
such as wool and cotton. 

Portugal 

A republic, governed by a president with a 
cabinet of eight ministers. The legislature con¬ 
sists of a national council of 164 members and 
an upper house of 71 members. First elections 
held May 28, 1911, and the assembly opened June 
19. Area, including the Azores and Madeira, 35,- 
490 square miles; possessions in Africa and Asia, 
801,060 square miles. Population of home coun¬ 
try, 1911, 5,957,985; of the colonies, 9,139,444. 
Capital, Lisbon, 435,359. Imports, 1916, $12,503,- 
000; exports, $24,642,500. Imports from the U. 
S., 1919, $21,975,725; exports to U. S., $4,427,140. 
Chief imports, foodstuffs, cotton, sugar, fish, wool, 
leather, coal and coffee; exports, wine, sardines, 
copper ore, olives and figs. 

Roumania 

Constitutional monarchy, legislative authority 
being vested in a senate of 120 members elected 
for eight years and a chamber of deputies of 183 
members elected for four years. Area, 53,689 
square miles; population, 1914, 7,508,009. Capi¬ 
tal, Bukharest, 345,628. Exports, 1913, $134,141,- 
000; imports, $118,002,500. Exports to U. S., 
1919, none; imports from U. S., $1,050,451. The 
chief imports are textiles; exports, cereals. 

Russia 

Since Nov. 8, 1917, the government of Russia, 
while nominally ruled by a soviet or council of 
soldiers, workmen and peasants, has been a dic¬ 
tatorship exercised by three men, who call them¬ 
selves “people's commissioners”—Vladimir Hitch 
Ulianov Lenin, president of the Council; M. 
Tchitcherin, commissioner of foreign affairs, and 
Leon Trotzky, commissioner for military affairs 
and the navy. The area of Russia before the 
upheaval was 8,764,586 square miles, and the 
population in 1915 was 182,182,600. No accurate 
figures for soviet Russia can now be given be- 


402 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


cause the country has been in a state of civil 
war since the downfall of the czar and a number 
of provinces of the old empire have declared 
their independence. Imports, 1916, $576,500,000; 
exports, $201,000,000. Exports to the U. S., 1919, 
$2,927,434; imports from U. S., $11,390,318. The 
chief exports are foodstuffs, timber, oil, furs and 
flax; imports, raw cotton, wool, metals, leather, 
hides, skins and machinery. 

Serbia 

A constitutional monarchy, with the executive 
power vested in a king, and the legislative author¬ 
ity in a single house, called the “skuptschina,” of 
160 elected members. Area, 33,891 square miles; 
population, 1914, 4,547,990. Capital, Belgrade, 
90,890. These figures will be materially changed 
when the new boundaries have been definitely 
fixed. Exports, 1912, $18,595,000; imports, $14,- 
705,000. Exports to the U. S. in 1919, none; im¬ 
ports from U. S., $2,696,876. Imports are mainly 
cotton and woolen goods and metals; exports, 
agricultural products and animals. 

Spain 

Constitutional monarchy, executive power be¬ 
ing vested in a king and cabinet and legislative 
authority in a representative assembly, or cortes. 
Area, 194,783 square miles; population, 1914, 20,- 
355,986. Capital, Madrid, 599,807. Exports, 1918, 
$272,501,900; imports, $256,194,300. Exports to 
the U. S., 1919, $30,979,183; imports from U. S., 
$98,931,638. Principal exports are wine, sugar, 
timber, live stock, glassware and pottery; im¬ 
ports, cotton and cotton manufactures, machin¬ 
ery, drugs and chemicals. 

Sweden 

Constitutional monarchy, governed by a king 
with a cabinet of eleven ministers. The parlia¬ 
ment consists of two chambers. The 150 mem¬ 
bers of the upper house are elected by “lands- 
things” or provincial representations and mu¬ 
nicipal corporations for terms of six years. The 
230 members of the second chamber are elected 
for three years by universal suffrage. Area, 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 403 

172,876 square miles; population, 1917, 5,800,847. 
Capital, Stockholm, 413,163. Imports, 1917, $316,- 
518,000; exports, $432,326,750. Exports to the 
U. S., 1919, $5,820,070; imports from U. S., $78,- 
119,187. The chief articles of export are timber 
and machinery; of import, textile goods and 
foodstuffs. 

Switzerland 

A republic in which the chief executive author¬ 
ity is vested in the bundesrath or federal council, 
each member of which is the head of one of the 
federal departments. Its members are elected 
president in rotation. The legislative body is 
composed of a state and a national council, the 
first having 44 and the second 167 members. 
The national councilors are elected direct by the 
people; the state councilors in some cantons by 
the people and in others by the cantonal legis¬ 
lature. Area, 15,976 square miles; population, 
1916, 3,937,000. Exports, 1916, $488,964,000; 
imports, $475,700,920. Exports to the U. S., 
1919, $18,648,788; imports from U. S., $63,223,- 
093. Chief exports, cottons, silks, clocks and 
watches; imports, foodstuffs, silk, minerals, met¬ 
als ai^d clothing. 

Turkey 

A constitutional form of government was 
adopted July 24, 1908, with legislative authority 
vested in a parliament. The executive authority 
rests in a sultan with a cabinet of nine ministers. 
Before the World War the area of Turkey in 
Europe was 8,644; of whole empire, 710,224 
square miles, and the total population then was 
21,273,000. Exports, 1917, $170,300,000; imports, 
$201,106,000. Imports from the U. S. in 1919, 
$8,017,376; exports to U. S., $4,966,558. Chief 
articles of import are cloth and clothing, sugar, 
coffee, flour, rice and manufactures of iron; of 
export, grapes, silk, grain, cocoons, wool, cotton, 
carpets, hides and skins. 

Ukrainia 

On Nov. 21, 1917, the Ukrainian republic was 
proclaimed, but since then this former Russian 


404 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

province has suffered many vicissitudes, now be¬ 
ing in the hands of the bolsheviki and again 
under control of the enemies of soviet Russia. 
The capital is Kiev. Area, 216,400 square miles; 
population, about 30,000,000. Ukrainia in nor¬ 
mal times exports large quantities of grain, es¬ 
pecially wheat. 

Jngo-Slavia 

Jugo-Slavia, meaning South Slavia or the 
state of the Southern Slavs, is composed of Croa¬ 
tia, Slavonia and Dalmatia, which, on Oct. 31, 
1918, voted a total separation from Hungary. 
On Nov. 26 the national council at Agram, the 
capital, appointed Crown Prince Alexander re¬ 
gent. Area, about 21,360 square miles; popula¬ 
tion, 3,250,000. 


ASIA 

Afghanistan 

Governed by an ameer. Area, 250,000 square 
miles; population, about 6,000,000. The chief 
productions are preserved fruits, spices, wool, 
silk, cattle and tobacco. 

Bokhara 

Since 1873 a dependency of Russia, governed 
by an ameer. Area, about 83,000 square miles; 
population, 1,250,000. Principal products, corn, 
tobacco, fruit, silk and hemp. 

China 

Nominally a republic, the president possessing 
autocratic powers. Legislative power is nominal¬ 
ly vested in a single house, but it is practically 
only an advisory body. The president and vice- 
president are elected for five-year terms. Area, 
with dependencies, 3,913,560 square miles; popu¬ 
lation, estimated, 320,000,000. Capital, Pekin, 
692,500. Exports, 1916, $402,492,500; imports, 
$430,339,000. Imports from the U. S., 1919, $92,- 
496,112; exports to U. S., $128,319,451. Chief 
exports are tea, furs, wool, mats, fans, essential 
oils, straw braid, silks, hair, hides and hemp. 
Principal imports from the U. S. are flour, kero¬ 
sene, sago, rubber, shoes, ginseng, quicksilver, 
white shirting, drills and broadcloth. 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


405 


Japan 

Government is vested in an emperor with a 
cabinet of nine ministers. Legislative power is 
exercised by the emperor and an imperial diet, 
consisting of a house of peers with about 375 
members and a house of representatives with a 
membership of 381. Area, 260,738 square miles; 
population, 1917, including Korea, Formosa and 
Sakhalin, 77,266,793. Capital, Tokyo, 2,244,796. 
Imports, 1918, $834,069,000; exports, $961,350,- 
125. Imports from U. S. in 1919, $326,462,269; 
exports to U. S., $303,993,041. Chief imports, 
sugar, cotton, iron and steel, machinery, petro¬ 
leum and wool; exports, raw silk, cotton yarn, 
copper, coal and tea. 

CHOSEN (KOREA) 

Formerly an empire, now a Japanese depend¬ 
ency. Area, about 86,000 square miles; popula¬ 
tion, 1917, 16,998,191. Capital, Seoul, 302,686. 

Java 

(See The Netherlands.) 

Khiva 

Formerly a Russian vassal state, governed by 
a khan. Area, 24,000 square miles; population, 
646,000. Chief products, cotton and silk. 

Persia 

Governed by an emperor, or shah; now a Brit¬ 
ish protectorate. Under a constitution granted 
in 1906, legislative powers were vested in a na¬ 
tional council of 156 and a senate of 60 members. 
This body, however, has not functioned for some 
time. Area, 628,000 square miles; population, 
9,500,000. Capital, Teheran, 280,000. Imports, 
1917, $72,760,500; exports, $63,800,000. Imports, 
1919, from U. S., $644,930; exports to U. S., $447,- 
675. Principal products are silk, fruits, wheat, 
barley and rice. 

Siam 

Governed by a king. Area, 195,000 square 
miles; population, 1916, 8,819,686. Capital, Bang¬ 
kok, 628,675. Imports, 1918, $37,337,500; ex¬ 
ports, $47,613,500. Imports from U. S., 1919, 
$2,113,851; exports to U. S., $173,231. Chief 


406 


conklin-edison manual 


exports are rice, teak and marine products; im¬ 
ports, cotton goods and opium. 


AFRICA 

Abyssinia 

A monarchy, Waizeru Zauditu being empress 
in 1920. Area, 432,432 square miles; population, 
about 8,000,000. Principal exports are coffee, 
hides and skins, gum, wax, gold and ivory. 

Algeria 

A French colony. Area, 343,500 square miles; 
population, 1911, 5,563,828. Chief exports are 
wine, sheep and cereals; imports, cotton, skins 
and furs and woodwork. 

Egypt 

Governed by a sultan and a British high com¬ 
missioner. Area of Egypt, 350,000 square miles; 
of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 1,014,400 square 
miles. Population, Egypt proper, in 1917, 12,- 
710,129; of the Sudan, 3,400,000; Cairo, 790,938. 
Egypt was formally declared a protectorate of 
the British empire on Dec. 17, 1914. Exports, 
1918, $226,850,200; imports, $255,776,559. Im¬ 
ports from the U. S., 1919, $10,293,189; exports 
to U. S., $23,934,571. Chief imports, wool, coal, 
textiles and metal manufactures; exports, cere¬ 
als, raw cotton and provisions. 

Belgian Kongo 

Became a Belgian colony in 1908. Area, esti¬ 
mated, 909,654 square miles; negro population, 
about 15,000,000. Imports, 1916, $24,501,000: 
exports. $55,474,800. Exports to U. S., 1919, 
$865,053; imports from U. S., $2,731,839. Lead¬ 
ing exports, ivory, rubber, cocoa, palm nuts, palm 
oil, copal gum and coffee. 

Liberia 

A republic, executive power being vested in a. 
president, the law-making body consisting of a 
senate of nine members and a house of repre¬ 
sentatives of fourteen. Area, about 40,000 square 
miles; population, 2,120,000. Exports, 1917, $618,- 
536; imports, $902,063. Imports from U. S., 1919, 
$333,849; exports to U. S-, $225,163. 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


407 


Morocco 

A French protectorate, governed by a sultan. 
Area, 231,500 square miles; population, 5,400,000. 
Imports, 1917, $73,117,015; exports, $26,511,130. 
Imports from U. S., 1919, $1,859,782; exports to 
U. S., $304,244. 

Madagascar 

A French colony ruled by a governor-general 
and a council of administration. Area, 228,000 
square mil6s; population, 1917, 3,545,264. Capi¬ 
tal, Antananarivo, 63,115. Imports, 1917, $27,- 
354,115; exports, $17,241,550. Imports from U. 
S., 1919, $539,656; exports to U. S., $26,970. 

Tunis 

A French protectorate, governed by a bey, 
France being represented by a resident-general. 
Area, 50,000 square miles; population, 1913, 1,- 
953,000. Imports, 1917, $28,408,300; exports, 
$25,034,400. 


NORTH A3IERICA 

The United States—Territorial Growth 

The increase in area of the United States, by 
war, purchase and treaty, is shown in the fol¬ 
lowing table: 


Year 

Territory 

Square Acquired 

Acquired 



Miles from 

by 

1783 

13 original States 

892,135,. .England. 

.War 

1803 

Louisiana. 

827,987.. .France. . 

.Purchase 

1819 

Florida. 

58,666 .. . Spain. . . 

..Purchase 

1845 

Texas. 

389,166.. .Mexico. . 

• Union 

1846 

Oregon. 

286,541,.. .England. 

.Treaty 

1848 

California and 




New Mexico. .. . 

529,189.. .Mexico. . 

• War 

1853 

Southern Arizona 




and New Mexico 

29,670.. .Mexico. . 

.Purchase 

1867 

Alaska. 

590,884.. .Russia. . 

.Purchase 

1898 

Hawaii. 

6,449. 

.Treaty 

1898 

Porto Rico. 

3,435.. . Spain. . . 

..War 

1898 

Philippines . 

114,958.. .Spain. . . 

..War 

1898 

Guam. 

210...Spain... 

.War 

1900 

Tutuila and other 




Samoan Islands 

77. 

.Treaty 

1901 

Additional 




Philippines .... 

68. 

.Treaty 

1904 

Panama Canal 

Republic 



Zone. 

436. . .Panama. 

.Purchase 

1918 

Virgin Islands. . . 

142.. .Denmark 

.Purchase 


3,730,013 



















408 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


Alabama 

Name Indian, meaning - , “We rest here.” Mo¬ 
bile founded by French 1702. Admitted to Union 
Dec. 14, 1819. Seceded Jan. 11, 1861. Montgom¬ 
ery made capital of Confederacy Feb. 4, 1861. 
Subsequently removed to Richmond, Va. State 
re-entered Union July 14, 1868. 

Climate.—Temperature mild, cool at north, 
warm at south; average winter 47 deg - ., summer 
81 deg.; July hottest month; range of thermome¬ 
ter 20 to 95 deg., sometimes for a day reaching 
102 deg. Rainfall 50 inches. Snow or ice very 
rare. Trees bloom in February. 

Geographical, etc.—Surface at northeast rug¬ 
ged, extending into Alleghany mountains, grad¬ 
ually descends, forming rolling prairies at center 
of State and flat low stretches at the south. Sea- 
coast 68 miles. Mobile Bay best harbor on the 
gulf; 1,600 miles of navigable waterways. Length 
north and south 332 miles, width average 155 
miles, area 51,279 square miles, acres 33,440,000. 
Cotton, mules, iron, coal, sugar, rice, tobacco, 
hay, oats, corn, staple products. Fruits are a 
good crop. Much forest remains. Has fair soil 
and is enormously rich in coal, iron, lime and 
sandstone, timber and various minerals. Middle 
section soil fertile and varied. Coast region 
sandy, but by proper cultivation prolific. Vege¬ 
table farming near Mobile very successful. 

Leading Industries.—Agriculture and kindred 
pursuits, mining, iron making, lumbering, etc. 

Arizona 

Explored 1526. Mineral wealth found, no im¬ 
portant settlements effected because of hostile 
natives. Organized as territory Feb. 24, 1863. 
Admitted to Union, Feb. 14, 1912. 

Climate.—Exceptionally healthful, and gener¬ 
ally mild, except in mountains; temperature aver¬ 
ages 38 deg. winter, 73 deg. summer, much warm¬ 
er at south, the thermometer reaching occasion¬ 
ally 115, and rarely falling below 35 deg. in 
winter. In central portion heat seldom exceeds 
88 to 90 deg.; snow in mountains, but melts 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


409 


soon. Rainfall on Gila 6 inches, in foothills 28 
inches. Heaviest in July and August. 

Geographical, etc.—Extreme length north and 
south, 378 miles, width 339 miles, area 113,020 
square miles, acres 72,332,000. Colorado river 
navigable 620 miles. Flows between perpendicu¬ 
lar walls cut in solid rock in places 7,000 feet 
high. Nearly all mountain ranges contain gold, 
silver, copper, and lead. Superior quality of lime 
found near Prescott and Tucson, beds of gypsum 
in San Pedro valley, remarkable deposits of pure 
transparent salt near Callville. State ranks 
second in production of silver. Volcanic peaks 
reach an altitude of 10,500 feet. Southern por¬ 
tion a plain, dipping occasionally below sea level, 
and rising only to a very moderate elevation (200 
to 600 feet usually) ; mountains numerous, high¬ 
est point San Francisco, 11,056 feet. Agriculture 
possible only in the valleys or where irrigation 
is practicable. Soil in valleys and bottoms very 
rich and prolific. Wheat, barley, potatoes, hay, 
corn, onions are staple field crops; corn follows 
wheat or barley, giving two crops yearly. Oranges 
and all semi-tropical fruits do well where water 
is obtainable. Cattle raising extremely profitable. 
Desert tracts of considerable area are found. 
Timber grows on the mountains, foothills, and 
along the streams. The varieties include pine and 
cedar on mountains, cotton-wood, walnut and 
cherry on streams. Size of trees fair, and quan¬ 
tity large. Abundant mineral wealth exists. 

Leading Industries.—Mining, grazing, agricul¬ 
ture, lumbering, smelting, etc. 

Arkansas 

“Bear State." Settled 1685. Arkansas Terri¬ 
tory organized 1819. Admitted as a State June 
15, 1836. Number of counties, 75. Slavery ac¬ 
knowledged. Seceded May 6, 1861. Considerable 
fighting during the war, but no great battles. 
Re-entered Union 1868. 

Climate.—Genial. Temperature ranges 15 deg. 
to 95 deg., on rare occasions going to 100 deg. 
Average winter, 45 deg.; summer, 80 deg. Rain- 


410 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


fall 44 inches, heaviest in southeast, lightest in 
northwest. Health unsurpassed, especially in 
northwest. 

Geographical, etc.—The scenery varied and 
charming. Hot Springs (temperature 140 deg.) 
great natural wbnder, and famous for medicinal 
properties. Length north and south 240 miles, 
average breadth 212 miles, area 53,845 square 
miles; acres, 34,460,800. Coal exists on the Ash 
River„ iron in the Ozarks, salt near Ouachita. 
Oilstone near Hot Springs, kaolin in Pulaski 
County. Staple products, corn, wheat, cotton, 
tobacco, oats, sweet potatoes, mules, tar, turpen¬ 
tine, lumber, etc. Soil exceptionally rich and 
suited to all crops, especially fruits, berries and 
gardening. State especially favorable to agricul¬ 
ture. Magnificently timbered. Pine, oak, cy¬ 
press, cedar, hickory, walnut, linn, locust, chief 
growths. 

Leading Industries.—Chiefly agricultural; corn, 
wheat, etc., in the north; cotton and tobacco in 
the south. 

California 

Golden State. First settled at San Diego, 1763. 
Gold discovered 1848. Rush of immigration set 
in 1849. State constitution, without the prelimi¬ 
nary of a territorial organization, framed Sep¬ 
tember, 1849. Admitted as a state September 9, 
1850. Extreme length north and south, 725 
miles, width 330 miles, area 158,360 square miles, 
91,350,500 acres. 

Climate.—Varies with elevation and latitude. 
Mild and pleasant on coast. Average tempera¬ 
ture at San Francisco in summer 62 deg., winter 
50 deg. Warmer in interior, reaching at times 
100 deg. Rainfall variable, from 7 to 50 inches 
at San Francisco. Average at south 10 inches. 
Melting snow from mountains replaces rainfall. 
Frosts rare. 

Geographical, etc.—Mineral deposits include 
gold, silver, iron, copper, mercury, coal, stones, 
salt, soda, etc. Ranks high as a fruit growing 
state, fruits of temperate climates, sub-tropical 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


411 


fruits and nuts, grapes, north to 41 deg., olives, 
etc., grow to great perfection. Fine sheep rais¬ 
ing country. Very rich agriculturally and in 
minerals. Soil warm, genial, and rich. Two 
crops may be raised in season. Irrigation neces¬ 
sary in parts and almost always desirable. Wheat 
most valuable crop, all cereals, root crops and 
grasses do well, corn, barley, grapes, fruit, nuts, 
silk, hops and oats staples. Coast line over 800 
miles wide. San Francisco Bay (40 miles long, 
9 wide) magnificent harbor. Yosemite in the 
Sierras, one of the greatest natural wonders of 
the world, and the greatest marvel of the State, 
where scenery is always grand. Mt. Whitney, 
15,000, highest peak. Noble forests of redwood 
and other valuable growths. It is the paradise 
of the small farmer. 

Leading Industries.—Agriculture, stock rais¬ 
ing, fruit culture, mining, lumbering, etc. 

San Francisco Bay was discovered Nov. 2, 1769, 
by an expedition headed by Captain Portola and 
Friar Juan Crespi. In August of the year 1775 a 
vessel called the San Carlos, commanded by Lieu¬ 
tenant Ayala, passed through what is now called 
the Golden Gate. The harbor and bay, one of the 
finest in the world, is a beautiful sheet of water, 
about forty-five miles in length and eight miles in 
average width, affording safe anchorage at all 
times. Its entrance, the famous Golden Gate, 
is a strait about four miles in length and two 
miles in average width. The depth of water is 
sufficient for the largest vessel or craft to enter 
with ease and safety. The first permanent set¬ 
tlement of white men on the shores of this bay 
was made in' June, 1776, by an expedition from 
Monterey under Friars Francisco Palou and Ben¬ 
ito Cambon, accompanied by several settlers with 
their families and a detachment of soldiers under 
the command of Don Jose Moraga. About this 
time a few adobe buildings were erected near the 
shores of the bay, and the settlement named 
Yerba Buena. On the 30th of January, 1847, an 
ordinance was issued by the Alcalde directing 


412 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

that the name of the town be changed from Yerba 
Buena to San Francisco. In 1848 the first dis¬ 
covery of gold was made in the vicinity, at which 
time there were about 500 residents. From that 
period San Francisco began to attract the atten¬ 
tion of the civilized world. The earthquake of 
April 18, 1906, caused fire to break out in many 
places, and the whole flourishing city was prac¬ 
tically consumed by the flames. 

Colorado 

Part of Louisiana purchase of 1803. First ex¬ 
plored by Vasquez Coronado under the Spanish, 
1540. First expedition sent out by United States 
Government, under Major Pike, 1806; a second 
under command of Col. S. H. Long, 1820, and in 
1842-44 Gen. John G. Fremont made his cele¬ 
brated trip across the Rocky Mountains. First 
settlement made by miners, 1858-59, near Den¬ 
ver. Organized as Territory, February, 1861. In¬ 
dian troubles 1863-4. Admitted as a State Aug. 
1, 1876. 

Climate.—Dry and range of temperature com¬ 
paratively small. Winters mild, summers cool. 
Average temperature winter 31 deg., summer 73 
deg. Rainfall mainly in May, June and July, 
average 18 inches. On mountains winters severe, 
accompanied by heavy snowfall; violent winds 
common; fogs unknown. Health unsurpassed. 

Geographical, etc.—Richest State in the Union 
in mineral productions. Length east and west 
380 miles, width 280 miles, area 103,845 square 
miles; acres, 66,460,800. Rocky Mountains tra¬ 
verse State north and south with three ranges, 
having many peaks more than 13,000 feet high. 
Scenery grand beyond words. Mountains fairly 
clothed with pine and other trees. Mineral wealth 
inexhaustible. State ranks first in silver, fourth 
in gold. Iron, soda, coal, copper, lead, stone, 
mica, etc., exist in large deposits. Fine grazing 
grounds. Much rich soil along streams and wher¬ 
ever irrigation is possible. Cereals do very well. 
Corn, wheat, oats, hay, staple crops. Cattle, sheep 
and hog raising safe and profitable. Dairying 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 413 

pays, as does gardening. Timber resources mod¬ 
erate. The Garden of the Gods is the fanciful 
title of a little mountain valley lying four miles 
northwest of Colorado Springs. The road enters 
it through the “Beautiful Gate,” which is a nar¬ 
row passage-way between two lofty but narrow 
ledges of cliffs, which is still further narrowed 
by a rock pillar thirty feet high, standing nearly 
in the center. The garden consists of a tract of 
land somewhat less than 500 acres in extent, 
hemmed in by mountains on the west and north, 
bordered by ravines on the south, and on the 
east by a line of old red sandstone cliffs which 
shut it in entirely from the plains. Its remark¬ 
able features are a number of isolated rocks, up- 
heaved into perpendicular positions, some of them 
350 feet high. These rocks are mainly of a very 
soft, brilliantly red sandstone, though several 
ridges are of a white sandstone. The foothills in 
the vicinity are many of them capped by similar 
upheavals, while all about the main cliffs in the 
valley are numerous separate spire-like columns. 

Leading Industries.—Mining, smelting ores, 
agriculture, grazing, etc. 

Connecticut 

One of the original 13 States. Explored by the 
Dutch settlers of Manhattan Island, 1615, by 
whom settlement was made, 1633, at Hartford. 
The State furnished a very large quota of men to 
the Revolutionary armies. Yale College founded 
1701. Area, 4,990 square miles. 

Climate.—Moderate and healthy; average tem¬ 
perature, summer 72 deg., and winter 28 deg. 
Occasionally the thermometer sinks below zero, 
considerable snow falls, summers warm. Rain¬ 
fall, including snow, about 47 inches. 

Geographical, etc.—Corn, oats, hay, wheat, to¬ 
bacco and vegetables are the staple crops. No 
valuable timber remains. Stone extensively quar¬ 
ried. Valuable iron mines exist. Ranks first in 
clocks, third in silk goods, fourth in cotton goods, 
eighth in tobacco. Surface less rugged than the 
other New England States. Mountain range 


414 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

terminates in this State in a series of hills. The 
coast is indented by numerous bays and harbors. 
Soil, except in valley, light and stony. 

Chief Industries.—Manufacture of hardware, 
clocks, silks, cotton, rubber, carpets, woolens, 
arms, sewing- machines and attachments, dairy¬ 
ing, quarrying, agriculture, etc. 

North and Sonth Dakota 

So called for a tribe of Indians of the same 
name. First permanent white setlement made 
by Lord Selkirk at Pembina, 1812; organized as 
a Territory, 1881; first legislature at Yankton, 
March, 1862. Admitted as two States, North and 
South Dakota, on Feb. 22, 1889. 

Climate.—Temperature ranges from 32 deg. be¬ 
low zero to 100 deg. above. Averages, winter 4 
to 20 deg., summer 65 to 75 deg. Winters at 
north severe, with heavy snow. Moderate at the 
south. Air clear, dry and free from malaria. 
Cold not so penetrating as in moister climates. 
Springs late and summers of medium length. 
Rainfall 10 inches, chiefly in spring and summer. 

Geographical, etc.—Areas: North Dakota, 70,- 
879 square miles, or 45,362,560 acres; South Da¬ 
kota, 77,580 square miles, or 49,660,200 acres. 
The Missouri River traverses these States diag¬ 
onally from northwest to southeast, and is naviga¬ 
ble. Indian reservations principally west of Mis¬ 
souri River, 42,000,000 acres, one-seventh good 
farming land. Surface high, level plain 950 to 
2,000 feet above the level of the sea, traversed 
by ranges of lofty hills, which at the southwest 
reach an elevation of 7,000 feet in the Black Hills. 
Gold and silver extensively mined. Black Hills 
very rich in precious minerals. Lakes are num¬ 
erous, especially in the north and east. Devil’s 
Lake is semi-salt. Soil very rich and peculiarly 
suited to wheat, which is the staple crop. Corn, 
oats, grasses, and potatoes do well. Fruit not a 
good crop. Cattle, and especially sheep raising, 
favored and growing industries. Timber scarce, 
except along the streams and in some of the hills. 

Industries.—Almost entire laboring population 
engaged in agriculture and mining. 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 415 

Delaware 

One of the thirteen original States, named in 
honor of Lord Delaware, Governor of Virginia, 
who entered the bay, 1610. First permanent set¬ 
tlement made by Swedes, who bought from In¬ 
dians, near present city of Wilmington, 1638. 
First to ratify Federal constitution, 1787. Took 
vigorous part in the Revolution. WAs a slave 
State. 

Climate.—Mild, tempered by sea breezes. Aver¬ 
age temperature, winter 32 deg. to 48 deg.; sum¬ 
mer, 72 to 78 deg. Rainfall 48 to 50 inches. At 
north health excellent. Some malaria on the 
lowlands bordering the swamps at the south. 

Geographical, etc.—Length north and south 
nearly 100 miles, width 10 miles at north, 36 at 
south. Area 2,050 square miles, or 1,412,000 acres. 
Available area large. Northern portion rolling, 
but free from large hills. Iron is found, but is 
no longer worked. Scenery beautiful. Southern 
portion level and sandy, with frequent cypress 
marshes. Coast low and swampy, with lagoons 
separated from sea by sand-beaches. Breakwater 
protecting Delaware Bay at Cape Henlopen cost 
the United States $2,127,400, and was over 40 
years in course of construction. Streams flow 
into Chesapeake and Delaware bays and are 
small. Tide reaches to Wilmington. The soil is 
good and the state of cultivation superior. Staple 
crops, corn, wheat, peaches, berries, garden veg¬ 
etables, sweet potatoes. 

Industries.—Agriculture and kindred pursuits, 
manufacture of flour, lumber, cotton, iron, steel, 
leather, etc., shipbuilding, fishing, canning and 
preserving. 

District of Columbia 

Fixed as seat of U. S. Government 1790 by an 
act of Congress. Formed out of Washington 
County, Md. (64 square miles). Government re¬ 
moved to District 1800. Captured by British 1814, 
and capitol, executive mansion and congressional 
mansion burned. Governed by Congress till 1871, 
when a legislative body of 33 (11 appointed by the 


416 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

President and 22 elected) was created. Executive 
officers still appointed by President. Officers ap¬ 
pointed are paid by the United States, those elect¬ 
ed by the district. Citizens of District have no 
vote for national officers. Surface made up of 
flats and hills. Similar in all features and prod¬ 
ucts to Southern Maryland. 

The District of Columbia is governed by a com¬ 
mission or board of regents consisting of three 
persons, who are appointed by the President and 
confirmed by the Senate. This board constitutes 
the chief executive authority of the District and 
appoints and directs subordinate boards to attend 
to the general affairs of the District, with the 
exception of the superior officer of the Board of 
Public Works, who is detailed by the President 
from the engineer corps of the army. Part of 
the members of the Board of Education are elect¬ 
ed by the people of the District, and this is the 
only election held there. 

The Washington Monument.—The plan of a 
monument to General Washington was approved 
by Congress in a resolution passed less than a 
fortnight after his death, which occurred Dec. 14, 
1799. The monument was to be built by the 
United States, and it was at first proposed to 
bury the deceased hero in a vault at its base. 
Nothing was done, however, until, in 1833, the 
project was revived by an association of prom¬ 
inent persons, who raised a fund by subscription, 
and laid the corner-stone July 4, 1848. During 
the following eight years the shaft was carried 
to a height of 156 feet. Then work was sus¬ 
pended; at first from lack of funds, then because 
of the war, and finally because the foundations 
were believed to be insecure. For twenty years 
the unfinished work stood just as it had been left 
by the workmen, surmounted by a derrick, and 
surrounded by the unused blocks of marble and 
heaps of debris, a most unsightly pile, and the 
source of sincere mortification to patriotic Amer¬ 
icans visiting the capital. Finally, in 1876, Con¬ 
gress was induced to undertake the completion 
of the monument. The first thing to be done was 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 417 

to rebuild and strengthen the base. This was 
successfully performed, and in August, 1880, the 
work of building the shaft was resumed. Con¬ 
gress appropriated $800,000 for the work, which 
covers the cost of the shaft. The shaft was fin¬ 
ished Aug. 9, 1884; the superstructure of the 
pyramid completed in December, 1884. The mon¬ 
ument is built of crystal marble, from Maryland, 
and rests upon a foundation of Potomac gneiss 
81 feet square at the base. The base of the shaft 
is 55 feet square on the outside and 15 feet thick. 
It is 500 feet high, and the pyramid which caps 
it is 55 feet in height, rendering the whole one 
of the highest structures in the world. 

The White House at Washington, D. C.—The 
White House at Washington, D. C., is 170 feet 
long by 86 feet wide. The largest apartment, 
known as the East room, is 80 by 40 feet in 
dimensions and 12 feet high. The adjoining Blue 
room, finished in blue and gold, is devoted to 
receptions, diplomatic and social. The Green and 
Red rooms, so called from their finishing, are 
each 30 by 20 feet. The rooms on the second 
floor are occupied as the apartments of the Pres¬ 
ident’s family. Wings added in 1901-2, costing 
more than $500,000. 

The National Capitol.—The southeast corner¬ 
stone of the Capitol was laid Sept. 18, 1793, “by 
Brother George Washington, assisted by the Wor¬ 
shipful Masters and Free Masons of the sur¬ 
rounding cities, the military, and a large number 
of people.” The north wing was ready for oc¬ 
cupancy in 1800, the south wing in 1808; but 
both were partially destroyed by the British in 
1814. The foundation of the main building was 
laid in 1818 (March 24), the restoration of the 
wings having been commenced three years 
earlier; and the whole was completed in 1827. 
July 4, 1851, the cornerstone of the south ex¬ 
tension was laid by President Fillmore, and this 
was finished in 1857. The north extension was 
occupied by the Senate in 1859. The present 
dome, commenced in 1855, was completed eight 


418 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

years later, and Dec. 12, 1863, the American flag 
floated from its summit. Thus far the cost of 
the entire building has been $13,000,000—main 
building, $3,000,000; dome, $1,000,000; extensions, 
$8,000,000; miscellaneous items, $1,000,000. The 
length of the entire building is 751 feet 4 inches; 
its greatest breadth, 324 feet; and it covers a 
little over 3% acres. The distance from the 
ground to the top of the dome is 307 ^ feet; the 
diameter of the dome, 135 ^ feet. 

Florida 

Settled by Spaniards at St. Augustine, 1565. 
Pensacola taken from England by General Jack- 
son during war of 1812. Entire province ceded 
to United States 1819. Organized as a Territory, 
1822; admitted as a State, 1845; seceded 1861; 
re-admitted, 1868. 

Climate.—Superb. No snow. Frosts rare at 
north, unknown at south. Temperature range 
30 deg. to 100 deg., rarely above 90. Winter 
averages 59 deg., summer 81 deg. Breezes blow 
across from Gulf to Atlantic, and vice versa; 
temper the heat and keep air dry and clear. Aver¬ 
age rainfall 55 inches, chiefly in summer. 

Geographical, etc.—Area 58,680 square miles, 
37,451,000 acres. State surrounded by sea ex¬ 
cept on north. Coast line over 12,000 miles. Good 
harbors rare, mostly on Gulf. Shore low, fre¬ 
quently not two feet above tide-water. Surface 
dotted with lakes. In the middle section are 
found tracts of great richness. At the south the 
soil, when dry or reclaimed, is inexhaustible. The 
northern section is a limestone formation, afford¬ 
ing a fair soil. Four-fifths of Florida is in the 
Peninsula, which is about 350 miles north and 
south, and 105 miles east and west. Remainder 
is the narrow strip along the Gulf, 342 miles east 
and west, and 10 to 50 miles north and south. 
Much forest remains. Timber chiefly pine, of 
moderate sizes, free from undergrowth. Game 
abounds. Poultry and stock raising are success¬ 
ful. The staple products are corn, sugar, mo¬ 
lasses, rice, cotton, oats, tobacco, vegetables of all 
kinds, peaches, oranges, and all tropical and 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 419 

semi-tropical fruits, cocoanuts, lumber, fish, oy¬ 
sters, etc. 

Principal Industries.—Almost the entire labor¬ 
ing population engaged in agriculture and fruit 
growing. Fishing for fish and oysters and lum¬ 
bering largely followed. 

Georgia 

Farthest south and latest settled of the thir¬ 
teen original States. Named in honor of George 
II; settled by English at Savannah, 1733. Orig¬ 
inally a part of South Carolina and claimed by 
Spain. Severe wars with Creeks and Cherokees 
settled by treaties 1790 and 1791. Seceded Jan¬ 
uary, 1861; re-admitted December, 1870. 

Climate.—At the north mild and extremely 
healthy, hot in the lowlands. Range of temper¬ 
ature 30 deg. to 105 deg. Average, winter 49 
deg., summer 82 deg. Rainfall averages 55 inches. 

Geographical, etc.—Greatest length north and 
south 321 miles, greatest width 255 miles, area 
59,475 square miles, or 38,064,000 acres, exclusive 
of water area. Surface diversified. In the south¬ 
east is the Okefinokee swamp, 150 miles in cir¬ 
cumference. At the north are the Blue Ridge, 
Etowah and other mountains. Coast irregular 
and indented, shore line about 500 miles; three 
seaports. Mountain streams are rapid, with pic¬ 
turesque cataracts and immense basins. The 
chief falls are the Tallulah, in Habersham Coun¬ 
ty; Toccoa, in the Tugalo, 180 feet high; To- 
waliga^ in Monroe County, and the Amicolah, 
which descend 400 feet in a quarter mile. Coal, 
iron, marble exist, qpe-fourth area heavily tim¬ 
bered with yellow pine of great value for lumber, 
turpentine, etc. Corn, wheat, oats, cotton, rice, 
sweet potatoes, tobacco, sugar and melons chief 
agricultural staples. Fruit, both temperate and 
semi-tropical, thrives. Stock flourishes. Wool¬ 
growing important. Gold is extensively mined. 

Principal Industries.—Three-fourths population 
engaged in agriculture. Remainder in various 
pursuits. Manufacturing important. 


420 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

Idaho 

Permanent settlement began with discovery of 
gold in Oro Fino Creek, 1860. Organized as Ter¬ 
ritory, 1863. Adopted State constitution, 1889; 
admitted to the Union, 1890. 

Climate.—Severe, with heavy snows in moun¬ 
tains; on plains less severe, but cold and brac¬ 
ing. In the valleys it is milder, with moderate 
snowfall. Summers cool and pleasant. Tempera¬ 
ture averages 20 deg. in winter, 70 deg. in sum¬ 
mer. Rainfall small in the Rocky and Bitter 
Root mountains, and very light at the north and 
west. 

Geographical, etc.—Length 140 to 490 miles, 
width 45 to 286 miles. Area 84,800 square miles, 
54,272,000 acres. Surface table land and moun¬ 
tains. About one-twelfth is arable and one-tenth 
more grazing land. A third, once barren, has 
been reclaimed by irrigation. Many lakes are 
found, as well as numerous water powers. The 
soil, where water can be had, is fertile. Wheat, 
oats, rye, barley, potatoes and hay are good crops 
and dairying and stock-raising profitable. Man¬ 
ufactures chiefly production of flour and lumber 
and smelting of ores. Gold is found in Idaho, 
Boise, Alturas and other counties, silver in Owy¬ 
hee County, etc. Wood River district, on south¬ 
ern slope of Salmon River mountains, is the scene 
of valuable mining operations, chiefly placers. 
Coal in various localities. State ranks high in 
gold and silver. 

Leading Industries.—Mining, grazing, agricul¬ 
ture, smelting, lumbering a$id fruit growing. 

Illinois 

Name derived from Ulini tribe of Indians, mean¬ 
ing Superior Men. First coal mined in America 
at Ottawa. First permanent settlement by French 
at Kaskaskia, 1682; organized as a Territory, 
1809; admitted as a State, 1818. Fort Dearborn 
(Chicago) massacre, 1812, by Pottawatomies. 
Capital moved to Springfield, 1836. 

Climate.—Healthful as a rule; subject to sud¬ 
den and violent changes at north. Temperature 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 421 

ranges from 20 deg. below zero to 101 deg. above. 
Average temperature at Springfield 30 deg. win¬ 
ter; 78 deg. summer. At Chicago, 25 deg. win¬ 
ter; 72 deg. summer. At Cairo, 38 deg. winter; 
80 deg. summer. Frost comes last of September. 
Vegetation begins in April. Rainfall 37 inches. 

Geographical, etc.—Extreme length north and 
south 386 miles, extreme width 218 miles. Aver¬ 
age elevation 482 feet; elevation at Cairo, 340 
feet; highest point, 1,140 feet, in northwest por¬ 
tion. Area, 56,650 square miles, 36,256,000 acres; 
miles of navigable waterways, 4,100. Frontage 
on Lake Michigan, 60 miles. Fruits and grains 
do well at south. Yield of all crops large. Coal 
area two-thirds of State. Among first agricul¬ 
tural States of Union. Staple crops, corn, wheat, 
oats, rye, barley, broomcorn, vegetables, hay, po¬ 
tatoes, etc. Considerable forest of hardwood at 
south on hills and in bottoms. Superior quality 
limestone on Fox and Desplaines rivers; lead 
most important mineral. Galena in center of 
richest diggings in northwest. Rich salt wells 
in Saline and Gallatin counties, 75 gallons brine 
making 50 pounds salt. State ranks first in corn, 
wheat, oats, meat packing, lumber traffic, and 
miles railway; second in rye, coal, agricultural 
implements, soap and hogs; fourth in hay, pota¬ 
toes, iron and steel, mules, milch cows and other 
cattle. 

Industries.—Agriculture, mining, stock-raising, 
slaughtering, and manufacturing of all kinds. 

Indiana 

First settled by Canadian voyagers at Vin¬ 
cennes, 1702; organized as a Territory, 1800; ad¬ 
mitted, 1816. Sixth State admitted. 

Climate.—Changeable in winter, but seldom 
severe; winds from north and west; summers 
moderately long, and sometimes hot; tempera¬ 
ture averages, winter 34 deg., summer 78 deg. 
Trees blossom in March. Rainfall 40 inches. 
Health excellent. 

Geographical, etc.—Extreme length north and 
south 275 miles, width averages 150 miles, area 


422 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

36,350 square miles, 23,264,000 acres. Surface 
sometimes hilly. No mountains. Hills 200 to 400 
feet above the surrounding country. Frontage 
on Lake Michigan, 43 miles. State highly favored 
for agriculture and manufacturing. Cattle, hogs, 
sheep, horses, etc., are most successfully raised. 
Corn, wheat, oats, staple crops. River bottoms 
wide and unsurpassed in fertility; highlands, when 
level, rich, black, or sandy soil. All crops and 
fruits of the temperate zone do well both in yield 
and quality. Timber still abundant at south, but 
in scattered tracts. Coal fields in southwestern 
portion of State over 7,000 square miles, on much 
of which are three workable veins. Kinds of 
coal, block, cannel and ordinary bituminous, cokes 
well, superior for gas. Iron ore is found. Build¬ 
ing stones varied and of unsurpassed quality, 
including the famous Bedford stone. Supply un¬ 
limited. The discovery of natural gas in Indiana 
largely increased its importance as a manufac¬ 
turing center, also its population. 

Industries.—Ninety-four per cent of the area 
is in farms. Chief crops are corn, wheat, oats, 
hay and potatoes. Of tobacco 8,715,000 pounds 
were raised in 1910; the wool clip amounted to 
2,860,000 pounds. In the mines 19,707 persons 
were employed and the output of coal was valued 
at $15,114,300, while 11,339,124 barrels of crude 
petroleum were produced and $4,342,409 worth 
of natural gas, conveyed to consumers by 5,258 
miles of pipe. Portland cement 3,782,841 barrels. 
The most important branches of manufacture 
are iron and steel goods, glass, flour-milling, dis¬ 
tilling, meat packing, the making of wagons, 
agricultural implements and furniture. Bricks, 
tiles, pipes, pottery, etc., were produced to the 
value of $6,858,124. 

Iowa 

Name is of Indian origin, and means “The 
Beautiful Land.” Settled first by Dubuque, 1788, 
a French-Canadian for whom that city is named. 
Part of the Louisiana purchase; merged into Mis¬ 
souri Territory, 1812; into Michigan, 1834; into 
Wisconsin, 1836. First settled by miners of lead. 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 423 

Active immigration begun 1833. Iowa Territory 
organized July 4, 1838. Admitted as State, 1846. 

Climate.—Subject to extremes. Winter severe, 
with sharp north and west winds; summer pleas¬ 
ant. Temperature averages, summer 72 deg., 
winter 23 deg.; ranges from 10 deg. below to 99 
above zero. Rainfall 42 inches. Wheat harvest 
in August. 

Geographical, etc.—Extreme length east and 
west, 298 miles, width 208 miles, area 56,025 
square miles, 35,850,000 acres. Surface almost 
an unbroken prairie, without mountains and with 
very few low hills. Natural meadows everywhere 
and water abundant. Many small lakes at north. 
Highest point, Spirit Lake, 1,600 feet above the 
sea. Coal area fair. Other minerals unimportant. 
Manufacturing active. State ranks first in hogs, 
second in milch cows, oxen and other cattle, 
corn, hay and oats; third in horses; fifth in barley 
and miles of railway. Soil superior. Corn, wheat, 
oats, potatoes, hay, barley, sorghum, rye, staples. 
Apples unsurpassed in United States; pears, 
plums, cherries, grapes and berries are excellent 
crops. Cattle and other stock interests large and 
thrifty. Dairying attractive. Forest area small 
—scarcely equal to home requirements. 

Leading Industries.—Agriculture, stock-raising 
and manufacturing. 

Kansas 

Name, Indian, means “Smoky water.” Visited 
by Spaniards 1541, and by French 1719. Part 
of Louisiana purchase, and afterward of Indian 
Territory. Organized as a Territory 1854. Ad¬ 
mitted as a State January, 1861. Law known 
as “Missouri Compromise,” forbidding slavery in 
states, repealed, and question of slavery left to 
the territory. At first it was decided for slavery. 
Constitution prohibiting slavery adopted July, 
1859. First railroad built, 1864, 40 miles long. 

Climate.—Salubrious. Winters mild, summers 
warm, air pure and clear. Temperature averages 
winter 31 deg., summer 78 degrees., ranges 8 deg. 
below to 101 deg. above zero; such extremes ex- 


424 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


ceptional. Rainfall average 45 inches at east, 
33 inches at west. 

Geographical, etc.—Extreme length east and 
west 410 miles, breadth 210 miles, area 82,236 
square miles, 51,631,040 acres. No mountains. 
There is little navigable water. Manufacturing 
growing. State ranks fifth in cattle, corn and 
rye. Fruit successful. Forests small. Soil of 
prairies deep loam of dark color; bottoms sandy 
loam. Peculiarly favorable to stock-raising. Prai¬ 
rie rich in grasses. Dairying favored. Corn, 
wheat, oats, hemp, flax and rye, staples. Castor 
beans and cotton grown successfully. Water pow¬ 
ers of fair proportions; irrigation necessary in 
large sections. Coal area of moderate extent; 
veins usually thin; quality fair. 

Leading Industries.—Agriculture, stock-raising, 
manufacturing, etc. 

Kentucky 

Name, Indian, signifies dark and bloody ground, 
because the State was the hunting and battle 
ground of the tribes. Louisville founded 1780. 
Earliest explorations made by John Finley and 
others 1767; Daniel Boone established himself 
there in 1769. Admitted as a State Feb. 4, 1791. 

Climate.—Variable, favorable to health and 
agriculture; healthfulness not surpassed. Snows 
fall, but disappear in a few days. Sleighing only 
for a day or so. Winters moderately long. Ma¬ 
laria very rare, except' on the Ohio and Mississippi 
rivers. Thermometer ranges from 5 deg. below 
zero to 98 above, rarely greater extremes are 
known. Temperature averages, summer 75 deg., 
winter 38 deg.; rainfall, 50 inches. 

Geographical, etc.—Extreme length east and 
west 350, width 179 miles, area 40,000 square 
miles, 25,600,000 acres. River frontage 832 miles, 
navigable waterways 4,120 miles. Natural won¬ 
der, Mammoth Cave, greatest in the world. Ken¬ 
tucky ranks high as an agricultural and stock 
state. Staple crops, corn, wheat, tobacco, oats, 
barley, hemp, rye, and vegetables; fruits do 
fairly. Famous for thoroughbred horses and cat- 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 425 

tie. Soil fair, except in the famous "Bluegrass 
region,” extending for 40 or 50 miles around Lex¬ 
ington, and one of the most beautiful sections 
on the globe. Coal, marbles, minerals, oil, stone, 
etc., also abound. Iron deposits of immense 
magnitude are known to exist. Mules and hogs 
largely raised. At the east in the mountains 
are immense forests of virgin oak, poplar, ash, 
chestnut, elm, walnut and other valuable timber 
trees. State ranks first in tobacco. 

Louisiana 

Named in honor of Louis XIV of France. Pur¬ 
chased by United States, 1803, for $15,000,000. 
Louisiana admitted as a State under present 
name, April 8, 1812. First sugar cane cultivated 
in United States, 1751. First sugar mill, 1758. 
First shipment of cotton abroad, 1784. Seceded 
Jan. 21, 1861. Some fighting on the river be¬ 
tween boats and forts. New Orleans captured 
May 1, 1862. In June, 1868, State re-entered 
Union. 

Climate.—Temperature ranges from 44 to 100 
deg., average summer 81 deg., winter 55 deg. 
Rainfall 57 inches, chiefly in spring and summer. 
Summers long and occasionally hot. Health aver¬ 
age. Actual death-rate lower than in many 
northern sections. 

Geographical, etc.—Extreme length east and 
west 294 miles, breadth 284 miles, area 49,626 
square miles, 31,760,000 acres. Coast line 1,276 
miles, very irregular; navigable rivers 2,700 miles. 
Mississippi flows in or on the borders of the State. 
Bays numerous on coast but harbors indifferent. 
Many small islands in gulf. Timber superior in 
kind and quality, lumber important industry. 
Salt produced on a large scale. 

Industries.—Three-fifths of laboring population 
engaged in agriculture. Staple products, sweet 
potatoes, sugar, molasses, rice, corn, cotton, 
grasses, oats, etc. All fruits of the semi-tropical 
climate thrive. State ranks first in sugar and 
molasses, and third in rice. 


426 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


Maine 

The “Pine Tree State,” originally included New 
Hampshire. Settled by the English at Bristol, 
1624; admitted 1820. 

Climate.—Excellent, except for pulmonary trou¬ 
bles. Winter average 29 deg., summer 67 deg.; 
rainfall 45 inches; snow lies 80 to 130 days. 
Death-rate low. 

Geographical, etc.—Extreme length north and 
south 298 miles, width 210 miles, shore line about 
2,480 miles, area 33,056 square miles, land 29,- 
885 square miles, 21,155,840 acres. Valuable slate 
quarries from the Kennebec to the Penobscot; 
granite is obtained in blocks of immense size. 
Ranks fifth in buckwheat and copper; eighth in 
hops and potatoes. Hay the most valuable crop. 
Area of lakes and streams, one-thirteenth entire 
State. The soil is medium only, except on some 
of the streams, where it is rich. Surface hilly, 
mountainous toward center. Highest point, Ka- 
tahdin, 5,400 feet; largest island, Mount Desert, 
92 square miles. The ordinary vegetables grow. 
Half the State is forest of excellent timber. 

Chief Industries.—Lumbering one of chief in¬ 
dustries, forests covering over 10,000,000 acres; 
number saw-mills 848, total products $7,933,868. 
Agriculture and kindred pursuits, lumbering, 
fisheries, $3,620,000 yearly; quarrying, ship-build¬ 
ing (380 establishments). 

Maryland 

One of the thirteen original States; named in 
honor of Maria, wife of Charles II., King of 
England; first permanent settlement made by 
English Roman Catholics at St. Mary’s, 1634. 
Baltimore founded 1730. Federal Congress met 
at Annapolis 1783, when Washington resigned 
command of army. Federal constitution ratified 
April 28, 1778. Fredericktown and other places 
burned in war of 1812, and Fort McHenry bom¬ 
barded. First blood of civil war shed at Balti¬ 
more, April 19, 1861. Legislature opposed war 
April 26, 1861, but passed resolutions favoring 
the South. 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 427 

Climate.—Mild, agreeable and healthful; some 
little malaria in lowlands. Temperature softened 
by ocean. Winter averages 37 deg., summer 78 
deg. Rainfall, 42 inches. 

Geographical, etc.—Length east and west 196 
miles, width 8 to 122 miles. Area, 12,297 square 
miles. Acreage of State 7,871,000; water surface 
large. Western and northern sections moun¬ 
tainous and broken. Chief navigable rivers, Po¬ 
tomac, Susquehanna, Patuxent, Patapsco, empty 
into the bay. At the west is the Youghiogheny. 
Chesapeake Bay almost divides the State. Tide¬ 
water coast nearly 500 miles. Copper is found 
in Frederick and Carroll counties, iron ore in 
Alleghany, Anne Arundel, Carroll, Baltimore, 
Frederick and Prince George’s counties. Great 
oyster, fish, fruit and vegetable producing state. 
Oyster beds most valuable in Union. Wheat, corn, 
oats, buckwheat and tobacco staple crops. Soil 
varies from very poor to very good. Considerable 
good timber remains. Enormous coal fields west. 

Chief Industries.—Agriculture and fruit grow¬ 
ing, oyster and other fishing, canning, coal, iron 
and copper mining, manufacture of cotton goods, 
etc. 

Massachusetts 

One of the thirteen original States. First set¬ 
tlement 1602, abandoned the same year. Explored 
1614 by Captain John Smith. First permanent 
settlement made by English Puritans at Ply¬ 
mouth, 1620. Boston settled 1630. First Amer¬ 
ican newspaper Boston, 1690. Battle of Lexing¬ 
ton first blood of Revolution. Ratified United 
States Constitution Feb. 6, 1788. Massachusetts 
was active in bringing on Revolution. Boston 
massacre March 5, 1770. Destruction of tea Dec. 
16, 1773. Boston port bill passed March, 1774. 

Climate.—Winters severe and protracted, sum¬ 
mers short and warm; thermometer ranges from 
10 deg. below to 100 deg.; averages summer 73 
deg., winter 24 deg. Snow falls October to April. 
Rainfall, including snow, 44 inches. 

Geographical, etc.—Length northeast to south- 


428 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

west 162 miles, breadth 47 miles in west and 100 
in eastern part. Area 8,315 square miles, 5,321,600 
acres. Coast extensive and irregular, with num¬ 
erous good harbors. The Merrimac only large 
stream entering sea within the State. Soil gen¬ 
erally light; hay best crop; wheat, oats, corn 
and vegetables grown. Forests practically ex¬ 
hausted. Stone is found. No minerals mined. 
The Taconic and Hoosac ridges traverse the 
State at the west. Saddle Mountain, 3,600 feet, 
the highest peak. The east and northeast divi¬ 
sions are hilly and broken, and the southeast low 
and sandy. Scenery very beautiful, especially 
in Berkshire hills. Elizabeth Island, Martha’s 
Vineyard, Nantucket and smaller islands to the 
south belong to the State. 

Chief Industries.—Agriculture and kindred 
callings, fishing for cod and mackerel (half the 
fishing vessels of the Union owned here), manu¬ 
facture of cotton, woolen, worsted, silk, iron and 
steel goods, soap and implements, quarrying. 

Michigan 

Name of Indian origin, signifying Lake Coun¬ 
try. First white settlement within limits of State, 
Sault Ste. Marie, 1668; organized as Territory, 
1805; admitted, 1837. Thirteenth State to enter 
Union. Received upper peninsula as compensa¬ 
tion for disputed territory same year. 

Climate.—Temperature averages at Detroit, 
winter, 30 deg., summer 70 deg., at Sault Ste. 
Marie, winter 23 deg., summer 65 deg. Rainfall 
at Detroit 30 inches, at Sault Ste. Marie 24 inches. 
Health excellent. 

Geographical, etc.—Lower peninsula consists 
of plains and table lands, heavily timbered with 
pine and hardwoods, and small prairies. Soil 
generally good, but patches of sand occur. Fruit 
raising, especially apples, peaches, and grapes, 
very successful. All cereals make good crops, 
except corn at north. Staples, wheat, corn, oats, 
buckwheat, potatoes, barley, etc. Upper peninsula 
broken, rocky and almost mountainous, rising 
at west to 2,000 feet above sea. Western por- 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 429 

tion mining’ region, eastern portion favorable to 
agriculture. State ranks first in copper, lumber 
and salt; second in iron ore, third in buckwheat, 
fifth in sheep, hops and potatoes. Rivers, inlets, 
and small lakes numerous. Water good and well 
distributed. Copper, valuable iron, coal and salt 
abundant. 

Chief Industries.—Lumbering, mining, farming, 
fruit raising, manufacturing, fishing, etc. 

Minnesota 

Named from the river; term of Indian origin, 
signifying “whitish or sky-colored water.” It 
is the state of small lakes, including over 7,000, 
varying , from a few rods to 38 miles across. In 
one of these, the Itasca, the Mississippi rises. 
The other principal rivers are the Minnesota, Red 
River of the North, and the St. Louis. Small 
streams and lakes make water plentiful. The 
scenery is picturesque and beautiful. Organized 
as a Territory, 1849; admitted, 1858. Explored 
by Fathers Hennepin and La Salle, 1680, via 
Mississippi River to Falls St. Anthony. 

Climate.—Healthful. Air pure and dry, summer 
warm, averaging 68-70 deg.; winters cold, aver¬ 
aging 9-24 deg. Rainfall 36 inches, chiefly in 
summer. Snowfall medium. 

Geographical, etc.—Length north and south 378 
miles, average width 261 miles; area, 86,335 
square miles, 55,214,000 acres. Surface rolling 
plain, 1,600 feet above the sea level, except at 
northeast where a series of sand hills called 
“Heights of Land,” 1,600 feet high. The soil is 
splendid as a rule, and the accessibility to mar¬ 
ket and general attractions render the state es¬ 
pecially favored by agriculturists. Wheat is the 
great crop. Corn, oats, barley, hay and dairy 
products are also staples. State ranks fourth 
in wheat. The forests of the State are small 
(2,000,000 acres), but in parts are rich in fine 
timbers. 

Chief Industries.—Agriculture, dairying, min¬ 
ing, etc. Principal agricultural products, wheat, 
corn, oats, barley, flaxseed and beet sugar. 


430 CON KLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

Mississippi 

Name of Indian origin, signifying “Father of 
Waters.” Visited by De Soto 1542, by La Salle 
1682. Biloxi settled 1699, by M. d' Iberville. Ad¬ 
mitted 1817; seceded 1861; re-admitted 1870. 
Formed part of the territory of Louisiana, and 
belonged to France. Seventh State admitted. 
Capital fixed at Jackson, 1822. State active in 
war 1814 and with Mexico. Shiloh the most 
notable battle of the rebellion in the State. 

Climate.—Mild, snow and ice unknown. Sum¬ 
mers long and warm, July and August' hottest 
months. Temperature averages summer 80 deg., 
winter 50 deg. Rainfall 46 inches at north, 58 
inches at south. Highlands very healthy. Ma¬ 
laria in bottoms. 

Geographical, etc.—Greatest length north and 
south 304 miles, average width 143 miles, area 
46,810 square miles, 29,657,600 acres. Some hills 
reach 200 feet above surrounding country. From 
Tennessee line south to Vicksburg, Mississippi 
bottoms wide, flat, with more or less swamp, and 
covered with cypress and oak. Soil an inex¬ 
haustible alluvium, light but productive, at south 
sandy, with pine growth. Surface undulating, 
with a gradual slope from elevation of 700 feet 
at northeast, west and south to the Mississippi 
and Gulf. Coast line, including islands, 512 miles. 
Harbors, Biloxi, Mississippi City, Pascagoula and 
Shieldsburg. Forest area large; pine, oak, chest¬ 
nut, walnut and magnolia grow on uplands and 
bluffs, long-leaf pine on islands and in sand. 
Lumbering important industry; mules raised 
with great success. State ranks second in cotton, 
fifth in rice. Oyster and other fisheries valuable. 
Cotton lands mostly in Yazoo and Mississippi bot¬ 
toms. Cotton prolific. Staple crops cotton, rice, 
sugar, molasses, tobacco, corn, sweet potatoes. 
Fruits and vegetables are splendid crops, but are 
neglected. 

Leading Industries.—Agriculture, lumbering, 
fishing and canning. 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 431 

Missouri 

Name, Indian, means “Muddy River,” and was 
taken from the river of same name. Settled first 
at St. Genevieve. Organized as Territory under 
present name 1812, included Arkansas, Indian 
Territory, etc. Admitted March 20, 1821. Elev¬ 
enth State admitted. State divided on secession, 
and was scene of perpetual internal warfare. 
“Missouri Compromise” effected and State per¬ 
mitted to retain slavery. 

Climate.—Variable, with sudden changes, but 
generally pleasant and healthy. Average tem¬ 
perature summer 76 deg., winter 39 deg. Rain¬ 
fall greatest in May, averages 34 inches. Sum¬ 
mers are long and warm, but not enervating. 
Winters moderate, with occasional severe days. 

Geographical, etc.—Length north and south, 
575 miles. Average width 240 miles. Area 69,- 
137 square miles, 44,247,680 acres. Soil gener¬ 
ally good. Entire area well watered by small 
streams, springs, etc. South the surface is broken 
with hills, sometimes 1,000 feet high. The most 
noted, Iron Mountain and the Ozarks. West of 
Ozarks is a prairie region with wide, deep, fertile 
valleys. State ranks first in mules, third in 
oxen, hogs, corn and copper; fifth in iron ore. 
Growth walnut, poplar, oak and the hardwoods; 
grazing a leading business both in extent and 
profit. Stock of all kinds raised with success. 
Coal, iron, marble, granite, limestone, lead and 
copper found in enormous deposits. Lead area 
5,000 square miles. Chief crops corn, wheat," 
oats, potatoes, tobacco. Fruits do splendidly. 

Leading Industries.—Agriculture, mining, man¬ 
ufacturing, quarrying, grazing, fruit and veget¬ 
able growing, lumbering, etc. 

Montana 

Formerly a part of Idaho. Became a Terri¬ 
tory 1864. Received about 2,000 square miles 
from Dakota 1873. School lands reserved for 
sale when Territory became a State valuable and 
extensive. State admitted to the Union Feb. 


432 CONICLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

22, 1889, at same time as North and South Da¬ 
kota and Washington. 

Climate.—Dry. Rainfall about 12 inches. 
Warmer than same latitude farther east. Snows 
heavy in mountains, light in valleys and on 
plains. Temperature averages summer 62 deg., 
winter 18 deg. Colder in mountains. Health 
excellent. 

Geographical, etc.—Extreme length east and 
west 540 miles, average width 274 miles, area 
147,061 square miles. The largest county in the 
United States is Custer County, Montana, which 
contains 36,000 square miles, being larger in ex¬ 
tent than the States of Vermont, Massachusetts, 
Connecticut, Delaware and Rhode Island. One- 
tenth of the present population of the United 
States could find means of a livelihood within this 
immense county; then it would not be as over¬ 
crowded as Belgium was at the time of the last 
census. Three-fifths of the territory rolling 
plains, rest mountainous. Surface fairly supplied 
with small streams; 92,998,400 acres, two-fifths 
good farm land. Too cold for corn. Area grazing 
land, over two-thirds territory. Grazing inter¬ 
ests great. Timber supply ample. Soil good. 
Immense area of arable land. Wheat best crop, 
oats, potatoes, hay, also staples. Mineral wealth 
great. Ranks fifth in silver and in gold. One 
of the richest mining countries in the world; 
mineral wealth almost inexhaustible. 

Leading Industries.—Mining, lumbering, graz¬ 
ing, agriculture, smelting, etc. 

Nebraska 

Name first applied to the river, and is of In¬ 
dian origin, signifying “Shallow Water.” Ne¬ 
braska Territory organized May, 1834. Pew set¬ 
tlements till 1864. Idaho cut off March, 1863, 
and present boundaries fixed. Bill to admit July, 
1866, unsigned by President Johnson, and another 
January, 1867, vetoed. Bill passed over veto 
February, 1867. Admitted that year. 

Climate.—Dry, salubrious and free from ma- 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


433 


laria. Temperature averages summer 73 deg., 
winter 20 deg. Rainfall east of 100th meridian, 
including snow, 25 inches, heaviest in May. At 
west precipitation falls to *17 inches. Rainfall 
gradually increasing. 

Geographical, etc.—Extreme length east and 
west 424 miles, width 210 miles, area 77,531 
square miles, 49,619,840 acres. Manufacturing 
growing wonderfully. Cattle raising of vast im¬ 
portance and magnitude. Good herd laws. No 
important minerals. Whole eastern two-fifths a 
great natural garden. Corn the great crop; 
wheat, oats, hay, rye, buckwheat, barley, flax, 
hemp, apples, plums, grapes, berries, staples, and 
flourish. Surface a vast plain, undulating gen¬ 
tly, and principally prairie, with a few low hills. 
Missouri, Platte, Niobrara, Republican, and Blue, 
principal rivers, and are fed by numerous small¬ 
er streams. Southern portion of State peculiarly 
favorable to all kinds of crops, western half mag¬ 
nificent series of pastures, and best suited to 
grazing. At extreme northwest are spurs of 
the Rocky Mountains, and Black Hill country 
begins; general slope from west to east. 

Leading Industries.—Agriculture, cattle-raising, 
dairying, manufacturing, etc. 

Nevada 

First settlement in Washoe and Carson Valleys, 
1848. Gold discovered 1849, silver 1859. Terri¬ 
tory organized March, 1861. Admitted as State 
October, 1864. 

Climate.—Mild in valleys; little snow except on 
mountains. At north mercurcy sometimes falls 
, to 15 deg. below zero; air bracing, health good. 
Extremes of cold unknown. Summer heat occa¬ 
sionally reaches above 100 deg. Temperature av¬ 
erages summer 71 deg., winter 36 deg. Rainfall 
slight, chiefly in spring. 

Geographical, etc.—Extreme length north and 
south 485 miles, width 320 miles, area 110,679 
square miles, 70,834,500 acres. Lake Tahoe, 1,500 
feet deep, 10x22 miles in area, and 9,000 feet 
above sea, temperature year round 57 deg. Rich 


434 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


in lead and copper; zinc, platinum, tin and nickel, 
plumbago, manganese, cobalt, cinnebar, etc., 
found. Extensive deposits of borax. Coal and 
iron. Mineral resources enormous. Comstock 
lode conceded the richest silver mine in the 
world; Eureka one of the most productive. Ranks 
second in gold, fourth in silver. Kaolin, building 
stones, slate, soda, and salt are obtained. Little 
land improved. Corn, wheat, potatoes, oats, and 
barley, staple crops; horses, mules, cattle, hogs, 
and sheep do well. Forests valuable. Consider¬ 
able areas of grazing land; many valleys, rich, 
easily worked, and prolific soil. Many mineral 
springs, warm and cold. Great part of surface 
unavailable for cultivation. 

Leading Industries.—Mining, reducing ores, 
lumbering, agriculture, etc. 

New llnmpshire 

One of the thirteen original States. Settled by 
English Puritans at Dover and Portsmouth 1623. 
Named for Hampshire County, England. Rati¬ 
fied United States Constitution June 21, 1788. 
Dartmouth College, at Hanover, founded 1769. 

Climate.—Winter average 24, summer 69 deg. 
Extremes great in White Mountains. Winter be¬ 
gins in November, cold till May. Snow lies two- 
thirds of year in mountains, elsewhere 70 to 130 
days. Health good. Summer short and hot, with 
violent storms. Rainfall 41 inches. Frost late 
in spring and early in fall. 

Geographical, etc.—Extreme length north and 
south 181 miles, extreme width 92 miles, area 
9,305 square miles, 5,855,200 acres. Coast line 
18 miles. State ranks high in cotton manufac¬ 
turing. Mica quarried at Grafton, soapstone at 
Haverhill, Keene, and Francetown, granite at 
Plymouth, Troy, Roxbury, Concord. The White 
Mountains occupy the northern portion of the 
State with unsurpassed scenery. Highest peak 
Mount Washington. Largest lake, Winnipiseo T 
gee, 74 square miles. General elevation 1,200 
feet. Isles of Shoals form part of State. Soil 
rocky, with small fertile districts. Hay bes 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


435 


crop; corn, wheat, oats and ordinary vegetables 
do fairly with close cultivation. Forests largely 
exhausted, except at the north. 

Principal Industries. — Agriculture, manufac¬ 
ture of cotton, woolens, lumber, leather, boots 
and shoes, etc. Quarrying mica, granite and 
soapstone. 

New Jersey 

Named in honor of grantee, Sir George Car¬ 
teret, at one time Governor of the Island of 
Jersey. One of the thirteen original States. Set¬ 
tled by Dutch, at Bergen, 1620. Delaware Water 
Gap and Falls of Passaic are the natural won¬ 
ders of the State. State Constitution adopted 
1776, revised 1844, and amended in the present 
decade. United States Constitution unanimously 
adopted December, 1787. Battles of Trenton, 
Princeton, Monmouth, and others fought within 
its borders during the Revolution. Capital es¬ 
tablished at Trenton 1790. A slave State till 
1810, when but eighteen slaves remained, and 
it was counted a free State. 

Climate.—Variable. Temperature averages 
summer 68 deg. to 75 deg., winter 31 to 38 deg. 
Range of temperature from about zero to 100 
deg. Rainfall, including snow, 46 inches, reach¬ 
ing 50 inches in the highlands, and falling to 40 
inches at the south. Highlands and seashore 
healthy. Ague and malarial fevers in the low¬ 
lands. 

Geographical, etc.—Length north and south 158 
miles, width 38 to 70 miles, area 8,173 square 
miles, or 5,230,720 acres. Toward center State 
slopes to a rolling plain, and at south becomes 
flat and low. Hudson River forms part of east 
border. Atlantic coast 128 miles, Delaware Bay 
coast 118 miles. The famous Palisades of the 
Hudson at the northeast are 600 feet high. Lit¬ 
tle woodland valuable for timber remains. Iron 
and fertilizing marls are abundant. Hay the 
best crop. Other staple crops are potatoes, 
wheat, corn, rye, buckwheat, cranberries, fruit, 
and garden produce. Cranberry growing a spe- 


436 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


cialty, Burlington, Ocean, and Atlantic Counties 
being especially adapted to this industry. Cen¬ 
tral region a vast market garden. 

Chief Industries.—Manufacture of fabrics, jew¬ 
elry, clay wares and brick, flour, crystals, fish¬ 
ing, oyster fishing, gardening, agriculture, marl, 
and iron ore digging, etc. 

New Mexico 

Named in honor of one of the gods of the 
Aztecs, the ancient inhabitants of Mexico. Or¬ 
ganized as Territory 1850. Santa Fe is oldest 
town in United States, next to St. Augustine. 
Permanent settlement 1596. Santa Fe, then an 
Indian town, chosen as a seat of Spanish govern¬ 
ment. Admitted as a State Aug. 21, 1911. 

Climate.—Varies with different elevations. It 
is much warmer than the average in the lower 
altitudes, and colder in the higher. Air dry, rare¬ 
fied, and pure. Rainfall 9 to 11 inches. Tem¬ 
perature averages summer 70 deg., winter 32 
deg. Range of temperature 4 deg. below zero to 
90 deg. above. 

Geographical, etc.—Average length north and 
south 363 miles, width 335 miles. Area 122,460 
square miles, 78,519,680 acres. Zinc, quicksilver, 
lead, manganese, and large deposits of coal have 
been found. Irrigable surface 7,000 square miles. 
Soil rich where water can be had for irrigation 
or on streams. Gold found in Grant, Lincoln, 
Colfax, and Bernadillo Counties, rich copper mines 
in Bernadillo County, and in the Pinos Altos re¬ 
gion. Corn, wheat, oats, alfalfa, grapes, vege¬ 
tables, especially onions and root crops, and semi- 
tropical fruits are prolific. Sheep raising very 
profitable. Grazing interests extensive. Eleva¬ 
tion 3,000 to 4,000 feet. Mountain peaks 12,000 
feet. The Staked Plain, an elevated region unwa¬ 
tered and without food, extends into the south¬ 
eastern part of the territory. The mountains are 
clothed with pine, spruce and fir. Cedar grows 
in foot-hills, and cottonwood and sycamore in 
valleys. No streams are navigable in the terri¬ 
tory. Timber scarce, except in few sections. 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 487 

Leading Industries.—Mining, stock-raising, and 
agriculture. 

New York 

One of the thirteen original States. Explored 
by Henry Hudson, September, 1609. Samuel de 
Champlain discovered and named Lake Cham¬ 
plain. Holland owned the territory. Indian 
troubles 1640-45. Named in honor of the Duke 
of York, to whom the patent was granted. New 
York, the battlefield of the French-English war, 
1754, was prominent in the Revolution. West. 
Point fortified 1777-78. New York City capital 
1784 to 1797. Slavery abolished 1817. Dutch 
settled on Manhattan Island 1614. Country called 
“New Netherlands.” Manhattan Island pur¬ 
chased from Indians for $24 in 1626. Swedish 
settlements on the Delaware incorporated with 
the New Netherlands 1655. England claimed the 
country as part of Virginia, captured Manhattan 
(New Amsterdam), August, 1664, and named it 
New York. First railroad Albany to Schenectady, 
1831. 

Climate.—Diverse, mean annual temperature 
for the State 47 deg. Range of temperature 10 
deg. below to 100 above zero. In the Adiron- 
dacks the annual mean is 39 deg., in the extreme 
south it is 50 deg.; average rainfall 43 inches, 
including snow, the fall being greatest in the 
lower Hudson Valley, and smallest (32 inches) 
in the St. Lawrence Valley. 

Geographical, etc.—Extreme length east and 
west 410 miles, extreme width 311 miles, area 
53,719 square miles, 34,380,160 acres, water front¬ 
age 900 miles, surface varied. The State is noted 
for the beauty of its lakes. Long, Manhattan, 
and Staten Islands form important divisions of 
the State. The Allegheny and its tributaries 
drain the southwest, and the Susquehanna the 
southern central division. The Mohawk is the 
chief affluent of the Hudson. The Hudson, rising 
in the Adirondacks, and flowing south over 300 
miles to New York Bay, is the chief stream. The 
average annual ice crop of the Hudson River is 


438 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

3,500,000 tons. The State ranks first in value 
of manufactures, soap, printing, publishing, hops, 
hay, potatoes, buckwheat, and milch cows; sec¬ 
ond in salt, silk goods, malt and distilled liquors, 
miles railway, and barley; third in agricultural 
implements, iron ore, iron and steel, oats and rye. 
The production of corn, wheat, and dairy prod¬ 
ucts is very large. The soil is varied, and agri¬ 
culturally the State is very rich. 

Leading Industries.—Agriculture, stone quar¬ 
rying; dairying, pottery, textiles, sugar refining, 
and machine-shop work are very important. 
New York City ranks as the third shipping port 
in the world, coming after London and Liverpool. 

North Carolina 

One of the thirteen original States. Discov¬ 
ered by Walter Raleigh, 1584 ; settled by English, 
1650. State seceded May 21, 1861. Forts, etc., 
seized by the State troops. Coast section scene 
of sharp fighting during civil war. State re¬ 
entered Union June, 1868. 

Climate.—Is varied, warm and moist in low 
sections, cool and dry in mountains, with all 
intermediate conditions. Frost light and seldom 
comes until the end of fall. Rainfall, including 
some snow in mountains, 45 in. Average winter 
temperature 49 deg., summer 78 deg. 

Geographical, etc.—Greatest length east and 
west 453 miles; greatest width, 185 miles; area 
52,674 square miles, or 33,711,360 acres, less 
area water surface. Swamps extensive; most 
noted of them, the Great Dismal, north of Albe¬ 
marle Sound, contains 148,000 acres. Coast line 
423 miles, with many harbors. Corn best crop, 
tobacco largest product; other staples, orchard 
products, sweet potatoes, rice, wheat, oats, pea¬ 
nuts, cotton, hay and vegetables in the order 
named. Has rich deposits of gold and the baser 
minerals. Stone, slate, coal, marble, mica. Ex¬ 
cellent fisheries. Ranks first in tar and turpen¬ 
tine, second in copper, third in peanuts and to¬ 
bacco, fourth in rice, ninth in cotton. 

Chief Industries.—Agriculture principal occu- 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 439 

pation. Fishing-, manufacture of turpentine and 
lumber, mining, etc. 

Ohio 

Name of Indian origin, signifying “Beautiful 
River.” Explored by La Salle 1679. Ohio Terri¬ 
tory organized May 7, 1800. Admitted as a State 
April 30, 1802. First permanent settlement at 
Marietta, 1788. Area 44,464 square miles. 

Climate.—As healthful as any in the United 
States. Warmest on Ohio River. Average rain¬ 
fall, including snow, 42 inches; decreases to 37 
inches at north, and increases to 47 inches at 
south. Temperature for State averages, winter 
35 deg., summer 77 deg., range of temperature 
16 deg. below zero to 101 deg. above. Snowfall 
considerable. 

Geographical, etc.—Extreme length east and 
west 225 miles, breadth 200 miles, area 44,464 
square miles, 28,456,000 acres. Little forest val¬ 
uable for lumber remains, except in small re¬ 
serves. Coal, building stones, iron ore and salt 
are found in vast quantities. Staple crops, wheat, 
corn, oats, potatoes, tobacco, buckwheat, etc., 
vegetables, apples and the hardier fruits. 

Leading Industries. — Agriculture, dairying, 
mining, quarrying, pork packing, manufactur¬ 
ing. 

Oklahoma 

Formerly Indian Territory, the Indian name 
meaning “Beautiful Country”; a portion of the 
great Louisiana Purchase; was set aside for the 
peaceful tribes and organized 1834, with its gov¬ 
ernment in the hands of the tribes, each to 
manage its own internal affairs, most of them 
governed by chiefs, whites only holding property 
by marrying Indians. All lands were held in 
common. In 1890 the western half was organ¬ 
ized as the Territory of Oklahoma, the eastern 
portion remaining Indian Territory. The open¬ 
ing of Oklahoma to white settlers, 1889, was 
signalized by an unparalleled rush; thousands 
were camped along the boundary for weeks wait¬ 
ing the day when whites were to be allowed to 


440 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


come in and choose homesteads. In 1893 the 
Dawes Commission, appointed by Congress, se¬ 
cured agreements with the several tribes to sub¬ 
stitute individual allotments for the system of 
land in common. In 1897 the United States 
courts assumed jurisdiction. In 1898 the Presi¬ 
dent acquired veto powers over the tribal acts 
and on March 4, 1906, the tribal organization 
was dissolved. Oklahoma was organized as a 
State Nov. 16, 1907, with a unique and modern 
constitution and has gone forward with strides 
and bounds in material development. 

Climate.—Mild in winter, warm in summer; 
temperature averages 41 deg. in winter and 80 in 
summer. Rainfall in the east 50 inches, in the 
center 25 to 35, and west very much less. Gen¬ 
eral health conditions excellent. 

Geographical, etc.—The surface is a vast roll¬ 
ing plain, sloping eastward; valleys fairly tim¬ 
bered with hard woods. Corn, cotton, rice, wheat, 
rye and potatoes are staples* Grazing interests 
are large. Coal and oil in various localities, and 
large quantities profitably produced. 

Industries.—Grain raising, cotton growing and 
cotton ginning; cotton seed oil and flour milling 
and general manufactures increasing. Coal min¬ 
ing and the quarrying of granite and limestone 
are very important. Petroleum also important, 
with very many profitable wells. 

Oregon 

Name derived from Spanish wbrd signifying 
“Wild Thyme.” Organized as a Territory, 1848; 
admitted as a State 1859. 

Climate.—In Western Oregon moist, equable, 
rainfall 59 inches. In Eastern Oregon dry. Both 
pleasant and healthful, though subject to occa¬ 
sional extremes at east. Frosts on high lands. 
Average temperature summer 65 deg., winter 45 
deg. 

Geographical, etc.—Average length east and 
west 362 miles, average width 260 miles, area 
96,838 square miles, 61,976,320 acres. Crops in 
east do not suffer from drouth. At west snow 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 441 

and ice unknown, except on peaks, where it is 
perpetual. Soil generally superior. Wheat the 
best crop, superior in yield and quality; other 
crops do well, as do also fruits, vegetables, etc. 
Two-thirds entire State mountainous, with wide, 
rich valleys. Columbia River, 1,300 miles long, 
navigable 175 miles, full of cascades, and runs 
through enchanting scenery. Timber resources 
enormous, and a chief industry. Salmon fisheries 
among best in world. Area arable two-fifths 
State, forest one-sixth State. Extremely favor¬ 
able to cattle and sheep. Rich in minerals; gold 
in Jackson, Josephine, Baker and Grant Counties; 
copper in Josephine, Douglas and Jackson; iron 
ore throughout the State, coal along coast range. 

Leading Industries.—Agriculture, grazing, min¬ 
ing, fishing, lumbering, fruit growing, canning, 
etc. 

Pennsylvania 

One of the thirteen original States, named for 
William Penn. First permanent settlement made 
by Swedes at Chester, 1638. State invaded three 
times by Confederates, 1862, 1863, when battle 
of Gettysburg was fought, and 1864, when Cham- 
bersburg was destroyed. 

Climate.—In mountains severe in winter, with 
much snow. Average winter temperature 34 
deg., summer 74 deg.; rainfall, including snow, 
averages 42 inches. Healthy. Summers pleas¬ 
ant. Summers hot on the Delaware, reaching 
100 deg. Summers long in Susquehanna Valley. 
West of mountains summers hot and of mod¬ 
erate length, winters cold. 

Geographical, etc.—Length east and west 300 
miles, width 176 miles, area 45,928 square miles, 
29,393,920 acres. Surface very diverse. Soil 
varies from barren hills to sections of great fer¬ 
tility. Many superb farms. Level at the south¬ 
east, hilly and mountainous toward the center, 
and rolling and broken at the west and south¬ 
west. Oil, coal (anthracite at east, bituminous 
at west), iron, copper, kaolin, building stones, 
salt abound. Rye, corn, wheat, buckwheat, pota- 


442 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

toes, vegetables, hay, oats, tobacco are staple 
crops. Dairying and stock flourish. 

Leading Industries.—Pennsylvania is the great 
iron, oil, and coal State. The other industries 
include agriculture and kindred pursuits, lum¬ 
bering, manufacture of paper, woolens, imple¬ 
ments, machinery, etc. 

Rhode Island 

One of the thirteen original States and small¬ 
est in the Union; supposed temporary settle¬ 
ment of Icelanders as early as 1000. Settled by 
Roger Williams at Providence 1636. Island of 
Aquidneck (Rhode Island) bought from Indians 
1638, and Newport and Portsmouth founded. 
Lands of Narragansett Indians acquired by pur¬ 
chase 1709. Last of the thirteen Colonies to 
ratify the Constitution, which it did in 1790. 
Rhode Island men distinguished themselves in 
Anglo-French wars, 1750 to 1763, and in the 
Revolution. Brown’s University at Providence 
founded 1764. 

Climate.—Owing to nearness to sea, moderate. 
Average temperature, winter 24 to 42 deg., sum¬ 
mer 44 to 74 deg. Rainfall 43 inches. Snow 
lies 60 to 100 days. Health good. 

Geographical, etc.—Area 1,247 square miles, or 
798,080 acres. Length north and south 46 miles, 
width 40 miles. Outranks, in proportion to its 
size, all other States in value of manufactures. 
Scenery varied and pretty. Soil middling qual¬ 
ity. Hay best crop. Potatoes, corn, and oats are 
the next most important products. No forests. 
Dairying profitable. No minerals mined. The 
State contains numerous small lakes, some of 
great beauty. Chief rivers—Pawtucket and Paw- 
tuxet, entering Narragansett Bay, and Pawca- 
tuck, falling into Long Island Sound. Block 
Island, at the western entrance of the bay, 
belongs to this State. Narragansett Bay di¬ 
vides the State unequally, the western and larger 
part extending north from the ocean some 27 
miles. The bay is 3 to 12 miles wide, and con¬ 
tains several islands, of which Aquidneck, Ca- 
nonicut, and Prudence are largest. Surface of 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 443 

State unbroken and hilly. Small rivers unfit for 
navigation are numerous, and afford valuable 
water powers. 

Chief Industries.—Manufacture of fabrics of 
cotton, flax, linen, wool, boots and shoes, rubber 
goods, metal, jewelry, etc., agriculture, dairying. 

South Carolina 

Named in honor of Charles II of England, by 
whom the province was created in 1663. First 
State to secede, November, 1860. Sumter bom¬ 
barded April 12 and 13, 1861. Ordinance of se¬ 
cession repealed September, 1865, and slavery 
abolished. Re-entered the Union June, 1868. One 
of thirteen original States. Revolutionary record 
brilliant. English seized the territory, but were 
thrashed at Cowpens and Eutah Springs, and 
penned up in Charleston. First railroad in 
United States using American locomotive, 1830. 
Largest rivers, Savannah, Great Pee Dee, Santee, 
and Edisto. 

Climate.—Temperature ranges 15 to 96 de¬ 
grees. Averages, summer 82 degrees, winter 51 
degrees. Resort for consumptives. Changes 
slight and infrequent, frosts rare. Average rain¬ 
fall 48 inches, decreasing to the south. Health 
good. 

Geographical, etc.—Greatest length 280 miles, 
greatest width 210 miles, area 31,048 square 
miles, or 19,870,720 acres, coast line 212 miles. 
The Savannah River is navigable 130 miles. Mag¬ 
nificent water power, undeveloped. Ranks first 
in phosphates. Phosphate beds enormous; gold, 
mica, marbles of all colors, building stones found 
in large quantities. Turpentine, tar, lumber, and 
oysters largely produced. Stock thrives. Rice 
and cotton best crops. All other cereals as well 
as vegetables, fruits, grasses, and fiber crops 
grow well. Soil from medium to very rich. For¬ 
ests extensive and valuable. 

Principal Industries.—Agriculture, mining, fish¬ 
ing, quarrying, lumbering, turpentine and tar 
making, and phosphate digging. 


444 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


Tennessee 

Name derived from “Tannassee,” Indian name 
for Little Tennessee River. First permanent set¬ 
tlement 1756, on Tennessee River, about 30 miles 
from present site of Knoxville; first Anglo-Amer¬ 
ican settlement west of the Alleghanies and south 
of Pennsylvania. Became a part of North Caro¬ 
lina 1777. Organized as the State of Franklin 
1785, but again became part of North Carolina 

1788. Ceded to United States by North Carolina 

1789. Admitted as a State 1796. Seceded Feb¬ 
ruary, 1861; readmitted 1868. 

Climate.—One of healthiest in the world. Mild 
and pleasant, and owing to varying elevation 
very diverse. Average temperature winter 38 
deg., summer 75 deg. Extremes seldom occur. 
Rainfall 45 to 47 inches. Air bracing. Snow 
light and lies briefly. Ice rarely more than a 
mere film in thickness. 

Geographical, etc.—Extreme length east and 
west 430 miles, width 110 miles. Area, 42,056 
square miles, 29,475,840 acres. Mountainous at 
east, where Appalachians separate State from 
North Carolina. Soil fair, except in central ba¬ 
sin, where it is very productive. Resources but 
little developed; 5,000 square miles of coal field, 
with 3 to 7 workable veins. Grape growing pays. 
Principal timbers, walnut, oak, poplar, ash, hick¬ 
ory, etc. Staple products, mules, hogs, peanuts, 
corn, wheat, cotton, vegetables of all kinds, pota¬ 
toes, tobacco, hemp, flax, broomcorn, iron, cop¬ 
per, etc. State abounds in coal, iron, fine mar¬ 
bles and building stones, copper, and .other 
minerals. Possesses one of the finest areas of 
forest in the Union. 

Leading Industries.—Agriculture, mining, lum¬ 
bering, and iron making. 

Texas 

Origin of name not definitely known; supposed 
by some to have been name of Indian tribe. 
Settled first by French under La Salle, 1685; 
was a part of Old Mexico. Independence declared 
Dec. 20, 1835. Houston inaugurated as President 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 445 

October, 1836. Independence of the Republic 
recognized by United States March, 1837, by 
European powers 1839 and ’40. Continued wars 
with Mexico embarrassed finances. Proposition 
for union with United States 1845, and admitted 
as a State Dec. 29. State paid $10,000,000 by 
United States for all lands outside present lim¬ 
its, 1850. Seceded February, 1861. Houston, who 
refused to secede, deposed. Military operations 
small. Last battle of the war near Rio Grande 
May 13, 1865. Re-entered Union 1870. 

Climate.—Varies, temperate at north, semi- 
tropical at south. Health everywhere most excel¬ 
lent. Rainfall averages at Brownsville 37 inches, 
increases on coast and to the south, decreases 
to 13 inches in northwest. Thermometer ranges 
from 35 to 98 deg., but seldom rises to the latter 
temperature. At Austin averages winter 56 deg., 
summer 80 deg. 

Geographical, etc.—Extreme length east and 
west 830 miles, extreme width 750 miles, area 
170,247,040 acres; largest of the States and Ter¬ 
ritories. It has been estimated that the entire 
population of the globe could be seated upon 
chairs within the boundary of Texas, and each 
have four feet of elbow room. Cotton best crop. 
Other staples sugar, molasses, sweet potatoes, 
corn, wheat, grapes, and fruits. Dairying exten¬ 
sive. Cattle, sheep, goat, and hog raising on 
mammoth scale. Lands on Rio Grande and at 
south require irrigation for good results, although 
crops will grow to some extent without. Lands 
extremely fertile, except in the northwest, where 
water is scarce. Coast line 412 miles. Galveston 
Bay has 13 feet of water 35 miles inland. Rio 
Grande navigable 440 miles. Entire State cov¬ 
ered with rich grasses, affording pasture the year 
round. All cereals, root crops, vegetables, fruit, 
and stock flourish. Cotton picking July to De¬ 
cember, corn planting middle of February, grain 
harvest May, corn harvest July. Coal area 6,000 
square miles, quality good. Iron ore and salt 
deposits extensive. Other minerals found, but 


446 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

extent unknown. The staked plain of Texas— 
Llano Estacado—forms part of the western pla¬ 
teau of the State. The name is given it from 
the great number of bare yucca stems seen there 
resembling stakes. This plain extends from the 
head waters of the Colorado, Brazos, and Red 
Rivers on the east, to the Rio Pecos in New Mex¬ 
ico on the west, and from the valley of the 
Canadian on the north to the Pecos on the south. 
Its surface is gently undulating, but owing to 
lack of water there is almost a total absence of 
vegetation. The yucca is the only plant that 
grows there, and this but scantily; there are no 
trees, and in the summer the feeble crop of grass 
dries up. This is undoubtedly true of a very 
large part of the territory called the “staked 
plain,” but other parts have been settled and 
irrigated, and are becoming quite fertile. The 
general level of the plain is from 3,000 to 4,000 
feet above the sea 

Utah 

Settled 1848 at Salt Lake by Mormons from 
Illinois, under the leadership of Brigham Young. 
'March, 1849, State of “Deseret” organized. Con¬ 
gress refused to receive constitution adopted. 
Territory organized September, 1850. Federal of¬ 
ficers driven from Territory in 1856. Troubles 
with Government till 1858. Entered the sister¬ 
hood of States January, 1896. 

Climate.—Mild and healthy. Warmer west of 
Wahsatch Mountains. Spring opens in April. 
Cold weather begins late in November. In moun¬ 
tains winters severe and snows heavy. Tempera¬ 
ture at Salt Lake averages, winter 35 deg., sum¬ 
mer 75 deg. Summers dry and hot in southwest. 
Rainfall averages 16 inches at south and 17 at 
north, chiefly in October and April. 

Geographical, etc.—Average length 350 miles, 
width 260 miles, 54,353,920 acres. In northwest 
a large area of desert land. Soil in valleys very 
productive. Yields fine crops of cereals and 
vegetables. Southeast portion elevated plateaux; 
west portion disconnected ridges. Surface rugged 
and broken, with some rich valleys. Traversed 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 447 

by Wahsatch, Uintah, Roan, Little, Sierra Lasal, 
Sierra Abajo, San Juan, Sierra Panoches, and 
Tushar Mountains. Forest sufficient for home 
purposes. Gold, copper and silver in Wahsatch 
Mountains. Silver predominates. Coal in valley 
of Weber River. Salt found in large deposits, 
and the lake supply inexhaustible. 

Great Salt Lake.—Great Salt Lake is a remark¬ 
able body of water, in some respects the most 
remarkable in the world. Like the Dead Sea and 
the Aral Sea, in Asia, it has no outlet. Its extent 
is given variously by different authorities. Its 
area is about 3,200 square miles. It is about 4,200 
feet above sea level, and still rising, the mean 
depth being twelve feet. Its maximum depth is 
variously given at sixty feet and seventy-eight 
feet. It contains numerous rocky islands, the 
longest of which, Antelope, is fifteen miles long. 
Some of the islands are used as sheep pastures. 
The Bear, the Weber, and the Jordan Rivers 
empty into this lake, and are for the most part 
absorbed by the sandy plain, or evaporated by 
the dry air of the Great Fremont Basin. Only 
the Bear River is navigable, and that near its 
mouth. The waters of Salt Lake contain about 
20 per cent of common salt. Unlike the Dead 
Sea, this lake abounds with animal life, insects, 
shrimps, etc. 

Leading Industries.—Mining, stock-raising and 
agriculture. 

Vermont 

First settled by Massachusetts emigrants near 
Brattleboro, 1724. First State to join original 13. 
Active in war of 1812. Area, 9,564 square miles. 

Climate.—Temperature ranges from 15 deg. be¬ 
low to 95 deg. above, but changes not sudden. 
Winter averages 18 deg. to 33 deg. Summer 
averages 66 deg. to 75 deg. Summers short. 
Frosts early in fall and late in spring. Snow 
lies 80 to 140 days. Health excellent. Death 
rate very low. 

Geographical, etc.—Length north and south 149 
miles, width 34 to 52 miles, area 6,120,320 acres. 

The surface is generally hilly. Highest point 


448 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


(Green Mountains) about 4,600 feet. Green 
Mountains run north and south through the 
State, and are 3,000 to 4,600 feet high. Soil 
rocky, but good in narrow strips on streams. 
Potatoes best crop. Corn, wheat, oats, hay, hops, 
and buckwheat yield moderately if well attended. 
Dairying profitable. All east of mountains 
drained by the Connecticut, the only navigable 
river. Small streams abundant. Rainfall great¬ 
est at south and east, where it averages 43 
inches; in other sections the average is 35 inches. 
Snows heavy. Manganese, copper, iron, gold, 
black, white, red, and variegated marble and slate 
are found, the marbles and granite in great 
abundance. State ranks first in quarries. 

Industries. — Very varied, numbering 2,900. 
Principal ones, agriculture, dairying, manufac¬ 
ture of flour, furniture, leather, tin, iron, and 
copper ware, and lumber, mining, quarrying, and 
finishing marbles and stones, and maple sugar 
making. 

Virginia 

Named in honor of Elizabeth, the Virgin 
Queen. One of the thirteen original States. First 
English settlement in America, 1607. Slavery 
introduced 1619. Seceded May, 1861; readmitted 
January, 1870. Capital of Confederacy moved to 
Richmond 1861. Scene of gigantic energies of 
the war. Bull Run, the Wilderness, Cold Harbor, 
Fredericksburg, Port Republic, and many other 
famous battles were fought on Virginia soil. Lee 
surrendered at Appomattox April 9, 1865, ending 
the war. Active in Revolution and subsequent 
steps toward founding the Union, Virginia won 
the title of “First of the States." British burnt 
Norfolk 1779, and Richmond 1781. Yorktown 
surrendered October, 1781, practically vanquish¬ 
ing England. 

Climate.—Varies, is genial and healthful, cool 
in mountains, and warm in lowlands in summer. 
Winters are seldom severe. Winter averages 44, 
summer 78 degs. Rainfall, including snow, av¬ 
erages 44 inches, being heaviest on the coast. 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 449 

Geographical, etc.—Greatest length east and 
west 445 miles, width 190 miles. Area 42,330 
square miles, 27,091,200 acres. Coast line, 130 
miles; tidal frontage, 1,556 miles. All cereals, 
tobacco, peanuts, fruits, grapes, and vegetables 
are extensively raised. Stock thrives. The State 
is rich in iron, gold, salt, coal, marble, slate, zinc, 
lead, stone, timber, and other natural resources. 

Industries.—Half population engaged in agri¬ 
culture, balance in quarrying, shipbuilding, lum¬ 
bering, the trades, ironworking, meat packing, 
tanning, etc. 

WasJiing-ton 

Named for George Washington. First settle¬ 
ment of white Americans at Tumwater, 1845, 
preceded, however, by Hudson Bay Co.’s trading 
posts. Organized as Territory 1853. Admitted 
as State at same time as North and South Da¬ 
kota and Montana. Indian wars 1855 and 1858. 
Gold discovered 1855. Island of San Juan In 
dispute between United States and England 1859. 
Rights of the Hudson Bay and Puget Sound Co.’s 
purchased. 

Climate.—On coast dry season April to Novem¬ 
ber, rest of year rainy. Rainfall averages at 
north 96 inches, for entire section 54 inches. 
Eastern section dry, rainfall 10 inches. Winters 
mild, little snow or ice. Summer cool, with sea 
breezes. Temperature averages, winter 39 deg., 
summer 61 deg., ranges 30 to 90 deg. 

Geographical, etc—Extreme length east and 
west 341 miles, width 242 miles, area 70,574 
square miles, 45,169,369 acres. Coast line 200 
miles. Lumber resources unsurpassed. Copper, 
cinnabar, lead, and other minerals are found. Coal 
on Bellingham Bay and at Seattle; area of coal¬ 
bearing strata 20,000 square miles. Gold-bearing 
quartz and silver lodes in Cascade and coast 
ranges. Grazing region entire section east of 
Cascades, covered with inexhaustible supply of 
bunch grass. Stock raising and dairying grow¬ 
ing industries. Cereals flourish, but corn not 
successful. Wheat, oats, hops, fruit of temperate 
climate, except peaches, are staple. Columbia 


450 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

River current overcomes tide at the mouth, and 
water in the bar drinkable. Columbia River 
navigable 175 miles. Excellent harbors in Puget 
Sound, Admiralty Inlet and Hood’s Canal. Scen¬ 
ery, especially on Columbia, grand. First legis¬ 
lature assembled at Olympia February, 1854. The 
timber belt of Washington- Territory covers an 
area equal to that of the States of Vermont, Mas¬ 
sachusetts, Connecticut, and New Hampshire. 

Leading Industries. — Agriculture, lumbering, 
grazing, fruit culture, mining, etc. 

West Virginia 

Composed of northern and western counties of 
the original State of Virginia. History up to 1861 
same as that of Virginia. Denounced passage of 
secession ordinance April 22, 1861. F. H. Pierre- 
pont elected Governor June 20, 1861. Admitted 
as a State June 20, 1863, and Wheeling made the 
capital. Capital changed to Charleston 1870. 
Moved again to Wheeling 1875, and to Charles¬ 
ton again in 1884. 

Climate. — Moderate. Average temperature, 
winter 30 deg., summer 70 deg. Average rain¬ 
fall 42 to 45 inches. Health is excellent. Eleva¬ 
tion reduces heat, which in the valleys averages 
76 to 78 deg. 

Geographical, etc.—Length north and south, 
241 miles, greatest width 158 miles. Area 24,504 
square miles, 15,682,560 acres. Surface moun¬ 
tainous with fertile valleys, the Alleghanies prin¬ 
cipal range. Some high peaks. Scenery fine and 
much visited by tourists. Staple products in¬ 
clude minerals, sheep, hogs, tobacco, wheat, corn, 
dairy products, fruit, lumber. Petroleum exten¬ 
sively produced. Much of the State is forest 
densely clothed with oak, walnut, poplar, ash, and 
other timber trees. Mineral springs abound. The 
soil, where not mountainous, is excellent. Min¬ 
eral wealth, including coal, oil, iron, salt, is pro¬ 
digious. Western part hilly, but gradually de¬ 
scends from 2,500 feet above the sea toward the 
Ohio River, where the elevation is 800 to 900 
:eet. 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


451 


Chief Industries.—Sixty per cent of laborers 
engaged in agriculture, balance in mining, iron 
making, lumbering, manufacturing, etc. 

Wisconsin 

From river of same name; an Indian word 
signifying “Wild-rushing River.” Settled first by 
French at Green Bay, 1669. Formed part of 
Northwest Territory. Included in Indiana Terri¬ 
tory 1800. Became part of Michigan Territory 
1805. Wisconsin Territory organized 1836. Pres¬ 
ent boundaries fixed 1838. Madison made capital 
1838. Admitted as State May, 1848. 

Climate. — Temperature averages, winter 20 
deg., summer 71 deg., ranges from 32 deg. below 
zero to 95 deg. 

Geographical, etc. — Milwaukee River frozen 
over an average of 105 days in year. Rainfall 
31 inches, including snow. Snows heavy, espe¬ 
cially at north; spring late, summers short, falls 
pleasant. Extreme length north and south 298 
miles, width 260 miles; area 65,805 square miles, 
42,115,200 acres. Much of State prairie. Soil 
excellent, and adapted to farming, dairying and 
stock raising. Fruits grow and berries are a fine 
crop. Cranberries largely raised. Wheat the 
best crop—flax, buckwheat, hay, corn, oats, sta¬ 
ples. Extensive lead mines in Grant, Lafayette, 
and Iowa Counties; native copper in the north, 
in Crawford and Iowa Counties. Iron ores in 
Dodge, Sauk, Jackson and Ashland Counties. Be¬ 
sides the great lakes Michigan and Superior, the 
State contains Green Bay, Winnebago, Geneva, 
Devil’s Lake, and innumerable other lakes in 
the central and northern sections of the State, 
of unsurpassed beauty, making the State a fa¬ 
vorite place of summer resort. 

Leading Industries.—Wisconsin is largely an 
agricultural State. The mineral resources of the 
State are considerable, and quarrying is an im¬ 
portant industry. The chief industries are the 
manufacture of agricultural implements and ma¬ 
chines, furniture, paper and flour. 


452 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

Wyoming 

First settlement Ft. Laramie, 1867. Organized 
as a Territory in 1868, as a State in 1890. 

Climate.—Cold, severe in mountains, milder in 
valleys. Healthful, air pure, dry and bracing. 
July warmest month, January coldest, latter av¬ 
erages 10 deg. Rainfall, 15 inches. Temperature 
averages, summer 66 deg., winter 18 deg., ranges 
from 31 deg. below to 80 deg. above. 

Geographical, etc.—Length 350 miles, width 275 
miles; area 97,878 square miles, 62,641,920 acres. 
Surface traversed by Rocky Mountains, forming 
the continental divide, and is high and moun¬ 
tainous, varying in elevation from 4,800 to 12,000 
feet. Mountains covered with forests of consid¬ 
erable extent, contain precious and base minerals 
in great deposits. Along the streams and in the 
valleys are tracts of arable lands which may be 
made to produce prolifically with irrigation. Soil, 
where water can be had, is good, and chiefly 
suited to grazing. At the northwest is the Yel¬ 
lowstone National Park, 3,600 square .miles in 
area, and one of the greatest natural wonders of 
the continent. It varies from 6,000 to over 12,000 
feet in elevation, and its scenery is one vast 
panorama. Coal abundant and of good quality at 
Evanstown, Carbon, Rock Springs, and other 
points. Copper, lead, plumbago, and petroleum 
found, gold in the Sweetwater country and near 
Laramie City, valuable deposits of soda in valley 
of the Sweetwater. Wheat, rye, oats, and barley 
flourish, frost too frequent for corn. Water 
plentiful, game and fur-bearing animals numer¬ 
ous, iron ore abundant, mainly red hematite. 

Leading Industries.—Grazing, mining, and ag¬ 
riculture; but little is done in manufacturing. 


NON-CONTIGUOUS POSSESSIONS OF THE 
UNITED STATES 
Alaska 

Discovered by Vitus Behring 1741 and became 
Russian territory by right of discovery. Pur¬ 
chased by United States in 1867 for $7,200,000. 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 453 

Climate on the Pacific coast modified by Pacific 
gulf stream and long summer days. Tempera¬ 
ture at Sitka averages in winter about the same 
as Washington, D. C. Rainfall copious and foggy 
weather common on coasts and islands; annual 
precipitation at Sitka, 65 to 90 inches; rainy 
days 200 to 285 in year. Organized as a Terri¬ 
tory Aug. 24, 1912. Juneau is the capital. The 
legislature, consisting of a senate of eight mem¬ 
bers and a house of sixteen members, meets first 
Monday in March of odd-numbered years. Dele¬ 
gate to Congress elected on Tuesday following 
first Monday of November every second year, 
beginning with 1914. 

Area, 590,884 square miles; population, 1910, 
64,356, of whom 25,331 were Indians. Imports 
from the mainland of the U. S., 1919, $35,544,- 
034; shipments from Alaska to the mainland, 
$72,068,154, the main articles being copper ore, 
canned salmon and other fish, and furs. Gold 
shipments to the mainland in 1919 amounted to 
$8,623,924. 

The Philippine Islands 

Ceded to the United States by Spain Dec. 10, 
1898; consideration, $20,000,000 and special trade 
conditions. The islands number about 2,000. 
Luzon, on which the capital, Manila, is situated, 
is the largest of the group, with Mindanao nearly 
as large. Racially the inhabitants are principally 
Malays. There is considerable variety in the 
climate, which is not excessively hot for the 
tropics. On the western side of Luzon the tem¬ 
perature during May, the hottest month, ranges 
from 80 to 100 degrees. June, July, August and 
September are the rainy months. From October 
to March is a cool, dry season. By act of Con¬ 
gress of Aug. 29, 1916, the legislative authority 
is vested in the Philippine legislature, consisting 
of a senate of 24 members and a house of repre¬ 
sentatives of ninety members. The governor- 
general is appointed for an indefinite period. 
Area, 832,968 square miles, of which 114,958 is 
land; population, 1918, estimated, 9,009,802. The 


454 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


chief products of the islands are hemp, sugar, 
coffee, tobacco, copra, cigars and cocoanut oil. 
Imports, 1918, $88,593,211; exports, $135,194,482. 
Shipments to the Philippines from the U. S. for 
the fiscal year 1919 were valued at $69,030,876; 
shipments to the U. S. amounted to $82,490,760. 

Porto Rico 

Ceded to the U. S. by Spain Dec. 10, 1898. 
Executive power is vested in a governor and the 
legislative power in a legislature consisting of 
two houses, a senate of 19 and a house of repre¬ 
sentatives of 39 members, all elected for four- 
year terms. Area, 3,435 square miles; popula¬ 
tion, 1910, 1,118,012, of which 65 per cent was 
white. The climate of Porto Rico is hot, but sel¬ 
dom exceeds 97 degrees in the shade, sinking 
at night to 68 or 69. Annual rainfall, 64^ inches. 
Porto Rico is unusually fertile, and its principal 
industries are agriculture and lumbering. The 
chief crops are sugar, coffee, tobacco, cotton, 
corn, bananas, rice, pineapples, oranges and other 
fruits. For the year ending June 30, 1919, the 
domestic exports from Porto Rico 'to the U. S. 
amounted to $71,015,351; imports from the U. S., 
$57,898,085. 

Territory of Hawaii 

The Hawaiian or Sandwich Islands, in the Pa¬ 
cific Ocean, were discovered by Captain Cook in 
1778. They were annexed to the United States 
July 7, 1898, and constituted a Territory June 
14, 1900. The group consists of eight islands, 
the largest, Hawaii, containing the capital city, 
Honolulu. The others are named, respectively, 
Maui, Oahu, Kauai, Molokai, Lauai, Nilhau and 
Kahoolawe. Total area, 6,449 square miles; 
population, 1910, 191,909, of which the natives 
numbered but 93,752, Japanese predominating. 
Shipments of merchandise from Hawaii to the 
U. S. in 1919 amounted to $93,018,404, the most 
important articles being brown sugar (valued at 
$72,231,738), fruits and nuts. Shipments from 
the U. S. to Hawaii for the same time amounted 
to $43,572,794, consisting principally of iron, steel 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 455 

and machinery, oils, breadstuffs, lumber and man¬ 
ufactures of wood, meat and dairy products and 
cotton goods. 

Smaller Possessions 

Guam, the largest of the Ladrone archipelago, 
ceded by Spain in 1898, lies 5,200 miles from San 
Francisco and 900 miles from Manila, on a direct 
line between those points. Area, 210 square 
miles; population, about 12,000. 

American Samoa.— Tutuila, with three islets, 
acquired by treaty with Great Britain and Ger¬ 
many, 1899, covers 77 square miles. Population, 
about 7,200. Pago-Pago is the finest harbor in 
the South Pacific. The other Samoan islands be¬ 
longing, before the World War, to Germany, now 
belong to Great Britain. Distance from San 
Francisco, 4,000 miles; from Hawaii, 2,200. 

Wake Island, 2,000 miles from Hawaii, on the 
direct route to Hongkong, was taken in 1899 by 
hoisting the U. S. flag over it. In a similar way 
a number of small islets have been acquired: 
Santa Barbara group, Midway Islands (relay of 
cable line to Philippines), Christmas, Gallego, 
Penrhyn, Marcus Islands, etc. 

Virgin Islands. —Formerly the Danish West 
Indies. Purchased from Denmark for $25,000,- 
000. Area, 142 square miles. Population, 1917, 
26,051, of whom only 7.4 per cent were white. 

Panama Canal Zone.— Acquired by the United 
States Feb. 26, 1904. Area, 436 square miles; 
population, 1918, 21,767. 


Mexico 

A confederated republic, divided into 28 states, 
two territories and one federal district, each with 
a local government. The lower house of the fed¬ 
eral congress consists of one representative for 
each 40,000 inhabitants, elected for two years, 
and 56 senators elected for four years. The 
presidential term is nominally four years. Area, 
including islands, 785,881 square miles. Estimat¬ 
ed population, 1912, 15,501,684, of which about 
20 per cent is white, 43 per cent mixed races 



456 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


and about 37 per cent full-blood Indian. The 
prevailing- religion is Roman Catholic, though by 
law there is toleration for all others. Mexican 
trade is principally with the United States, Great 
Britain, France, Germany and Spain. In 1919 
the imports from the U. S. were $119,962,952; 
exports to U. S., $157,693,451. The chief exports 
of Mexico are precious metals, coffee, petroleum, 
tobacco, hemp, sisal, sugar, dyewoods, cabinet 
woods, cattle and hides and skins. 


Central American States 

Costa Rica. —Republic. Area, 23,000 square 
miles; population, 1917, 434,995. Exports, 1917, 
$11,382,000; imports, $5,595,000. Exports to U. 
S., 1919, $8,222,108; imports from U. S., $4,175,- 
646. Chief products, coffee and bananas; chief 
imports, cotton, machinery, iron and steel manu¬ 
factures, woolens and worsteds. 

Guatemala. —Republic. Area, 48,290 square 
miles; population, 1914, 2,003,579. Exports, 1917, 
$7,809,700; imports, $8,991,550. Exports to U. S., 
1919, $11,115,721; imports from U. S., $5,946,331. 
Principal exports, coffee and bananas; imports, 
cotton and cereals. 

Honduras. —Republic. Area, 44,275 square 
miles; population, 1916, 613,758. Exports, 1917, 
$5,353,250; imports, $6,293,000. Exports to U. 
S„ 1919, $6,259,412; imports from U. S., $6,180,- 
248. Chief exports, bananas, coffee, cattle, co- 
coanuts and wood; imports, cotton. 

Nicaragua.— Republic. Area, 49,200 square 
miles; population, 1917, 800,000. Exports, 1917, 
$5,975,200; imports, $6,393,065. Exports to U. 
S., 1919, $4,596,303; imports from U. S., $5,519,- 
537. Chief exports, cattle and coffee; imports, 
flour, wine, beer, barbed wire, cotton g-oods, sew¬ 
ing machines, kerosene, calico and tallow. 

Panama. —Republic. Formerly a part of Co¬ 
lombia, but asserted its independence Nov. 4, 
1903, and the new government was recogrnized 
by the U. S. on Nov. 6. On Nov. 18 a treaty was 
signed between the U. S. and Panama by which 



CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


457 


Panama granted in perpetuity a zone five miles 
wide on each side of the canal route, also other 
territory for subsidiary canals and the islands 
in Panama Bay. Area of Panama, 33,776 square 
miles; population, 1919, estimated, 375,000. Ex¬ 
ports, 1918, $2,899,557; imports, $7,821,660. Chief 
exports, bananas, rubber, coffee and pearls. 

Salvador. — Republic. Area, 13,176 square 
miles; population, 1917, 1,287,722. Capital, San 
Salvador, 66,800. Exports, 1917, $10,588,900; im¬ 
ports (subject to duty only), $2,619,000. Exports 
to U. S., 1919, $5,273,599; imports from U. S., 
$5,038,229. Chief exports, coffee, indigo, sugar, 
tobacco and balsams; imports, cotton, spirits, 
flour, iron goods, silk and yarn. 

Cuba 

Cuba, a Spanish possession since its discovery, 
was relinquished by Spain in the peace treaty of 
Dec. 10, 1898, with the U. S. Cuba agreed with 
the U. S. to make no treaty with any foreign 
power endangering its independence and gave to 
the U. S. the use of coaling stations at Guanta¬ 
namo and Bahai Hondo and the right of inter¬ 
vention in case of disorder. This right the U. S. 
was called upon to exercise in 1906. According 
to its constitution, adopted in 1901, Cuba has a 
president with six secretaries, a senate and a 
house of representatives. One-half of the mem¬ 
bers of the house are elected every two years. 
Area, 44,000 square miles; population, 1916, 2,- 
627,536. About 70 per cent of the population is 
white. Imports, 1917, $261,377,000; exports, 
$357,040,000. Imports from U. S., in 1919, $229,- 
545,706; exports to U. S., $337,654,142. Principal 
exports, tobacco and cigars, sugar, iron and man¬ 
ganese ore, fruit, coffee, cocoa, molasses and 
sponges; imports, animals, breadstuffs, coal and 
coke, iron and steel, wood, liquor, cotton, chem¬ 
icals and vegetables. 

Haiti 

A republic. Area, 10,204 square miles; popu¬ 
lation, about 2,500,000. Exports, 1917, $1,692,- 
968; imports, $1,837,744. Exports to the U. S., 


458 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 


1919, $9,496,037; imports from U. S., $12,152,876. 
Coffee, cocoa and log-wood are the principal ex¬ 
ports. 

Dominican Republic 

Area, 19,325 square miles; population, 1913, 
708,000. Exports, 1917, $17,901,300; imports, 
1918, $20,304,650. Exports to the U. S., 1919, 
$9,801,954; imports from U. S., $15,578,663. The 
chief exports are coffee, cocoa and mahogany. 

South Americsm Republics 

Argentine Republic.— Area, 1,153,119 square 
miles; population, 1918, 8,284,266. Capital, 

Buenos Aires, 1,637,155. Exports, 1918, $826,- 
466,000; imports, $480,895,070. Exports to U. 
S., 1919, $165,061,539; imports from U. S., $138,- 
831,832. Principal exports, sheep, wool, cattle, 
hides, frozen meats and wheat; imports, machin¬ 
ery, agricultural implements, railway cars, en¬ 
gines and supplies and manufactures of iron and 
steel. 

Bolivia. —Area, 514,155 square miles; popula¬ 
tion, 1915, 2,889,970. Capital, Sucre. Exports, 
1917, $63,099,220; imports, $13,392,300. Exports 
to U. S., 1919, $700,253; imports from U. S., 
$6,731,916. Principal exports, silver, tin, copper, 
coffee, rubber; imports, provisions, clothing, hard¬ 
ware, spirits, silks and woolens. Bolivia has no 
sea coast. 

Brazil. —Area, 3,275,510 square miles; popula¬ 
tion, 1917, estimated, 27,473,579. Capital, Rio de 
Janeiro, 1913, 975,818. The official language is 
Portuguese. Exports, 1918, $305,839,850; im¬ 
ports, $264,084,400. Exports to U. S., 1919, $125,- 
283,489; imports from U. S., $93,294,275. Prin¬ 
cipal exports, coffee, sugar, tobacco, cotton and 
rubber; imports, cotton goods, manufactures of 
iron and steel, furniture, mineral oils, bread- 
stuffs and provisions. 

Chile. —Area, 289,829 square miles; population, 
1917, 3,870,002. Capital, Santiago, 408,247. Ex¬ 
ports, 1917, $259,985,495; imports, $129,603,115. 
Exports to U. S., 1919, $135,602,542; imports 
from U. S., $70,288,581. Chief exports, nitrate, 


459 


CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

wool, hides and leather; imports, sugar, coal, 
cotton goods, cashmeres, oil and galvanized iron! 

Colombia. Area, 440,846 square miles; popu¬ 
lation, 1912, 5,472,604. Capital, Bogota, 121257 
Exports, 1917, $13,441,256; imports, $24,611,900 
Exports to U. S., 1919, $28,267,604; imports from, 
$70,288,581. Chief exports, gold, silver and min¬ 
erals, coffee, cocoa, cattle, sugar, tobacco and 
rubber; imports, manufactures of iron and steel 
and cotton goods. 

Ecuador. —Area, 116,000 square miles; popula¬ 
tion, about 2,000,000. Capital, Quito. Exports, 
1917, $16,337,850; imports, $10,193,790. Exports 
to U. S., 1919, $9,009,005; imports from U. S., 
$5,017,636. Chief items of export, coffee, cocoa, 
rice, sugar, rubber, cabinet woods, chemicals and 
minerals; imports, cotton, provisions, manufac¬ 
tures of iron and steel, clothing and mineral oil. 

Paraguay. —Area, 65,000 square miles; popula¬ 
tion, 1917, estimated, 1,000,000. Capital, Asun¬ 
cion. Exports, 1918, $6,171,311; imports, $5,141,- 
726. Exports to U. S., 1919, $363,159; imports, 
$734,379. Chief exports, mate (tea), tobacco, 
hides, timber and oranges; imports, cotton goods, 
machinery and provisions. Paraguay has no 
sea coast. 

Peru. —Area, 722,461 square miles; population, 
1912, about 4,500,000. Capital, Lima, 143,500. 
Exports, 1917, $83,217,000; imports, $67,154,250. 
Exports to U. S., 1919, $34,835,636; imports, $26,- 
149,900. Principal exports, cotton, coffee, sugar, 
cinchona, india rubber, dyes and medicinal plants; 
imports, woolens, cotton, machinery and manu¬ 
factures of iron and steel. 

Uruguay. — Area, 72,153 square miles; popula¬ 
tion, 1917, 1,407,247. Capital, Montevideo, 378,- 
993. Exports, 1918, $115,624,315; imports, $68,- 
884,700. Exports to U. S., 1919, $47,323,263; im¬ 
ports from U. S., $27,775,692. Animal and agri¬ 
cultural products are the chief exports; imports, 
manufactured goods. 

Venezuela. —Area, 393,976 square miles; popu¬ 
lation, 1917, 2,844,618. Capital, Caracas, 75,000. 



460 CONKLIN-EDISON MANUAL 

Exports, 1917, $23,973,350; imports, $26,583,600. 
Exports to U. S., 1919, $19,732,909; imports, $9,- 
275,680. Principal exports, coffee, hides, cabinet 
woods, rubber and chemicals; imports, machinery, 
iron and steel manufactures, provisions, furni¬ 
ture. 

The Guiana Colonies 

British Guiana. —A British colony in the 
northeastern part of South America. Area, 109,- 
000 square miles; population, 278,328. Principal 
products, rice, sugar, molasses, balata and rum. 

Dutch Guiana. —A colony belonging to the 
Netherlands. Area, 46,060 square miles. Prin¬ 
cipal products, sugar, cocoa, bananas, coffee, rice, 
corn, rum and molasses. 

French Guiana. —A colony of France which 
has served since 1855 as a penal settlement for 
habitual criminals. Area, 30,500 square miles; 
population, 39,349. Principal products, rice, corn, 
cocoa, coffee, sugar-cane, indigo, tobacco and 
gutta percha. Gold, silver, iron and phosphates 
are worked and various woods are exported. 


Alphabetical Index 


Abbreviations of Titles and Degrees. 

Abdication Dates. 

Accidents, What to Do in Case of. 

Acre, What Constitutes an. 

Adjournment . 

Advertisement, First Newspaper. 

Aerial Weather Forecast, First. 

Aerolites . 

Age, How to Tell Any Person’s. 

Agency, the Law of. 

Airplane Altitude Record. 

Airplane Time Record. 

Airplanes and Motors, Production of. 

Airplanes in the War, American. 

Airplanes, Victory Flight of. 

Air Pump, First. 

Albert of Belgium, King. 

Alcohol, Percentage of, in liquors. 

Allies? Who were the. 

Alloys, Formation of. 

Alloys, Melting Temperature of. 

Almanac, the First. 

Alsace-Lorraine . 

Altitude, Greatest, in Each State. 

Amendments . 

American Protective League. 

Anaesthesia, Discovery of. 

Animal, Designations of Groups of. 

Animals, Duration of Life of. 

Annapolis Naval Academy. 

“Annie Laurie,” Origin of. 

Anniversaries, Wedding. 

Antidotes to Poisons. 

Ants, How to Disperse Black. 

Ants, to Drive Away. 

Ants, to Exterminate Red. 

Anzac, Meaning of. 

Aram, Eugene, the Life of.. 

Architects and Builders’ Tables and Esti- 
ma tes •«••••••#•••••• 

Architectural Work, the Oldest. 

Armenian Massacres. 

Armistice Celebrations. 

Army Clothing, Vast Surplus of. 

Army War College. 

Artesian Well. 

Astronomical Facts. 

Atmosphere, Function of the. 


184 

364 

22 

208 

194 

124 

286 

237 

217 

85 

10 

300 

352 

353 
352 

124 
378 
277 
332 
293 
204 

125 
371 

27 

190 

350 

125 

49 

198 

230 

52 

140 

203 

198 

211 

196 

332 

287 

232 
98 

325 

366 

364 

324 

265 

233 
52 


















































462 


INDEX 


Atrocities, German. 

Austria-Hungary’s War Losses 
Automobile Fast Time Record. 
Aviation Time Record. 


324 

362 

300 

300 


Babel, Tower of. 252 

Balloon Ascent, First. 

Balloon, Greatest Elevation by. £ 

Banking, Tips on.. •••;• . 

Barometers, to Tell Weather With. 214 

Barrage . ^7 

Battles, Naval. ••••••*. - 

Battles, Great, of 18th and 19th Centuries.. 357 

Battles, Greatest, Ancient and Modern. 24 

Bedbugs, How to Destroy. 

Bell, the Largest. 

Bells, the World’s Great... ■•••••• . 

Beverages, Why Some Froth or Sparkle- 199 

Bible, Curiosities of the. 282 

Bibles of the World, the. 7 

Biggest Things, the. ° 

Birds, Flying Speed of. 2U1 

Birth Prophecy, Child’s. 14U 

Birth Stones. 2yb 

Black Fridays, Three. 271 

Blarney Stone, the. 199 

Bleeding, How to Stop. 22 

Blue Laws, Famous Connecticut. 141 

Board and Timber Measure. 206 

“Boche,” Meaning of. 331 

Boilers, Horsepower of. 126 

Boiler Tubes, to Preserve. 50 

Boiler, Water Required for a. 137 

Boiling Points. 257 

©olsheviki, Meaning of. 319 

Bone Felon, Cure for. 197 

Book, the First, in English. 45 

Book, the Largest Bound. 9 

Books, a List of Good. -54 

Booth, Death of J. Wilkes. 247 

Brasswork, to Clean and Brighten. 210 

Breath, Remedy for Bad. 195 

Bridge, the Natural, of Virginia. 40 

Brooms, Management of. 136 

Builders’ Tables and Estimates. 232 

Building Operations, Effect of War on. 333 

Burns and Scalds. 22 

Bushel, Contents of a. 302 

Business Laws in Daily Use. 87 


Cabinet Facts. 

Cable, Locating Breaks in Ocean 

Cable Message, the First. 

Calculations, Practical. 

Camouflage . 

Canadian War Losses . 


298 

74 

39 

209 

325 

363 






















































INDEX 


463 


Canal, Panama. 28 

Canals, the World’s Greatest. 317 

Cantonments, World War. 328 

Capitals of States. 90 

Capitals, the Use of. 18 

Capitol, the National. 417 

Cards, Playing. 96 

Cards, Visiting, Origin of. 285 

Carpets, to Remove Oil or Grease Spots from 212 

Carriages, First Wheeled. 124 

Castings, the Two Largest. 10 

Castle Garden . 99 

Castor Oil, to Destroy Taste of. 135 

Casualties in World War, U. S. 359 

Casualties, U. S. Marine. 360 

Catacombs of Paris, the. 248 

Catacombs of Rome, the. 245 

Cat’s Fur Crackles When Rubbed, Why.... 200 

Cattle, Determining Weight of. 227 

Cavell, Edith, Execution of. 329 

Cavern, the Biggest. 8 

Caves, Famous American. 239 

Cement for Castings. 210 

Cement for Glass. 211 

Cement for Joints . 210 

Central Powers, the. 327 

Certificates of Deposit. 77 

Character by the Month. 114 

Checks, Bank. 78 

Chicago’s Great Fires. 69 

Chicken-pox .221, 222 

Child’s Prophecy, the. 140 

China, the Great Wall of. 266 

Churches, Eight Largest. 10 

Church Statistics, U. S. 284 

Circles and Globes. 140 

Cistern Measure. 209 

Cistern Water, to Purify. 198 

Cities, Area of American. 323 

Cities, Fastest Growing. 291 

Cities, Fifteen Largest. 213 

Cities, Largest, in the World. 182 

Civil Service Commission.... 267 

Civil War, Age of Soldiers in. 127 

Civil War Soldiers, Nationality of. 296 

Clemenceau, Georges. 376 

Cleopatra’s Needles, History of. 36 

Clinkers, How to Remove. 211 

Clocks, Ancient. 294 

Coach, First, in Scotland. 125 

Coaches, First Used in England. 125 

Coaches in England. 162 

Coal Area of the World. 51 

Coal Breaker, the Largest. 9 

Coal, Cannel. !34 























































464 


INDEX 


Coal, Cubic Feet in a Ton of. 54 

Coal, First Discovery of, in America. 55 

Coal, Weight of. 302 

Coal Oil, Discovery of. 241 

Coliseum at Rome, the. 252 

Collarbone, Broken. *3 

Colleges, Founding of Noted.,..... 280 

Cologne Cathedral. 11" 

Colonies, German. 327 

Color, What We Know of. 137 

Colors. See Tints. 

Colors, Harmony of. 48 

Colors, Symbolic Meaning of. 138 

Columbus, the Wives of. ©4 

Comets, Periodic. 289 

Committees . 18® 

Confederate Money, Depreciation of. 100 

Congressmen’s Speed in Delivery. 301 

Constellations, How to Find the. 233 

Constitution of the U. S., the. 33 5 

Contagious and Eruptive Diseases. 221 

Conundrums and Riddles. 178 

Copyright Law, the United States. 30 

Corn Measure.....209, 210 

Correspondence, the Correct Thing in. 18 

Countries of the World, Principal. 143 

Country Boys Physically Inferior to City 

Boys . 320 

Courtesy, High Cost of. 89 

Cures and Remedies, Useful. 195 

Czars, the Last of the. 377 


Dardanelles, the. 335 

Death Rate, U. S., in World War. 360 

Debate, Order in. 193 

Debt, World’s, Estimated. 367 

Declarations of War. 316 

“Der Tag”. 336 

Desert, the Largest. 9 

“Deutschland,” German Merchant Submarine 333 

“Deutschland Ueber Alles”. 334 

Diameter of Wheels, to Find. 110 

Diphtheria . 221 

Disarmament . 334 

Discount Your Bills. 91 

Discoveries and Settling of Countries. 223 

Diseases, Contagious and Eruptive. 221 

Distances from Atlantic to Pacific Ports... 55 

Distances from Washington. 246 

Distances, Postal, and Time of Transit. 26 

Divorce Laws. 105 

Divorces in Different Countries. 59 

Draft Evasions. 349 

Draft, Military. 336 

Draft, Rejections Under Selective. 353 

Drafts . 77 





















































INDEX 


465 


Drafts, Grace on Sight. 139 

Dreams, Duration of. 276 

Dreams, Interpretation of. 170 

Drowning . 23 

Drums, Velocity of. 137 

Due Bills . 77 


Ear, to Destroy Insects in. 197 

Earthquakes and Catastrophes. 102 

Easter, Why so Irregular. 62 

Echoes, Cause of. 201 

Eclipse. 62 

Eclipses, Remarkable. 163 

Educational Statistics, U. S. 284 

Egg, Food in an. 279 

Eggs, How to Engrave on. 270 

Elections, Presidential, from 1880. 264 

Electric Light, the Largest. 10 

Electrical Units, Definition of. 202 

Elevators, Velocity of. 38 

Enemy Aliens. 350 

Engine, to Calculate Horsepower of. 131 

Engineering Feats, Ancient. 252 

Entente, Definition of. 338 

Envelopes, First Used. 125 

Equator, the . 233 

Equinoxes. 233 

Esperanto . 61 

Etiquette, Table, for Children. 281 

Eugene Aram, the Life of. 287 

Expenditures by U. S. in Former Wars.... 361 

Express Companies, U. S. 161 

Eye, How Far It Can See...,. 86 

Eyes, Hot Water for Inflamed. 297 


Facts About Ourselves. 

Famines. 

Feathers, How to Cleanse. 

Federal Reserve Act. 

Felons, to Cure.. 

Figure Puzzle, a. 

Fires, Chicago’s Great. 

Fires of History, Great. 

First Occurrences, Dates of. 

Fish, the Increase of. 

Fits. 

Five Kings, the. 

Flag, First Union. 

Flagging Stone, the Largest Slabs of 

Flies, to Drive from Stables. 

Flies, to Keep from Horses. 

Floods, Disastrous, of World’s History 

Flowers, Language of. 

Flowers, State. 

Foch, Marshal Ferdinand. 


.... 53 

.... 104 
.... 136 
. . . . 123 
197, 198 
. . . . 145 
. ... 69 

. . . . 41 

. . . . 124 
. . . . 72 

. ... 23 

.... 7 

. . . . 125 
. ... 10 
. . .. 195 
. . . . 195 
. . . . 11 
. . . . 218 
.... 153 
. . . . 372 






















































466 


INDEX 


Fog 1 . 12 

Food, Analysis of Various Articles of. 220 

Food, Facts About. 219 

Food, Fat, Water and Muscle Properties of 219 

Food in an Egg. 279 

Food, Percentage of Nutrition in. 219 

Food Shipments to Allies, America’s. 354 

Food, Time Required for Digestion of. 219 

Foreign Legion, the. 338 

Fortress, the Greatest. 8 

Fortune Telling. 164 

Fortune Telling by Cards. 167 

Fortune Telling from the Teacup. 166 

Fountain Jet, Highest Single. 332 

“Four-Minute” Men. 338 

Fractured Limbs. 22 

Freedom of the Seas. 338 

Freezing Point. 302 

Freezing Points. 257 

French, Field Marshal. 376 

French War Losses. 362 

French Words and Phrases. 158 

“Frightfulness” . 340 

Frosts, Historical. 101 

Fruit Stains, to Remove, from Hands. 211 

Furniture, How to Clean. 211 

Furniture, How to Take Bruises Out of.... 135 
Furniture Polish, a Good. 295 


Gallon, Contents of a. 302 

Gallon of Water, Weight of a. 302 

Gas in War, Use of. 341 

Gas Masks, Uncle Sam’s. 354 

Gas Meter, to Read a. 292 

Generals and Lieutenant-Generals, U. S.... 318 

Genius of Youth. 290 

George, David Lloyd . 373 

German Colonies. 337' 

German Propaganda in U. S. 364 

German Republic, First President of. 333 

Gestation, Periods of. 215 

Gilding, How to Test. 211 

Gilt Frames, to Restore. 211 

Glass, Discovery of. 48 

Glass, How to Cut or Bore. 116 

Glass, Malleable. 298 

Glass Windows, First. 124 

Globes, Circles and. 140 

Gloves, How to Clean. 211 

Glue, Liquid, How to Make. 133 

“God Save the King,” Revised. 344 

Gold in California, Discovery of. 66 

Governors’ Terms and Salaries. 90 

Grain Measure . 209 

Grain, Shrinkage of. 109 

Grand Army of the Republic. 177 





















































INDEX 


467 


Gravity . 234 

Great Eastern, the. 12 

Gum on Postage Stamps, Formula of. 301 

Hague Conference. 351 

Haig, Sir Douglas. 375 

Hair, How to Clean. 211 

Hair Brushes, How to Clean. 211 

Hair, Superfluous, to Remove. 297 

Hall of Fame, the. 60 

Halo . 233 

Harbors, the Finest. 100 

Harvest Moon . 234 

Hay Measure. 210 

Hens, How to Make Lay. 116 

Heart, Mechanism of the. 46 

Heat, Effect of, on Various Substances. 204 

Heat, Excessive, in the Past . 145 

Heat, Subterranean. 194 

Heat-conducting Power of Metals, Etc. 302 

Henry, Patrick, Famous Phrase of. 371 

Hills in an Acre of Ground...-. 258 

Hindenburg, von, Field Marshal. 375 

Holidays, Legal. 63 

Horse, to Tell the Age of a. 65 

Horse, Facts About the. 93 

Horsepower, Definition of. 294 

Housekeepers, Facts of Value to. 211 

Hows and Whys, Some. 134 

Human Body, Facts About the. 13 

“Hun” . 340 

Hunter’s Moon . 234 


Ice Boats, Speed of. 116 

Ice, How to Keep in Summer. 197 

Ice, Strength of. 260 

Immigration to the U. S. 71 

Income Tax. 341 

Indians in United States. 163 

Influenza, Deaths from. 351 

Ink, Invisible. 34 

Ink Stains, to Remove.212, 299 

Insects in Ear, to Destroy. 197 

Insects’ Wings, Velocity of. 123 

Insensibility . 23 

Inside Dimensions, Table of. 209 

Insurance, War Risk . 320 

Interest Laws and Statutes of Limitations 148 

Interest Table. 283 

Interest—Time in Which Money Doubles 113, 208 

Interned German Vessels. 343 

Investments, Table Showing Income on. 21 

Ireland, Kings of... 268 

Iron, Breaking and Crushing Strains of... 137 

Islands, the Largest. 258 

Island That Floats, an. 215 





















































468 INDEX 

Italy’s War Losses. 363 

Ivory Handles, to Prevent from Cracking 136 
I. W. W., the. 339 

Jewish Religion, the. 205 

Jews, Persecutions of. 187 

Joffre, Marshal. 374 

Julius Caesar’s Wives. 274 

Junker . 341 

Jupiter, the Planet. 235 

Jutland, the Battle of. 342 

Kerosene First Used . 125 

Kitchener, Earl. 373 

Knives First Used. 124 

Knot (Nautical Mile), Definition of. 12 

Koran, the. 7 

“Kultur” . 342 

Lafayette Escadrille, the. 342 

Lakes, Elevation of the, Above Tide. 45 

Landlord and Tenant, Law of.78, 81 

Land Measure . 209 

Language of Flowers. 218 

Latin Words and Phrases. 158 

Law, Points of. 75 

Laws, Business, in Daily Use. 87 

League of Nations, Constitution of the. . . . 379 

Lease, Rights Under a. 79, 81 

Leather, to Make Waterproof. 211 

Lemon Will Do, What a.:. 144 

Lenine, Nikolai . 374 

Letter-writing, Rules for. 18 

Liberty, Statue of. 64 

Light, More, at Less Cost. 294 

Light, Velocity of. 135 

Lightning, Damages by. 101 

Limitations, Statutes of. 148 

Linseed Oil, Process of Extracting. 297 

Loans to Allies by U. S. 366 

Locomotive, First. 125 

Longevity, Human.14, 15 

Looking-glasses, How Made. 48 

Louisiana Purchase. 296 

Lubricant Which Will Not Gum. 210 

“Lusitania,” Sinking of the. 345 

Map, England’s Costly.... *. 293 

Marble, How to Clean. 212 

Marriage, Curiosities of. 37 

Mars, the Planet. 234 

Mason and Dixon’s Line. 291 

Match, First Lucifer. 125 

Mayflower’s Passengers, the. 72 

Measles .221, 222 

Measures of Length, Sundry. 47 




















































INDEX 


469 


Meat, How to Preserve. 116 

Melting Points. 257 

Melting Points of Metals.. 131 

“Melting Pot”... 345 

Mercury, the Planet. 235 

Metals, Melting Points of. 131 

Metals, Specific Gravities of. 263 

Metals, Weight of a Cubic Inch of Various 44 

Meteors . 236 

Metric System, the. 150 

Metric System, Story of the. 151 

Mildew, How to Remove, from Cloth. 212 

Miles of Various Nations. 127 

Military Academy, U. S. 228 

Military Draft. 336 

Military Resources of the U. S. 345 

Military Service, Universal. 347 

Slillion Dollars, Weight of a. 53 

Mirrors, How made. 48 

Money . 293 

Money, Foreign, Value of in U. S. Currency 366 

Monroe Doctrine, the. 358 

Month to Month, Number of Days from- 139 

Monuments and Towers, Height of. 57 

Moon, the—Is It Inhabited?. 244 

Moon, Facts About the. 20 

Moon, Harvest and Hunter’s. 234 

Mosquito Bites, How to Cure. 212 

Mother Shipton’s Prophecy. 130 

Moths, How to Get Rid of. 212 

Motions . 

Motions, Undebatable. 1^3 

Mottoes, State. 1^3 

Mountains, the Highest. 113 

Muiuds • ....... 

Munitions Output, U. S. 330 

Muscles of the Human Body. 130 

Musical Notes First Used. 124 


Names, the Longest... 

National Bank Resources, U, S. 

Nations in the Great War, Age of... 
Nations in World War, Wealth of... 

Naturalization Laws of the U. S. 

Naval Academy, U. S. 

Naval Battles, Some Famous. 

Naval Fatalities, U. S. 

Naval Strength, U. S. 

Naval Vessels Lost, U. S. 

Naval War College. 

Navy, British...* 

“Nearer, My God, to Thee,” Author of 

Negotiable Instruments, Law of. 

Needle Floats on Water, Why a. 

Needles, First Used.. 

Neptune, the Planet . 


294 

326 

363 

315 

117 

230 

94 

360 

326 

356 

342 

331 

296 

75 

199 

124 

234 






















































470 INDEX 

New Orleans Cemeteries, Etc. 248 

Newspaper, First Daily. 125 

Newspaper, First Published. 124 

New York’s Two Billion Passengers. 286 

Niagara Falls, Sending Vessels Over. 287 

Nicholas II, Czar. 377 

North Pole, the Search for the.109, 243 

Notes, Promissory. 75 

Obelisk, the Oldest. 35 

Ocean Cable, Locating Breaks in an. 74 

Ocean, Greatest Depth of the. 54 

Ocean, Time Crossing the, in 1838. 12 

Ocean Travel, Items Concerning. 12 

Ocean Waves, Velocity of. 56 

Oil and Water Will Not Unite, Why. 200 

“Old Oaken Bucket,” Origin of. 231 

Onions, to Remove Smell of, from Breath.. 195 

Paint, How to Remove, from Dress Goods 212 

Palmistry . 164 

Panama Canal . 28 

Panama Canal, Distances Saved by. 55 

Panics, Financial. 271 

Paper, the Largest Sheet of. 9 

Parks, National, in the U. S. 16 

Parliamentary Rules and Usages. 188 

Partnership, the Law of. 82 

Patents Granted, U. S. 349 

Pawnbroker’s Sign, Origin of. 45 

Peace Conference, President Wilson at the 346 

Pen, the First Steel. 125 

Pershing, General John J. 372 

Petroleum, Discovery of.241 

Phrase, a Famous. 371 

“Pill Boxes”. 343 

Plagues, Great . 288 

Planet. 234 

Plants, Native Lands of. 250 

Plants or Shrubs Per Acre. 259 

Plaster of Paris Hardens, Why. 201 

Playing Cards. 96 

Plymouth Rock, History of. 275 

“Poilu”. 344 

Poisons, Antidotes to. 203 

Polish, Philosophy of. 134 

Population in U. S., Center of. 370 

Population of the U. S.182, 261 

Porcelain Tower of China. 281 

Postage Stamps, Introduction of. 127 

Postal Distances. 26 

Postal Savings statistics. 280 • 

Postoffices First Established. 124 

Power Required to Move a Given Weight.. 110 

Practical Calculations. 209 

Precious Stones, Language of. 34 




















































INDEX 


471 


Presidents, Education of the. 289 

Presidents, Graves of the. 67 

Presidents, How They Died.. 4 . 132 

Presidents not Inaugurated March 4. 265 

Presidents, Politics of the. 272 

Presidents, Religion of the. 256 

Printing Press, First in U. S. 124 

Printing Press, First Set Up. 124 

Privileged Questions. 191 

Prohibition Amendment, States Ratifying... 162 

Propeller, First Ocean. 12 

Proportions of Various Compositions. 257 

Pyramids, the Egyptian. 35 


Question, Division of a 
Question, the Previous. 
Questions, Equivalent.. 

Question of Order. 

Questions, Privileged... 
Quorum . 


191 

192 
192 
192 
191 
188 


Races of Europe, Small. 

Races of the World...... 

Radium and Radio-Activity. 

Railroad Time Record. 

Railroad Statistics, U. S. 

Railways and Their History. 

Railways, Facts About. 

Railway Signals. 

Rainstorms, Remarkable. 

Rats, How to Get Rid of. 

Razor, the Edge of a. 

Recipes, Useful. 

Reconsideration . 

Red Cross, History of the. 

Religion of the Presidents. 

Riddles, Conundrums and. 

Rifle Strength in World War. 

River Appears More Shallow, Why.. 

River, to Measure Width of a. 

Rivers and Canals, Flow and Fall of 

Rocks, How Cut by Water. 

Roof Elevations. 

Ropes, Qualities of Different. 

Rubber Overshoes, to Mend. 

Rupture . 

Russian War Losses. 

Rust, to Prevent ..... 

Rust, to Protect Steel or Iron from.. 
Rust Stains, to Remove. 


352 

279 

127 

300 

160 

56 

144 

131 

213 

198 
299 
210 
193 
356 
256 
178 
318 

199 
152 

46 

199 

232 

49 

195 

24 

362 

210 

58 

212 


Sahara, Desert of. 

Sailing Round the World... 

Sailor’s Uniform, Traditions of the. .. Ml 

Salaries of U. S. Army and Navy Officers... 365 
Salt Bed, the Great Kansas. M6 





















































472 


INDEX 


Salt Lake, Great. 447 

San Francisco Bay. 411 

Saturn, the Planet. 235 

Saving . 286 

Sayings of the World War, Great.. 322 

Scalds and Burns.22 

Scarlet Fever.221, 222 

Scraps of Information. 302 

Screw, How to Remove a Rusty. 213 

Sea Shells, How to Polish. Ill 

Secession and Readmission of Confederate 

States . 34 

Seed Required Per Acre. 258 

Seeds, Vitality of. 260 

Settling of Countries, Dates of. 223 

Seven Wonders of the World. 97 

Sewing Machine, the First. 125 

Shingles Required in a Roof. 232 

Shipboard, Time on. 276 

Ships. 136 

Shot-tower, Origin of the. 249 

Shrubs or Plants Per Acre. 259 

Sick-chamber, to Purify a. 197 

Silverware, How to Clean. 213 

Sinn Fein . 343 

Small-pox .221, 222 

Smoke-stacks, Varnish for. 210 

Soap Bubble, Cause of Colors of a. 200 

Solar System, the. 20 

Solder, How to Make 33 Kinds of. 92 

Solomon’s Temple. 252 

Some Hows and Whys. 199 

Sound, Velocity of.135, 202 

Sounds, Facts as to. 126 

South Sea Bubble, the. 278 

Sozodont, How Made. 115 

Spanish-American War, Casualties in. 138 

Specific Gravity of Various Metals. 263 

Specific Gravity of Various Substances. 121 

Spelling, Rules for. 17 

Sphinx, the. 35 

Spinning-wheel, First. 124 

Spoons, to Remove Egg Stains from. 211 

“Spurlos Versenkt”. 344 

Stains, to Remove, from Linen. 212 

Starch, How to Prevent from Souring. 213 

State Capitals. 90 

States and the Union. 29 


States, Popular Names, Flowers and Mottoes 


of. 153 

Steamboat, First.*. 124 

Steam Engine, First. 124 

Steamship, First. 125 

Steamship Time Record. 300 

Steamships, Mail. 12 

Steamships, World’s Largest. 70 
























































INDEX 


473 


Steel, a Popular Fiction About. 146 

Steel, Breaking - and Crushing Strains of... 137 

Steel, Notes on Working of. 73 

Steel, to Test Quality of... 90 

Stockings, Silk, First Worn. 147 

St. Peter’s and Cologne Cathedrals. 112 

Strength, Human. 15 

Sugar, How Refined. 57 

Sun and Earth, Comparative Size of. 199 

Sun, the. 236 

Sun Spots. i . 236 

Super-guns, Deaths Due to. 350 

Table Etiquette for Children. 281 

“Tanks” . 355 

Tar, How to Remove from Cloth. 211 

Telegraph Instrument, First Operated...’... 125 

Telegraph Statistics, U. S. 161 

Telephone, History of the. 39 

Telephone Statistics, U. S.:. 161 

Telescope, the First. 125 

Telescopes, Invention of. 124 

Temperance Society, the First. 125 

Temperature in United States. 122 

Temperatures . 299 

Theater, the Largest. 8 

Thermometers Compared. 214 

Timber and Board Measure. 206 

Timber, Seasoning and Preserving. 115 

Timber, to Compute Volume of Square. 206 

Time, Comparative Table of. 216 

Time, Fast. 300 

Time, How Waste Has Been Utilized. 26& 

Time “Lost” and “Picked Up” at Sea....... 146 

Time on Shipboard. 276 

Time, Standard and Local. 266 

Tin, History of. 260 

Tints, How to Mix Inks or Paints for.. Ill 

Titles and Degrees, Abbreviations of. 184 

“Tommy Atkins”. 343 

Tonnage Losses in War, World’s. 361 

Tooth, to Kill Nerve of a Hollow. 135 

Trade, Foreign, of the U. S. 251 

Trade Marks. 185 

Trees, Age and Growth of. 242 

Trees, Noted American.7. 300 

Trees per Acre. 133 

Trees, the Biggest. 9 

Trees, the Big, of California. 253 

Tributes to the Fair Sex. 120 

Trinity Church Property. 295 

Tripitake, the. 7 

Triple Alliance, the. 346 

Tunnel, the Longest. 8 

Typewriting Time Record. 300 

Typhoid Fever.221, 222 






















































474 INDEX 

U-boats . 347 

U-boats Lost. 319 

“Uncle Sam,” origin of. 169 

“Uncle Tom’s Cabin,” Author of. 149 

United States, Early Settlement of the. 273 

United States, Growth of the. 155 

United States, Military Resources of the.,.. 345 

United States, Population of the. 182 

Uranus, the Planet. 235 

Valley, the Greatest. 147 

Varnish Formulas. 99 

Vassar College. 270 

Vedas of the Hindoos, the. 7 

Velocity of Insects’ Wings. 123 

Velocity of Wheels, Pulleys, Drums, Etc.... Ill 

Velvet, to Raise the Pile on. 213 

Venus, the Planet. 235 

Verdun . 347 

Vessels, Capacity of, in Gallons. 302 

Virgin Islands, the. 348 

Vision, Limits of. 86 

Volcanoes, Height of. 50 

Wandering Jew, the. 283 

“War Babies”. 348 

War, Declarations of. 316 

War Garden Crops. 320 

War Risk Insurance.320, 348 

War’s Toll, the Great. 361 

War Strength, American Peak of. 319 

War, World, Chronology of the. 303 

Wars of the U. S., Former.361, 368 

Warts, How to Remove. 196 

Washington Monument. 416 

“Watchful Waiting”.„_ 349 

Water Expands in Freezing, Why. 200 

Water Pressure. 47 

Waterfalls, the World’s Greatest. 160 

Waves Are Calmed by Oil, Why. 200 

Waves, the Height of. 51 

Waves, Velocity of Ocean. 56 

Weapons and Methods, New, of World War 355 

Wedding Anniversaries. 140 

Weight of Men, Women and Children. 13 

Weight of Various Materials. 121 

Weights and Measures, Tables of. 207 

Wells, Foul Air in. 367 

West Point Military Academy. 228 

Wheels, to Find Required Diameter of. 110 

Whip Crack, Cause of a. 135 

White House, the.181, 417 

Whooping-cough . 221 

Wilhelm, Kaiser. 376 

Wire, Longest Span of. 10 

Wise Men of Greece, Sayings of. 136 





















































INDEX 


475 


Woman, Tributes to. 120 

Wonders of America, Twelve. 278 

Wonders of the World, Seven. 97 

Wood Engraving - , First. 124 

Wood for Fuel. 259 

Wood Measure. 140 

Woods, Durability of. 142 

Woods, Relative Hardness of. 206 

World War, British and U. S. Forces in.318 

World War, Chronology of the. 303 

World War, Cost of the. 367 

World War, Great Sayings of the. 322 

World War, Men Furnished by States in... 365 

World War, Nations in the. 315 

World War Personages, Noted. 372 

Wounds, Flesh. 23 

X-rays . 128 

Yellowstone Park. 238. 

Yield per Acre, Comparative. 114 

Y. M. C. A. in the World War. 321 

Youth, Genius of. 290 

Zendavesta, the. 7 

Zeppelins. 349 
























Index to Atlas 


Abyssinia, 406 
Afghanistan, 404 
Africa, 406 
Alabama, 408 
Alaska, 452 
Algeria, 406 
Argentine Republic, 458 
Arizona, 408 
Arkansas, 409 
Asia, 404 
Australia, 393 
Austria, 395 
Belgian Kongo, 406 
Belgium, 395 
Bokhara, 404 
Bolivia, 458 
Brazil, 458 
British Guiana, 460 
Bulgaria, 395 
California, 410 
Canada, 393 
Central America, 456 
Chile, 458 
China, 404 
Colombia, 459 
Colorado, 412 
Connecticut, 413 
Costa Rica, 456 
Cuba, 457 

Czecho-Slovakia, 395 
Delaware, 415 
Denmark, 396 
District of Columbia, 
415 

Dominican Republic, 
458 

Dutch East Indies, 400 
Dutch Guiana, 460 
Ecuador, 459 
Egypt, 406 
England, 392 
Esthonia, 396 
Europe, the New, 391 
Europe, Map of, 392 
Finland, 396 
Florida, 418 
France, 397 
French Guiana, 460 
Georgia, 419 


Germany, 397 
Great Britain, 392 
Greece, 398 
Guam, 455 
Guatemala, 456 
Guiana, 460 
Haiti, 457 
Hawaii, 454 
Honduras, 456 
Hungary, 398 
Iceland, 398 
Idaho, 420 
Illinois, 420 
India, 392 
Indiana, 421 
Iowa, 422 
Ireland, 392 
Italy, 399 
Japan, 405 
Java, 405 
Jugo-Slavia, 404 
Kansas, 423 
Kentucky, 424 
Khiva, 405 
Kongo, 406 
Labrador, 393 
Liberia, 406 
Lithuania, 399 
Livonia, 399 
Louisiana, 425 
Madagascar, 407 
Maine, 426 
Maryland, 426 
Massachusetts, 427 
Mexico, 455 
Michigan, 428 
Minnesota, 429 
Mississippi, 430 
Missouri, 431 
Montana, 431 
Montenegro, 399 
Morocco, 407 
Nebraska, 432 
Nevada, 433 
Netherlands, The, 399 
New Hampshire, 434 
New Jersey, 435 
New Mexico, 436 
New York, 437 



INDEX 


477 


New Zealand, 394 
Nicaragua. 456 
North America, 407 
North Carolina, 438 
North Dakota, 414 
Norway, 400 
Ohio, 439 
Oklahoma, 439 
Oregon, 440 
Panama, 456 
Panama Canal Zone, 
455 

Paraguay 459 
Pennsylvania, 441 
Persia, 405 
Peru, 459 

Philippines, The, 453 
Poland, 400 
Porto Rico, 454 
Portugal, 401 
Rhode Island, 442 
Roumania, 401 
Russia, 401 
Salvador, 457 
Samoa, 455 

Sandwich Islands, 454 
Scotland, 392 
Serbia, 402 
Siam, 405 


South Africa, 394 
South America, 458 
South Carolina, 443 
South Dakota, 414 
Spain, 402 
Sweden, 402 
Switzerland, 403 
Tennessee, 444 
Texas, 444 
Tunis, 407 
Turkey, 403 
Tutuila, 455 
Ukrainia, 403 
United Kingdom, 392 
United States, 407 
United States, Map of, 
392 

Uruguay, 459 
Utah, 446 
Venezuela, 459 
Vermont, 447 
Virginia, 448 
Virgin Islands, 455 
Wake Island, 455 
Wales, 392 
Washington, 449 
West Virginia, 450 
Wisconsin, 451 
Wyoming, 452 








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